The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King (Chinese: 王 Wáng). The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 Huángdì). The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in kings lists.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated. A naming convention is a convention for naming things The intent is to allow useful information to be deduced from the names based on regularities

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Contents 1 3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors Period 2 Xia Dynasty 3 Shang Dynasty 4 Zhou Dynasty 5 Qin Dynasty 6 Han Dynasty 7 Three Kingdoms Period 8 Jin Dynasty 9 Sixteen Kingdoms Period 9.1 Sovereignties established by Wu Hu 10 Northern and Southern Dynasties 11 Sui Dynasty 12 Tang Dynasty 13 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 13.1 Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms 14 Liao Dynasty 15 Song Dynasty 16 Western Xia 17 Jin Dynasty 18 Yuan Dynasty 19 Ming Dynasty 19.1 Shun Dynasty 大順王朝 19.2 Southern Ming Dynasty 南明政權 20 Qing Dynasty 20.1 Taiping Rebellion 太平天國 20.2 Yuan Shikai's Empire of China 中華帝國 21 External links

3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors Period

Posthumous Name	Personal Name	Years of Reign
Fuxi	Fuxi	2852 - 2737 BC
Yan Di	Shennong	2737 - 2699 BC
Huang Di	Gongsun or Ji	2699 - 2588 BC
	Shaohao	2587 - 2491 BC
Zhuanxu	Gaoyang	2490 - 2413 BC
	Ku or Diku	2412 - 2343 BC
	Tang Yao or Yaotang-shi	2333 - 2234 BC
Shun	Youyu-shi	2233 - 2184 BC
Yu	Rong Yu	2183 - 2177 BC

Xia Dynasty

Ca. The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( were mythological rulers of China during the period from c In Chinese mythology Fu Xi or Fu Hsi ( aka Paoxi ( mid 2800s BCE was the first of the mythical Three Sovereigns (三皇 sānhuáng of ancient China In Chinese mythology Fu Xi or Fu Hsi ( aka Paoxi ( mid 2800s BCE was the first of the mythical Three Sovereigns (三皇 sānhuáng of ancient China Shennong ( also known as the Yan Emperor (炎帝 or the Emperor of the Five Grains ( is a Legendary ruler of China and Culture hero Shennong ( also known as the Yan Emperor (炎帝 or the Emperor of the Five Grains ( is a Legendary ruler of China and Culture hero Huangdi, or the Yellow Emperor, is a Legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is considered in Chinese mythology to be the Gongsun ( is one of the few Chinese compound surnames Famous people with this surname include Gongsun Zan, warlord and general of the Han Dynasty Shaohao (少昊 is credited by some as being one of the Five Emperors of ancient Chinese Mythology. Gaoyang is also a city located in the Chinese province of Hebei. Kù ( was a legendary Emperor of China. He is the great grandson of the Yellow Emperor. DikuMUD is a multiplayer text-based adventure game (a type of MUD) written in 1990 and 1991 by Sebastian Hammer Tom Madsen Katja Nyboe Michael Seifert Yao ( Traditional Chinese: 堯, Simplified Chinese: 尧) (2358 - 2258 BC was a legendary Chinese ruler one of the Three Sovereigns Yao ( Traditional Chinese: 堯, Simplified Chinese: 尧) (2358 - 2258 BC was a legendary Chinese ruler one of the Three Sovereigns Shun ( was a legendary 23rd -22nd century BC leader of ancient China, among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, whose half-century of rule was one of Shun ( was a legendary 23rd -22nd century BC leader of ancient China, among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, whose half-century of rule was one of Yǔ ( (21st century BCE born Sì Wénmìng) often regarded with legendary status as Yu the Great (大禹 Dà-Yǔ) was the first ruler and founder of The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and 2070 - 1600 BC¹

Reign name²		Notes	Name by which most commonly known
Yǔ	禹	Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹	Yu
Qǐ	啟	Son of Yǔ: beginning of hereditary succession	Qi
Tài Kāng	太康		Tai Kang
Zhòng Kāng	仲康		Zhong Kang
Xiāng	相		Xiang
Shào Kāng	少康		Shao Kang
Zhù	杼		Zhu
Huái	槐		Huai
Máng	芒		Mang
Xie	泄		Xie
Bù Jiàng	不降		Bu Jiang
Jiōng	扃		Jiong
Jǐn	廑		Jin
Kǒng Jiǎ	孔甲		Kong Jia
Gāo	皋		Gao
Fā	發		Fa
Jié	桀	Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸	Jie
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. Yǔ ( (21st century BCE born Sì Wénmìng) often regarded with legendary status as Yu the Great (大禹 Dà-Yǔ) was the first ruler and founder of Qi ( was the son of Yu the Great and the second sovereign of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Tai Kang ( was the third sovereign of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Zhong Kang ( was the fourth sovereign of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Xiang (相 is the name of a ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty who is said to have reigned during the 3rd millennium BC. Si Shao Kang (姒少康 was the sixth ruler of the Xia Dynasty of China. Zhu (杼 was the seventh ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Zhu took the throne in the year of Yiji(己巳 and lived in Yuan(原 Huai (槐 was the eighth ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 44 years Máng (芒 was the ninth ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 18 years Xie (泄 was the 10th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 25 years Bu Jiang (不降 was the 11th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Jiong (扃 was the 12th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 21 years Jin (廑 was the 13th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. His other name is Yinjia (胤甲 He probably ruled for about 21 years Kong Jia (孔甲 was the 14th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. Gao (皋 was the 15th ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 11 years Fa was the ruler of the Xia Dynasty before Jie. He was the second to last ruler of the Xia Dynasty King Jie ( given name Gui(癸 was the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty of China, and is blamed for its fall All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project ( was a multi-discipline project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹).

Shang Dynasty

Ca. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the 1600 - 1046 BC¹

Personal name	Reign name²	Temple name³	Reign years1	Name by which most commonly known
Zi Lü 子履	Tang 湯		1600 - 1300 BC	Tang
Zi Sheng 子勝	Wai Bing 外丙			Wai Bing
Zi Yong 子庸	Zhong Ren 仲壬			Zhong Ren
Zi Zhi 子至	Tai Jia 太甲			Tai Jia
Zi Xun 子绚	Wo Ding 沃丁			Wo Ding
Zi Bian 子辨	Tai Geng 太庚			Tai Geng
Zi Gao 子高	Xiao Jia 小甲			Xiao Jia
Zi Dian 子佃 or Zi Zhou 子伷	Yong Ji 雍己			Yong Ji
Zi Mi 子密 or Zi Zhou 子伷	Tai Wu 太戊			Tai Wu
Zi Zhuang 子庄	Zhong Ding 仲丁			Zhong Ding
Zi Fa 子发	Wai Ren 外壬			Wai Ren
Zi Zheng 子整	He Dan Jia 河亶甲			He Dan Jia
Zi Teng 子滕	Zu Yi 祖乙			Zu Yi
Zi Dan 子旦	Zu Xin 祖辛			Zu Xin
Zi Yu 子逾	Wo Jia 沃甲			Wo Jia
Zi Xin 子新	Zu Ding 祖丁			Zu Ding
Zi Geng 子更	Nan Geng 南庚			Nan Geng
Zi He 子和	Yang Jia 陽甲			Yang Jia
Zi Xun 子旬	Pan Geng 盤庚		1300 - 1251 BC	Pan Geng4
Zi Song 子颂	Xiao Xin 小辛			Xiao Xin
Zi Lian 子敛	Xiao Yi 小乙			Xiao Yi
Zi Zhao 子昭	Wu Ding 武丁		1250 - 1192 BC	Wu Ding
Zi Yao 子曜	Zu Geng 祖庚		1191 - 1148 BC	Zu Geng
	Zu Jia 祖甲			Zu Jia
	Lin Xin 廩辛			Lin Xin
Zi Xiao 子嚣	Geng Ding 庚丁	Kang Ding 康丁		Kang Ding
Zi Qu 子瞿	Wu Yi 武乙		1147 - 1113 BC	Wu Yi
Zi Tuo 子托	Wen Ding5 文丁		1112 - 1102 BC	Wen Ding
Zi Xian 子羡	Di Yi 帝乙		1101 - 1076 BC	Di Yi
Zi Shou 子受	Di Xin 帝辛		1075 - 1046 BC	Di Xin
'1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as King Cheng Tang of Shang of China (in Chinese:"湯" born Zi Lü, in Chinese"子履" Wai Bing ( Chinese: 外丙 born Zi Sheng, Chinese 子勝 was a Shang Dynasty Zhòng Rén ( Chinese: 外丙 born Zi Yong, Chinese 子庸 is traditionally held to be a Tai Jia ( Chinese: 太甲 born Zi Zhi, Chinese 子至 was the son of Tai Ding (Chinese Tai Geng ( Chinese: 太庚 born Zi Bian, Chinese 子辨 was a Shang Dynasty Xiao Jia ( Chinese: 小甲 born Zi Gao, Chinese 子高 was a Shang Dynasty Yong Ji ( Chinese: 雍己 born Zi Dian (Chinese 子佃 or Zi Zhou (Chinese 子伷 Tai Wu ( Chinese: 太戊 born Zi Mi (Chinese 子密 or Zi Zhou (Chinese 子伷 Zhong Ding ( Chinese: 仲丁 born Zi Zhuang (Chinese 子庄 was a Shang Dynasty Wai Ren ( Chinese: 外壬 born Zi Fa (Chinese 子發 was a Shang Dynasty King He Dan Jia ( Chinese: 河亶甲 born Zi Zheng (Chinese 子整 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Yi ( Chinese: 祖乙 born Zi Teng (Chinese 子滕 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Xin ( Chinese: 祖辛 born Zi Dan (Chinese 子旦 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Ding ( Chinese: 祖丁 born Zi Xin (Chinese 子新 was a Shang Dynasty Nan Geng ( Chinese: 南庚 born Zi Geng (Chinese 子更 was a Shang Dynasty Yang Jia ( Chinese: 陽甲 born Zi He (Chinese 子和 was a Shang Dynasty Pán Gēng ( Chinese: 盤庚 born Zi Xun, Chinese 子旬 was a Shang Dynasty Xiao Xin ( Chinese: 小辛 born Zi Song, Chinese 子颂 was a Shang Dynasty Xiao Yi ( Chinese: 小乙 born Zi Lian, Chinese 子敛 was a Shang Dynasty Wu Ding ( Chinese: 武丁 born Zi Zhao, Chinese 子昭 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Geng (祖庚 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His given name is Yao (曜 Zu Jia (祖甲 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His another name is Di Jia (帝甲 in the book of Guoyu (国语 Lin Xin (廩辛 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His name by Bamboo Annals is Feng Xin (冯辛 another book The Historic People of Kang Ding or Geng Ding (康丁 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. Wu Yi (武乙 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1147BC to 1112BC Wen Ding (文丁 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1112BC to 1102BC Di Yi (帝乙 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1101BC to 1076BC King Di Xin of Shang ( Chinese: 帝辛 born Zi Shou (Chinese 子受 was the last All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project', the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project ( was a multi-discipline project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯).
3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice.
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou Dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

• the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. 1046 BC¹ - 771 BC
• the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 - 256 BC, in turn divided into:
  • the Spring and Autumn period, 770 - 476 BC
  • the Warring States period, 475 - 221 BC

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign years1	Name by which most commonly known
Ji Fa 姬發	Wuwang 武王	1046 - 1043 BC1	Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou)
Ji Song 姬誦	Chengwang 成王	1042 - 1021 BC1	Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou)
Ji Zhao 姬釗	Kangwang 康王	1020 - 996 BC1	Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou)
Ji Xia 姬瑕	Zhaowang 昭王	995 - 977 BC1	Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou)
Ji Man 姬滿	Muwang 穆王	976 - 922 BC1	Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou)
Ji Yihu 姬繄扈	Gongwang 共王	922 - 900 BC1	Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou)
Ji Jian 姬囏	Yiwang 懿王	899 - 892 BC1	Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Pifang 姬辟方	Xiaowang 孝王	891 - 886 BC1	Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou)
Ji Xie 姬燮	Yiwang 夷王	885 - 878 BC1	Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Hu 姬胡	Liwang 厲王	877 - 841 BC1	Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou)
	Gonghe (regency) 共和	841 - 828 BC	Gonghe
Ji Jing 姬靜	Xuanwang 宣王	827 - 782 BC	Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou)
Ji Gongsheng 姬宮湦	Youwang 幽王	781 - 771 BC	Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou)
Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼	Pingwang 平王	770 - 720 BC	Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou)
Ji Lin 姬林	Huanwang 桓王	719 - 697 BC	Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou)
Ji Tuo 姬佗	Zhuangwang 莊王	696 - 682 BC	Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou)
Ji Huqi 姬胡齊	Xiwang 釐王	681 - 677 BC	Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou)
Ji Lang 姬閬	Huiwang 惠王	676 - 652 BC	Zhou Huiwang (King Hui I of Zhou)
Ji Zheng 姬鄭	Xiangwang 襄王	651 - 619 BC	Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou)
Ji Renchen 姬壬臣	Qingwang 頃王	618 - 613 BC	Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou)
Ji Ban 姬班	Kuangwang 匡王	612 - 607 BC	Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou)
Ji Yu 姬瑜	Dingwang 定王	606 - 586 BC	Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou)
Ji Yi 姬夷	Jianwang 簡王	585 - 572 BC	Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou)
Ji Xiexin 姬泄心	Lingwang 靈王	571 - 545 BC	Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou)
Ji Gui 姬貴	Jingwang 景王	544 - 521 BC	Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Meng 姬猛	Daowang 悼王	520 BC	Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou)
Ji Gai 姬丐	Jingwang 敬王	519 - 476 BC	Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Ren 姬仁	Yuanwang 元王	475 - 469 BC	Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou)
Ji Jie 姬介	Zhendingwang 貞定王	468 - 442 BC	Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou)
Ji Quji 姬去疾	Aiwang 哀王	441 BC	Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou)
Ji Shu 姬叔	Siwang 思王	441 BC	Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou)
Ji Wei 姬嵬	Kaowang 考王	440 - 426 BC	Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou)
Ji Wu 姬午	Weiliewang 威烈王	425 - 402 BC	Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou)
Ji Jiao 姬驕	Anwang 安王	401 - 376 BC	Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou)
Ji Xi 姬喜	Liewang 烈王	375 - 369 BC	Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou)
Ji Bian 姬扁	Xianwang 顯王	368 - 321 BC	Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou)
Ji Ding 姬定	Shenjingwang 慎靚王	320 - 315 BC	Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou)
Ji Yan 姬延	Nanwang 赧王	314 - 256 BC	Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou)
	Huiwang 惠王	255 - 249 BC	Zhou Huiwang² (King Hui II of Zhou)
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death King Wu of Zhou ( or King Wu of Chou was the first sovereign or ruler of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Cheng of Zhou ( ch 周成王 zhōu chéng wáng or King Ch'eng of Chou was the second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Kang of Zhou ( ch 周康王 zhōu kāng wáng or King K'ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Zhao of Zhou ( ch 周昭王 zhōu zhāo wáng or King Chao of Chou was the fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Mu of Zhou ( ch 周穆王 Zhōu Mù Wáng or King Mu of Chou or Mu Wang was the fifth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Gong of Zhou ( ch 周共王 zhōu gōng wáng or King Kung of Chou was the sixth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Yi of Zhou ( ch 周懿王 zhōu yì wáng or King I of Chou (died 955 was the seventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Xiao of Zhou ( ch 周孝王 zhōu xìao wáng or King Hsiao of Chou was the eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Yi of Zhou ( ch 周夷王 zhōu yí wáng or King I of Chou was the ninth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King Li of Zhou (d 841 BC ( Simplified Chinese: 周厉王 Traditional Chinese: 周厲王 Pinyin:Zhōu Lìwáng was the tenth sovereign of the Chinese The Gonghe (共和 regency ruled China from 841 BC to 828 BC. King Xuan of Zhou (before 841 BC - 781 BC ( ch 周宣王 zhōu xūan wáng was the eleventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. King You of Zhou (reigned 781 BC - 771 BC ( ch 周幽王 zhōu yōu wáng was the twelfth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the last of Western Zhou Dynasty King Ping of Zhou (before 771 BC - 720 BC ( ch 周平王 zhōu píng wáng or King P'ing of Chou was the thirteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty King Huan of Zhou ( 697 BC or King Huan of Chou was the fourteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the second of Eastern Zhou Dynasty. King Zhuang of Zhou (d682 BC ( ch 周莊王 zhōu zhuāng wáng or King Chuang of Chou was the fifthteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and King Xi of Zhou (d 677 BC ( ch 周釐王 zhōu xī wáng was the sixteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the fourth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty For the King Hui proclaimed as King Nan of Zhou 's successor see King Hui of Eastern Zhou King Hui of Zhou, ch King Xiang of Zhou (d 619 BC ( ch 周襄王 zhōu xīang wáng was the eighteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the sixth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty King Qing of Zhou ( Traditional Chinese: 周頃王 Simplified Chinese: 周顷王 Pinyin Zhōu Qĭngwáng or King Ch'ing of Chou ( Wg King Kuang of Zhou ( ch: 周匡王 Pinyin zhōu kūang wáng or King K'uang of Chou ( Wg) was the twentieth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou King Ding of Zhou ( ch: 周定王 Pinyin zhōu dìng wáng or King Ting of Chou ( Wg) was the twenty-first sovereign of the Chinese Zhou King Jian of Zhou ( ch: 周簡王 Pinyin zhōu jĭan wáng or King Chien of Chou ( Wg) was the twenty-second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou King Ling of Zhou ( ch: 周靈王 Pinyin zhōu líng wáng or King Ling of Chou ( Wg) was the twenty-third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou King Jing of Zhou, ch: 周景王 Pinyin: zhōu jĭng wáng Wg: King Ching of Chou was the twenty-fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty King Dao of Zhou, ch: 周悼王, Pinyin: zhōu dào wáng Wg: King Tao of Chou, (d King Jing of Zhou, ch: 周敬王 Pinyin: zhōu jìng wáng Wg: King Ching of Chou was the twenty-sixth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty King Yuan of Zhou, ( was the twenty-seventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the fifteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty King Zhending of Zhou, ( was the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the sixteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty King Ai of Zhou, ch: 周哀王, Pinyin: zhōu āi wáng Wade-Giles: King Ai of Chou, was the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese King Si of Zhou, ch: 周思王, Pinyin: zhōu sī wáng Wg: King Si of Chou, was the twenty-ninth sovereign of the Chinese King Kao of Zhou, ch: 周考王, Pinyin: zhōu kăo wáng Wg: King K'ao of Chou, was the thirtieth sovereign of the Chinese King Weilie of Zhou, ch: 周威烈王, Pinyin: zhōu wēi lìe wáng Wg: King Weilieh of Chou, was the thirty-first sovereign of King An of Zhou, ch: 周安王, Pinyin: zhōu ān wáng Wg: King An of Chou, was the thirty-second sovereign of the Chinese King Lie of Zhou, ch: 周烈王, Pinyin: zhōu lìe wáng Wg: King Lieh of Chou, was the thirty-third sovereign of the Chinese King Xian of Zhou ( Traditional Chinese: 周顯王, Simplified Chinese: 周显王, Pinyin: Zhōu Xĭan Wáng Wade-Giles King Shenjing of Zhou, trad ch: 周慎靚王, sim Ch: 周慎靓王, Pinyin: zhaō shèn jìng wáng Wg: King King Nan of Zhou, ch 周赧王, py. zhōu năn wáng wg, King Nan of Chou, or less commonly King Yin of Zhou, trad King Hui of Eastern Zhou, was the last king of the Zhou Dynasty of China. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project ( was a multi-discipline project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and They are given only as a guide.
2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin Dynasty

Sovereigns of the Qin Dynasty 221 - 207 BC

Posthumous Names ( Shì Hào 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when the Qin state annihilated the Zhou Dynasty; however, the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China King Zhaoxiang of Qin or King Zhao of Qin (秦昭襄王 or 秦昭王 (324 BC &ndash 250 BC was the son of King Huiwen and younger brother of King Wu Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from the Zhou Dynasty, therefore, so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì	嬴政 Yíng Zhèng	246 - 210 BC
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì	嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài	209 - 207 BC
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
三世皇帝	嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng	207 BC

Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty Sovereigns

Posthumous Name	Personal Name	Period of Reign	Era Name	Range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the Qin Er Shi (229 BC - beginning October 207 BC literally Second Emperor of Qin Dynasty, personal name Huhai, was emperor of the Qin The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese
Western Han Dynasty 206 – 9 AD
Gao Zu 高帝	Liu Bang 劉邦	206 – 195 BC	Did not exist
Hui Di 惠帝	Liu Ying 劉盈	194 – 188 BC	Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) 少帝	Liu Gong 劉恭	188 – 184 BC	Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) 少帝	Liu Hong 劉弘	184 – 180 BC	Did not exist
Wen Di 文帝	Liu Heng 劉恆	179 – 157 BC	Hòuyuán (後元)	163 – 156 BC
Jing Di 景帝	Liu Qi 劉啟	156 – 141 BC	Zhōngyuán (中元) Hòuyuán (後元)	149 – 143 BC 143 – 141 BC
Wu Di 武帝	Liu Che 劉徹	140 – 87 BC	Jiànyuán (建元) Yuánguāng(元光) Yuánshuò (元朔) Yuánshòu (元狩) Yuándǐng (元鼎) Yuánfēng (元封) Tàichū (太初) Tiānhàn (天漢) Tàishǐ (太始) Zhēnghé (征和) Hòuyuán (後元)	140 – 135 BC 134 – 129 BC 128 – 123 BC 122 – 117 BC 116 – 111 BC 110 – 105 BC 104 – 101 BC 100 – 97 BC 96 – 93 BC 92 BC – 89 BC 88 – 87 BC
Zhao Di 昭帝	Liu Fuling 劉弗陵	86 – 74 BC	Shǐyuán (始元) Yuánfèng (元鳳) Yuánpíng (元平)	86 – 80 BC 80 – 75 BC 74 BC
The Prince of Changyi 昌邑王 or 海昏侯	Liu He 劉賀	74 BC	Yuánpíng (元平)	74 BC
Xuan Di 宣帝	Liu Xun 劉詢	73 – 49 BC	Běnshǐ (本始) Dìjié (地節) Yuánkāng (元康) Shénjué (神爵) Wǔfèng (五鳳) Gānlù (甘露) Huánglóng (黃龍)	73 BC – 70 BC 69 – 66 BC 65 – 61 BC 61 – 58 BC 57 – 54 BC 53 – 50 BC 49 BC
Yuan Di 元帝	Liu Shi 劉奭	48 – 33 BC	Chūyuán (初元) Yǒngguāng (永光) Jiànzhāo (建昭) Jìngníng (竟寧)	48 – 44 BC 43 – 39 BC 38 – 34 BC 33 BC
Cheng Di 成帝	Liu Ao 劉驁	32 – 7 BC	Jiànshǐ (建始) Hépíng (河平) Yángshuò (陽朔) Hóngjiā (鴻嘉) Yǒngshǐ (永始) Yuányán (元延n2) Suīhé (綏和)	32 – 28 BC 28 – 25 BC 24 – 21 BC 20 – 17 BC 16 – 13 BC 12 – 9 BC 8 – 7 BC
Ai Di 哀帝	Liu Xin 劉欣	6 – 1 BC	Jiànpíng (建平) Yuánshòu (元壽)	6 – 3 BC 2 – 1 BC
Ping Di 平帝	Liu Kan 劉衎	1 BC – 5 AD	Yuánshǐ (元始)	1 BC – 5 AD
Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰	Liu Ying 劉嬰	6 – 8	Jùshè (居攝) Chūshǐ (初始)	6 – October 8 November 8 – December 8
Xin Dynasty (AD 9–23)
Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽)		9 – 23	Shǐjiànguó (始建國) Tiānfēng (天鳳) Dìhuáng (地皇)	9 – 13 14 – 19 20 – 23
Continuation of Han Dynasty
Geng Shi Di 更始帝	Liu Xuan 劉玄	23 – 25	Gēngshǐ (更始)	23 – 25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220
Guang Wu Di 光武帝	Liu Xiu 劉秀	25 – 57	Jiànwǔ (建武) Jiànwǔzhongōyuán (建武中元)	25 – 56 56 – 57
Ming Di 明帝	Liu Zhuang 劉莊	58 – 75	Yǒngpíng (永平)	58 – 75
Zhang Di 章帝	Liu Da 劉炟	76 – 88	Jiànchū (建初) Yuánhé (元和) Zhānghé (章和)	76 – 84 84 – 87 87 – 88
He Di 和帝	Liu Zhao 劉肇	89 – 105	Yǒngyuán (永元) Yuánxīng (元興)	89 – 105 105
Shang Di 殤帝	Liu Long 劉隆	106	Yánpíng (延平)	9 months in 106
An Di 安帝	Liu Hu 劉祜	106 – 125	Yǒngchū (永初) Yuánchū (元初) Yǒngníng (永寧) Jiànguāng (建光) Yánguāng (延光)	107 – 113 114 – 120 120 – 121 121 – 122 122 – 125
Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang 少帝 or 北鄉侯	Liu Yi 劉懿	125	Yánguāng (延光)	125
Shun Di 順帝	Liu Bao 劉保	125 – 144	Yǒngjiàn (永建) Yángjiā (陽嘉) Yǒnghé (永和) Hàn'ān (漢安) Jiànkāng (建康)	126 – 132 132 – 135 136 – 141 142 – 144 144
Chong Di 沖帝	Liu Bing 劉炳	144 – 145	Yōngxī (永嘉)	145
Zhi Di 質帝	Liu Zuan 劉纘	145 – 146	Běnchū (本初)	146
Huan Di 桓帝	Liu Zhi 劉志	146 – 168	Jiànhé (建和) Hépíng (和平) Yuánjiā (元嘉) Yǒngxīng (永興) Yǒngshòu (永壽) Yánxī (延熹) Yǒngkāng (永康)	147 – 149 150 151 – 153 153 – 154 155 – 158 158 – 167 167
Ling Di 靈帝	Liu Hong 劉宏	168 – 189	Jiànníng (建寧) Xīpíng (熹平) Guānghé (光和) Zhōngpíng (中平)	168 – 172 172 – 178 178 – 184 184 – 189
Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong 少帝 or 弘農王	Liu Bian 劉辯	189	Guīngxī (光熹) Zhàoníng (昭寧)	189 189
Xian Di 獻帝	Liu Xie (liú xié) 劉協	189 – 220	Yǒnghàn (永漢) (中平} Chūpíng (初平) Xīngpíng (興平) Jiàn'ān (建安) Yánkāng (延康)	189 189 190 – 193 194 – 195 196 – 220 220

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Early life Liú Bāng was born into a lower class farming family in Pei (present Pei County in Jiangsu Province) Early life and years as crown prince How Liu Ying's childhood was like is not completely clear Emperor Wen of Han (202 BC&ndash157 BC was an emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. Early life and career as crown prince Emperor Jing was born to Emperor Wen, then Prince of Dai, and Consort Dou, one of his favorite consorts in Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, Birth and childhood before ascending the throne In 94 BC then-Prince Fuling was born to a favorite concubine of Emperor Wu Consort Zhao who carried the title Lady Gouyi (鉤弋夫人 Background and career as the Prince of Changyi It is not known when Prince He was born Family background and early life Parentage disaster and a barely spared young life Liu Bingyi was born in 91 BC to Liu Jin, the son of then-Crown Prince Family background When Emperor Yuan was born as Liu Shi in 75 BC his parents Liu Bingyi and Xu Pingjun were commoners without titles Birth and career as Crown Prince Emperor Cheng was born circa 51 BC to then-Crown Prince Liu Shi (later Emperor Yuan) and one of his consorts Consort Wang (later Family background and early life as the Prince of Dingtao Emperor Ai was born to Prince Liu Kang of Dingtao (劉康 the brother to then-reigning Emperor Cheng and son Family background and life as imperial prince Then-Liu Jizi was born in 9 BC Emperor Ruzi of Han (AD 5&ndashAD 25 commonly known as " Ying the Kid " ( and with the personal name of Liu Ying (劉嬰 was last emperor The Xin Dynasty ( was a Chinese Dynasty (although strictly speaking it had only one Emperor) which lasted from 9 - 23 AD The Xin Dynasty ( was a Chinese Dynasty (although strictly speaking it had only one Emperor) which lasted from 9 - 23 AD Wang Mang ( (45 BC&ndashOctober 6 23 Courtesy name Jujun (巨君 was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family Emperor Gengshi of Han, ch 漢更始帝, py. gèng shĭ dì, wg. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Family background Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of Emperor Jing of the Former (or Western Han Family background Then-Liu Yang was born in 28 to Emperor Guangwu and his first love Consort Yin Lihua. Family background Then-Prince Da was born to then-Crown Prince Liu Zhuang and one of his consorts Consort Jia, in 57 Family background Then-Prince Zhao was born to Emperor Zhang and his Concubine Consort Liang in 79 Family background Then-Prince Long was born in autumn 105 to Emperor He and a Concubine whose identity is unknown Family background and ascension to the throne Then-Prince Hu was born in 94 to Prince Liu Qing of Qinghe and his Concubine, Consort Zuǒ Xiǎo É Family background It is not known when Yi was born -- other than he was described as young at the time he ascended the throne in 125 and therefore must have been born late in the Family background Then-Prince Bao was born to Emperor An and his Concubine Consort Li in 115 apparently shortly after Emperor An had created his Family background Then-Prince Bing was born to Emperor Shun and his Concubine Consort Yu in 143 Family background and ascension to the throne Liu Zuan the future Emperor Zhi was born to Liu Hong (劉鴻 the Prince of Le'an and his wife Consort Chen in 138 Family background and ascension Liu Zhi was born in 132 to Liu Yi (劉翼 the Marquess of Liwu and his Concubine Yan Ming (匽明 Emperor Ling of Han, trad ch 漢靈帝, sim ch 汉灵帝, py. The Prince of Hongnong (176-190 ( trad ch: 弘農王 sim ch: 弘农王 py. Emperor Xian of Han ( Traditional 漢獻帝 Simplified 汉献帝 Pinyin Hàn Xiàn dì, Wade-Giles Han Hsien-ti; The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	曹丕 Cao Pi	220-226	Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	曹叡 Cao Rui	226-239	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2)	曹芳 Cao Fang	239-254	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1)	曹髦 Cao Mao	254-260	Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	曹奐 Cao Huan	260-265	Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4)	劉備 Liu Bei	221-223	Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	劉禪 Liu Shan	223-263	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4)	孫權 Sun Quan	222-252	Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2)	孫亮 Sun Liang	252-258	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Sun Xiu 孫休 Sun Xiu	258-264	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2)	Sun Hao 孫皓 Sun Hao	264-280	Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2	265-290	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1	290-306	Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4)	司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4	307-311	Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4)	司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4	313-317	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4	317-322	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4	322-325	Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3	325-342	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4)	司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4	342-344	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4)	司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1	345-361	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)	司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1	361-365	Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1)	司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4	365-371	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4	371-372	Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4)	司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4	372-396	Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1	396-418	Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)	司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2	419-420	Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)	劉淵 liu2 yuan1	304-310	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist	Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)	劉和 liu2 he2	7 days in 310	Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	劉聰 liu2 cong1	310-318	Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist	Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)	劉粲 liu2 can4	a month and days in 318	Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	劉曜 liu2 yao4	318-329	Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	石勒 shi2 le4	319-333	Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist	Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)	石弘 shi2 hong2	333-334	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	石虎 shi2 hu3	334-349	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist	Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)	石世 shi2 shi4	73 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist	Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)	石遵 shi2 zun1	183 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist	Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)	石鑒 shi2 jian4	103 days within 349-350	Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist	Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)	石祗 shi2 zhi1	350-351	Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	李特 li3 te4	303	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist	Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)	李流 li3 liu2	several months in 303	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	李雄 li3 xiong2	303-334	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist	Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4)	李班 li3 ban1	7 months in 334	Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist	You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)	李期 li3 qi1	334-338	Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	李壽 li3 shou4	338-343	Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist	Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)	李勢 li3 shi4	343-347	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)	慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3	337-348	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)	慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4	348-360	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist	You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)	慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3	360-370	Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)	慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2	384-396	Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)	慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3	396-398	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4	398-401	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1	401-407	Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)	慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2	398-405	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1	405-410	Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist	Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)	高雲 gao1 yun2	407-409	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)	馮跋 feng2 ba2	409-430	Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist	Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)	馮弘 feng2 hong2	430-436	Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist	Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)	張茂 zhang1 mao4	320-324	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist	Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)	張駿 zhang1 jun4	324-346	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist	Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1)	張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2	346-353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist	Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1)	張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist	Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)	張祚 zhang1 zuo4	353-355	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist	Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)	張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4	355-363	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist	Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)	張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2	364-376	Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)	呂光 uu3 guang1	386-399	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist	Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)	呂紹 luu3 shao4	399	Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist	Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)	呂纂 luu3 zuan3	399-401	Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist	Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)	呂隆 luu3 long2	401-403	Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)	禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1	397-399	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist	Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)	禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1	399-402	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist	Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)	禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2	402-414	Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	段業 duan4 ye4	397-401	Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)	沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4	401-433	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist	Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)	沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1	433-439	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist	Did not exist	沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4	442-444	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist	Did not exist	沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1	444-460	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)	李暠 li3 gao3	400-417	Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	李歆 li3 xin1	417-420	Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	李恂 li3 xun2	420-421	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)	苻健 fu2 jian4	351-355	Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist	Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)	苻生 fu2 sheng1	355-357	Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)	苻堅 fu2 jian1	357-385	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist	Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)	苻丕 fu2 pi1	385-386	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)	苻登 fu2 deng1	386-394	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	苻崇 fu2 chong2	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)	姚萇 yao2 chang2	384-393	Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4)	姚興 yao2 xing1	394-416	Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	姚泓 yao2 hong2	416-417	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)	乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2	385-388	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)	乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1	388-400,409-412	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)	乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2	412-428	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4	428-431	Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2	407-425	Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist	Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)	赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1	425-428	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist	Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)	赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4	428-431	Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)	冉閔 ran3 min3	350-352	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)	慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2	384	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist	慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1	384-386	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist	段隨 duan4 sui2	386	Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist	慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1	386	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist	慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2	386	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist	慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1	386	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist	慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3	386-394	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)	譙縱 qiao2 zong4	405-413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist	劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1	mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉虎 liu2 hu3	early 4th century (309?) - 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2	341-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2	356-358	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2	358-359	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2	359-391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist	宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2	late 3rd century-293	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1	293-late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1	early 3rd century - 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1	333-345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist	段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2	303-310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4	310 or 311 - 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1	318-321	Did not exist
Did not exist	段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1	318-325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段牙 duan4 ya2	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段遼 duan4 liao2	326-338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist	楊騰 yang2 teng2	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊駒 yang2 ju1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4	early 3rd century - mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1	late 3rd century - 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2	317-334	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊毅 yang2 yi4	334-337	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊初 yang2 chu1	337-355	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊國 yang2 guo2	355-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊俊 yang2 jun4	356-360	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊世 yang2 shi4	360-370	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊篡 yang2 cuan4	370-371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
武王 wu3 wang2	楊定 yang2 ding4	385-394	Did not exist
惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2	楊盛 yang2 sheng4	394-425	Did not exist
孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2	楊玄 yang2 xuan2	425-429	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1	429-441	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist	楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4	442-443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2	443-454	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2	455-466	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4	466-473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist	楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4	473-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2	477-482	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3	482-486	Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)	楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3	482-503	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1	503-506, 534-535	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4	535-545	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2	545-553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist	楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1	477-483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊炯 yang2 jiong3	483-495	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1	before 502-511	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊定 yang2 ding4	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was Cao Rui ( 205 - 22 January 239) was the son of Cao Pi and the second emperor of the Cao Wei. For the singer see Cao Fang (singer. Cao Fang, ch 曹芳, py. Cao Mao (242-260 courtesy name Yanshi (彥士 wg yen-shih was an emperor of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Huan, ch 曹奐, py. cáo hùan, Wg. Ts'ao-Huan (246-303 was a grandson of Cao Cao and last emperor Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Liu Bei (161– June 21 223) styled Xuándé (玄徳 was a general warlord and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan) (207 &ndash 271 was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a Sun Quan ( (182 - 252 son of Sun Jian, courtesy name Zhòngmóu (仲謀 formally Emperor Da of (Eastern Wu was the founder of Eastern Wu Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Xiu (235&ndash September 3, 264) Courtesy name Zilie (子烈 formally Emperor Jing of (Eastern Wu, was the third emperor Sun Hao (孫皓 (242-284 Courtesy name Yuanzong (元宗 originally named Sun Pengzu (孫彭祖 with the Courtesy name Yuanzong (元宗 The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties Life before establishment of the Jìn Dynasty Sīmǎ Yán was born to Sima Zhao and his wife Wang Yuanji, daughter of the Confucian scholar Wáng Life prior to ascension Sima Zhong was born to Sima Yan and his wife Yang Yan in 259 while Sima Yan was still the assistant to his father the Cao Wei As Prince of Yuzhang and crown prince Sima Chi was one of the youngest sons of Emperor Wu, the founding emperor of Jin by his Concubine Consort Wang Prior to becoming emperor Sima Ye was a son of Sima Yan (司馬晏 the Prince of Wu a son of Jin's founding emperor Emperor Wu. The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties Early career Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then-Jin capital Luoyang, as the son of Sima Jin (司馬覲 the Prince of Langye and his wife Princess Xiahou Wenji (夏侯文姬 Early life Sima Shao was born in 299 as the oldest son of his father Sima Rui, then the Prince of Langye by his lowly-born concubine Lady Xun, who then in Family background Sima Yan was born as the oldest son of Emperor Ming of Jin, who was Crown prince at that time by his wife Crown Princess Yu Wenjun Prior to reign Sima Yue was born in 322 as the second son of Emperor Ming, by his wife Empress Yu Wenjun. Prior to reign Sima Dan was born in 343 during the reign of his father Emperor Kang, by Empress Chu Suanzi, Emperor Kang's wife Early life Sima Pi was born in 341 during the reign of his father Emperor Cheng of Jin, as Emperor Cheng's oldest son Early life Sima Yi was born in 342 to Emperor Cheng and his Concubine Consort Zhou, who was also the mother of his only brother Sima Pi Early life Sima Yu was born in 320 as the youngest son of Emperor Yuan, by his favorite concubine Consort Zheng Achun (鄭阿春 Early life Sima Yao was born in 362 when his father Sima Yu was the Prince of Kuaiji and the prime minister for his grandnephew Emperor Ai. Early life Sima Dezong was the oldest son of Emperor Xiaowu, born of his Concubine Consort Chen Guinü in 382 Early life Sima Dewen was born to Emperor Xiaowu of Jin and his Concubine Consort Chen Guinü in 386 as their second son four years after Consort The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese The Former Qin ( 351 - 394) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. For the city see Wuhu. For the history of each of the Wu Hu tribes see Sixteen Kingdoms. The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. The Book of Wei ( is a classic Chinese historical writing compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and serves as an important historical The History of Northern Dynasties ( is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2	拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2	219-277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
章王 zhang1 wang2	拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4	277-286	Did not exist
平王 ping2 wang2	拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4	286-293	Did not exist
思王 si1 wang2	拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2	293-294	Did not exist
昭王 zhao1 wang2	拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1	294-307	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2	295-305	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2	295-316	Did not exist
Did not exist	拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	拓拔? tou4 ba2 ?	316	Did not exist
平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2	拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4	316-321	Did not exist
惠王 hui4 wang2	拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4	321-325	Did not exist
煬王 yang2 wang2	拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3	325-329 and 335-337	Did not exist
烈王 lie4 wang2	拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2	329-335 and 337-338	Did not exist
昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2	拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4	338-377	Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. This article is about the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese The Northern Dynasties (北朝 běi cháo included Northern Wei Dynasty, Eastern Wei Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty, The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or
道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4	拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1	386-409	Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4	拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4	409-423	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4	拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2	424-452	Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
南安王 nan2 an1 wang2	拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2	452	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4	拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4	452-465	Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465
獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4	拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2	466-471	Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4	元宏 yuan2 hong2	471-499	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499
宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4	元恪 yuan2 ke4	500-515	Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	元詡 yuan2 xu3	516-528	Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4	元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1	528-530	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4	元曄 yuan2 ye4	530-531	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4	元恭 yuan2 gong1	531-532	Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4	元朗 yuan2 lang3	531-532	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	元脩 yuan2 xiu1	532-535	Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4	元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4	534-550	Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4	高洋 gao1 yang2	550-559	Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
廢帝 fei4 di4	高殷 gao1 yin1	560	Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4	高演 gao1 yan3	560-561	Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4	高湛 gao1 zhan4	561-565	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
後主 hou4 zhu3	高緯 gao1 wei3	565-577	Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576
幼主 you4 zhu3	高恆 gao1 heng2	577	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2	高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4	577-579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
文帝 wen2 di4	元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4	535-551	Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
廢帝 fei4 di4	元欽 yuan2 qin1	552-554	Did not exist
恭帝 gong1 di4	元廓 yuan2 kuo4	554-556	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4	宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2	557	Did not exist
明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4	557-560	Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
武帝 wu3 di4	宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1	561-578	Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
宣帝 xuan1 di4	宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1	579	Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
靜帝 jing4 di4	宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3	579-581	Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. The Southern dynasties 南朝 ( nanchao in Pinyin: nán cháo comprise the Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty and Chen The Song Dynasty (宋朝 Pinyin: Sòng cháo Wade-Giles: Sung ( 420 – 479) was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	劉裕 liu3 yu4	420-422	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
少帝 shao4 di4	劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2	423-424	Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
文帝 wen2 di4	劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2	424-453	Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	劉駿 liu3 jun4	454-464	Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4	劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4	465	Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465
明帝 ming2 di4	劉彧 liu3 yu4	465-472	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2	劉昱 liu3 yu4	473-477	Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
順帝 shun4 di4	劉準 liu3 zhun3	477-479	Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
高帝 gao1 di4	蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2	479-482	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	蕭賾 xiao1 ze2	483-493	Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2	蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4	494	Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2)	蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2	494	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
明帝 ming2 di4	蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2	494-498	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2)	蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3	499-501	Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
和帝 he2 di4	蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2	501-502	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty (502-557)
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 jing4 di4)	Xiao Yan (蕭衍 xiao1 yan3)	502-549	Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	蕭綱 xiao1 gang1	549-551	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2)	蕭棟 xiao1 dong4	551-552	Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	蕭繹 xiao1 yi4	552-555	Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2)	蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2	555	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
敬帝 jing4 di4	蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4	555-557	Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
武帝 wu3 di4	陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1	557-559	Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
文帝 wen2 di4	陳蒨 chen2 qian4	560-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
廢帝 fei4 di4	陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1	567-568	Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
宣帝 xuan1 di4	陳頊 chen2 xu1	569-582	Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
後主 hou4 zhu3	陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589

Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties Background Xiao Yan was born in 464 during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song. Background Xiao Gang was born in 503 as the third son of Emperor Wu. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	宣帝 xuan1 di4	蕭察 xiao1 cha2	555-562	Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1)	孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	蕭巋 xiao1 kui1	562-585	Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist	Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1	蕭琮 xiao1 cong2	585-587	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 585-587

Sui Dynasty

Sui Dynasty 581-618

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4	楊堅 yang2 jian1	581-604	Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4	楊廣 yang2 guang3	605-617	Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4	楊侑 yang2 you4	617-618	Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty

For a list of Tang emperors on a separate page, click here. Background Xiao Kui was born in 542 during the reign of his great-grandfather Emperor Wu of Liang. Background It is not known when Xiao Cong was born and his mother's name is also lost in history The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Background Yang Jian's clan was from Hongnong Commandery (弘農 roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan) Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. During Emperor Yang's reign Yang You was born in 605 as a son of Yang Zhao, the son and Crown prince of Emperor Yang. This is a list of emperors from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 - 907) of China.

Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3)	李淵 li3 yuan1	618-626	Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1)	李世民 li3 shi4 min2	627-649	Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1)	李治 li3 zhi4	650-683	Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2	684, 705-710	Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be>
Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	李旦 li3 dan4	684-690, 710-712	Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Ze Tian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name)	聖神 sheng4 shen2	690-705	Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) see note below the table	李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4	710	Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)	李隆基 li3 long2 ji1	712-756	Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1)	李亨 li3 heng1	756-762	Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)	李豫 li3 yu4	762-779	Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	李适 li3 gua1	780-805	Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)	李誦 li3 song4	805	Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)	李純 li3 chun2	806-820	Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	李恆 li3 heng2	821-824	Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)	李湛 li3 zhan4	824-826	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)	李昂 li3 ang2	826-840	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)	李炎 li3 yan2	840-846	Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	李忱 li3 chen2	846-859	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)	李漼 li3 cui3	859-873	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)	李儇 li3 xuan1	873-888	Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)	李曄 li3 ye4	888-904	Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below	李柷 li3 zhu4	904-907	Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Background and life as Prince of Jin Li Zhi was born in 628 He was the ninth son of his father Emperor Taizong, and the third son of his mother Emperor Taizong's wife Background Li Xiǎn was born in 656 as the seventh son of his father Emperor Gaozong and the third son of his mother Emperor Gaozong's second wife Empress Wu Background Li Xulun was born in 662 as the youngest son of Emperor Gaozong and his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Background Li Chongmao was either born in 695 -- during a time when his father Li Xian, who was formerly an emperor of Tang Dynasty but was deposed in 694 was Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ( ( September 8, 685 Background Li Longji was born at the Tang Dynasty eastern capital Luoyang Emperor Suzong of Tang (唐 肅[[wikt 宗|宗]] February 21, 711 (As a result later on in life Li Sisheng would feel personally indebted to Emperor Daizong of Tang (唐代宗 ( January 9, 727 He was the oldest of Emperor Xuanzong's over 100 grandsons Emperor Dezong of Tang (唐德宗 ( May 27, 742) Cui Yanfu (779-780 Qiao Lin (779 Yang Yan Emperor Tang Shunzong (唐顺宗李诵 761&ndash806 born Li Song was the tenth emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Xianzong (唐宪宗李纯 778 &ndash 820 r 805 &ndash 820 born Li Chun was the 11th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Muzong (唐穆宗李恒 795&ndash824 born Li Heng was the 12th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Jingzong (唐敬宗李湛 809&ndash826 born Li Zhan was the 13th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Wenzong (唐文宗李昂 809&ndash840 born Li Ang was the 14th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Wuzong (ca 810 – 846 born Li Yan, was the fifteenth emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 840 to 846 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ( ( September 8, 685 Background Li Longji was born at the Tang Dynasty eastern capital Luoyang Emperor Tang Yizong (唐懿宗李漼 November 14 833 &ndash 873) born Li Cui was the 17th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China Emperor Tang Xizong (唐僖宗李儇 862&ndash888 born Li Xuan was the 18th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Zhaozong (唐昭宗李晔 867&ndash904 born Li Ye was the 19th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. Emperor Tang Aidi (唐哀帝李祝 892-908 born Li Zhu was the last emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1	907-912	Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist	末帝 mo4 di4	Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4	913-923	Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-915 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
莊宗 zhuang1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4	923-926	Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3	926-933	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist	節閔帝 min3 di4	李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4	933-934	Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-915
Did not exist	末帝 mo4 di4	李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1	934-936	Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2	936-942	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist	出帝 chu1 di4	石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4	942-947	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 947-950
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3	947-948	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist	隱帝 yin3 di4	劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4	948-950	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	郭威 guo1 wei1	951-954	Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	柴榮 chai2 rong2	954-959	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist	恭帝 gong1 di4	柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4	959-960	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
太祖 tai4 zu3	武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2	錢鏐 qian2 liu2	904-932	Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2	錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4	932-941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)	忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2	錢佐 qian2 zuo3	941-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2	錢倧 qian2 zong1	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	錢俶 qian2 chu4	947-978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
太祖 tai4 zu3	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1	909-925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4	925-926	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1	926-935	Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2	935-939	Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1	939-944	Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist	Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)	王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4	943-945	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist	武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2	高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1	909-928	Did not exist
Did not exist	文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2	高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4	928-948	Did not exist
Did not exist	貞懿王 yi4 wang2	高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2	948-960	Did not exist
Did not exist	侍中 shi4 zhong1	高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4	960-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1	962-963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist	武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2	馬殷 ma3 yin1	897-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2	馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2	馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	廢王 fei4 wang2	馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2	馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2	950-951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
太祖 tai4 zu3	孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4	楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4	904-905	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
烈宗 lie4 zong1	景帝 jing3 di4	楊渥 yang2 wo4	905-908	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
高祖 gao1 zu3	宣帝 xuan1 di4	楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3	908-921	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist	睿帝 rui4 di4	楊溥 yang2 pu3	921-937	Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4	937-943	Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李璟 li3 jing3	943-961	Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	武王 wu3 wang2	李煜 li3 yu4	961-975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
高祖 gao1 zu3	天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4	劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉 (龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3	917-925	Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941
Did not exist	殤帝 shang1 di4	劉玢 liu3 fen1	941-943	Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
中宗 zhong1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	劉晟 liu3 cheng2	943-958	Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	劉鋹 liu3 chang3	958-971	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
世祖 shi4 zu3	神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4	劉旻 liu3 min2	951-954	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
睿宗 rui4 zong1	孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4	劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1	954-970	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
少主 shao4 zhu3	Did not exist	劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1	970	Did not exist
Did not exist	英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4	劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2	970-982	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王建 wang2 jian4	907-918	Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	王衍 wang2 yan3	918-925	Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2	934	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	孟昶 meng4 chang3	938-965	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms

Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)
Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	劉言 liu3 yan2	950-953
Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2	953-956
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2	956-962
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2	962-963
Captaincy General of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3	留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4	945-962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3	留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1	962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1	962-963
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4	963-978

Liao Dynasty

Liao Dynasty 907-1125

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)	907-926	Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng	951-969	Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián	969-982	Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	1031-1055	Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī	1055-1101	Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084 Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not exist	Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)	耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ	1101-1125	Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125

Song Dynasty

For a list of Song emperors on a separate page, click here. Li Houzhu ( 936–978 also known as Houzhu of Southern Tang (南唐後主 literally "the latter lord of Southern Tang" personal name Li Yu (李煜 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. A captaincy is a historical Administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese Colonial empires Each was governed by a Captain Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title A captaincy is a historical Administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese Colonial empires Each was governed by a Captain Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 Emperor Taizong (耶律德光 (Yēlǜ Déguāng (902 - 947 was the second emperor of the Khitan Empire (926-947 Emperor Shizong (耶律阮 (Yēlǜ Ruǎn also known as Wuyu (918-951 is the third emperor of Liao dynasty, reigning from 947 to 951 Emperor Muzong (耶律璟 (931 - 969 of Liao Dynasty reigned from 951 to 969 Emperor Jingzong (耶律賢 (Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn (948 - 982 of Liao Dynasty reigned from 969 to 982 Emperor Shengzong of Liao (971 - 1031 also known as Yelu Longxu (耶律隆绪 succeeded Emperor Jingzong as Emperor of the Liao Dynasty at the age of Emperor Xingzong of Liao (耶律宗真 (1015-1054 was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty. Emperor Daozong of Liao (耶律洪基 (1032-1101 born Yelü Hongji or Yehlu Hongji, was an Emperor of the Liao dynasty, a kingdom of the Yelü Chun (1075 - 1128 (耶律延禧 Pinyin: Yēlǜ Yánxĭ, posthumous Liao Tianzuodi 遼天祚帝 Pinyin: Liáo Tiānzuòdì This is a list of emperors during the Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1279) of China.

Song dynasty 960-1279

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn)	960-976	Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì)	976-997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994 Zhidao (至道 Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng)	997-1022	Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn)	1022-1063	Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至和 Zhìhé) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù)	1063-1067	Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū)	1067-1085	Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085
Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ)	1085-1100	Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí)	1100-1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (政和 Zhènghé) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重和 Chónghé) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣和 Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán)	1126-1127	Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279
Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu)	1127-1162	Jingyan (靖炎 Jìngyán) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162
Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn)	1162-1189	Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189
Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn)	1189-1194	Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó)	1194-1224	Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224
Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún)	1224-1264	Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259 Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264
Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí)	1264-1274	Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
did not exist	Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì)	Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn)	1274-1276	Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi (趙是 Zhào Shì)	1276-1278	Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278
did not exist	Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng)	Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng)	1278-1279	Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279

Western Xia

Western Xia 1032-1227

Temple names	Posthumous names	Chinese family name and first names	Reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng (景宗)	Wǔlièdì (武烈帝)	Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊)	1032-1048	Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng (毅宗)	Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝)	Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚)	1048-1067	Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053-1056 Duǒdū (奲都) 1036-1038 Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng (惠宗)	Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝)	Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常)	1067-1086	Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085 Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng (崇宗)	Shèngwéndì (聖文帝)	Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順)	1086-1139	Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098-1100 Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101-1113 Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118 Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127 Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134 Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng (仁宗)	Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝)	Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝)	1139-1193	Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170 Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng (桓宗)	Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝)	Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑)	1193-1206	Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng (襄宗)	Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝)	Lǐ Ānquán (李安全)	1206-1211	Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211
Shénzōng (神宗)	Yīngwéndì (英文帝)	Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊)	1211-1223	Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng (獻宗)	Did not exist	Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺)	1223-1226	Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzhǔ (末主)	Did not exist	Lǐ Xiàn (李晛)	1226-1227	Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty 1115-1234

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàizǔ 太祖	(1)	Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打	1115-1123	Shōuguó 收國 1115-1116   Tiānfǔ 天輔 1117-1123
Tàizōng 太宗	(1)	Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 or Wányán (Shèng or Chéng) 完顏晟	1123-1134	Tiānhuì 天會 1123-1134
Xīzōng 熙宗	(1)	Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶	1135-1149	Tiānhuì 天會 1135-1138   Tiānjuàn 天眷 1138-1141   Huángtǒng 皇統 1141-1149
(2)	Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王	Wányán Liàng 完顏亮	1149-1161	Tiāndé 天德 1149-1153   Zhènyuán 貞元 1153-1156   Zhènglóng 正隆 1156-1161
Shìzōng 世宗	(1)	Wányán Yōng 完顏雍	1161-1189	Dàdìng 大定 1161-1189
Zhāngzōng 章宗	(1)	Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟	1190-1208	Míngchāng 明昌 1190-1196   Chéng'ān 承安 1196-1200   Tàihé 泰和1200-1208
(2)	Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 or Wèiwáng 衛王	Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟	1209-1213	Dà'ān 大安 1209-1212   Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212-1213   Zhìníng 至寧 1213
Xuānzōng 宣宗	(1)	Wányán Xún 完顏珣	1213-1223	Zhēnyòu 貞祐 1213-1217   Xīngdìng 興定 1217-1222   Yuánguāng 元光 1222-1223
Āizōng 哀宗	(1)	Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒	1224-1234	Zhèngdà 正大 1224-1232   Kāixīng 開興 1232   Tiānxīng 天興 1232-1234
(2)	Mòdì 末帝	Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟	1234	(2)

(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Emperor Bing ( (1271 &ndash March 19, 1279) was the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China. Ancestry and early life His family was of fairly modest origins and cannot be traced back with certainty further than the late Tang dynasty. Emperor Taizong ( November 20, 939 &ndash May 8, 997) born Zhao Kuangyi, was the second emperor of the Song Dynasty Emperor Zhenzong ( December 23, 968 - March 23, 1022) was the third emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. Emperor Renzong ( May 30, 1010 &ndash April 30, 1063) was the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. Emperor Yingzong ( February 16, 1032 &ndash January 25, 1067) was the fifth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. Emperor Shenzong ( May 25, 1048 &ndash April 1, 1085) was the sixth emperor of Song Dynasty China. Emperor Zhezong ( January 4, 1076 &ndash February 23, 1100) was the seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. Emperor Huizong ( November 2, 1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth and one of the most famous emperors of the Song Dynasty of Emperor Qinzong ( May 23, 1100 &ndash June 14, 1161) was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last Biography Gaozong was the 5th son of Emperor Huizong and the younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong. See also List of Song Emperors Architecture of the Song Dynasty Culture of the Song Dynasty See also List of Song Emperors Architecture of the Song Dynasty Culture of the Song Dynasty Economy Emperor Ningzong 寧宗 (1168 &ndash 1224 was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty who reigned from 1194-1224 Emperor Lizong 理宗 (1205 - 1264 was the 14th emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the fifth emperor of the Southern Song Emperor Duzong 宋度宗 ( 1240 - 1274) was the 15th emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the sixth emperor of the Southern Song Emperor Gongdi ( chinese: 宋恭帝 1271-1323 also known as Zhào Xiǎn (趙顯 was the 16th Emperor of Song Dynasty. Emperor Duānzōng ( Chinese 端宗 1268 &ndash May 8, 1278) was the penultimate emperor of Southern Song Dynasty of China who died Emperor Bing ( (1271 &ndash March 19, 1279) was the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China. Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (1003 - 1048 born Li Yuanhao (李元昊 was the first emperor of the Western Xia Empire located in northwestern China Emperor Yizong of Western Xia (1047 - 1067 Emperor of the Western Xia from 1048-1067 Huizong was Emperor of Western Xia (1067-1086 After his father's sudden death Huizong assumed the throne at the young age of six Emperor Xixia Chongzong of Western Xia (西夏崇宗 (1084 - 1139 or Li Qianshun (李乾順 was a Tangut Emperor of Western Xia (one of the four kingdoms Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia lived from 1177 to 1206 and reigned from 1193 to 1206 Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia lived from 1170 to 1211 and reigned from 1206 to 1211 Shenzong was Emperor of Western Xia from 1211 to 1223 He lived from 1163 to 1226 Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia lived from 1181 to 1226 He reigned for three years and was the second son of Emperor Shenzong. Mozhu 末主 of the Western Xia kingdom was the last emperor of the Western Xiakingdom and reigned from 1226 to 1227. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Wanyan Aguda (完颜阿骨打 Han name 完颜旻 (1068-1123 r Emperor Taizong of Jin (1075 - 1135 was Emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled northern China from 1123 to 1134 Emperor Xizong of Jin (1119 - 1149 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which controlled northern China from 1135-1149 Emperor Hailingwang of Jin (1122 - 1161 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which controlled northern China from 1149 to 1161 Emperor Shizong (1123 - 1189 of the Jin Dynasty ( was Emperor of Jin from 1161 to 1189 Emperor Zhangzong (1168 - 1208 was Emperor of China from 1190 to 1208 during the Jin Dynasty. Emperor Weishaowang of Jin (r 1209-1213 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (r 1213-1223 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries Emperor Aizong of Jin (r 1224-1234 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries Emperor Modi of Jin (r February 9 1234) was last emperor of the Jin Dynasty.

(2) Did not exist

Yuan Dynasty

Temple names	Posthumous names	Khan Names	Given names	Period of Reigns	Era names and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use first name (e. A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temüjin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn)	1206-1227	did not exist
Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Tolui	Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 BóérzhījīnTuōléi)	1228	did not exist
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bóérzhījīn Wōkuòtái)	1229-1241	did not exist
Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bóérzhījīn Guìyuó)	1246-1248	did not exist
Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bóérzhījīn Ménggē)	1251-1259	did not exist
Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bóérzhījīn Hūbìliè)	1260-1294	Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264-1294
Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)	1294-1307	Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297-1307
Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān)	1308-1311	Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)	1311-1320	Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314-1320
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá)	1321-1323	Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323
Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) (1)	Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) (2)	Yesün-Temür	Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)	1323-1328	Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328
did not exist (1)	Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) (2)	Arigaba	Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā)	1328	Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328
Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér)	1328-1329 and 1329-1332	Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1330-1332
Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà)	1329	did not exist
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)	1332	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (1)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
(1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Güyük ( cyrillic:Гүюг хаан c. 1206–1248 was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан also transliterated as Mongke Mongka Möngka Mangu or Mangku ( c Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Early career Kublai ordered him to guard the Liao River area and Liaodong in the east from Nayan (Naiyan and other rival relatives in 1287 Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Emperor Renzong of Yuan ( Chinese: 元仁宗 1286-1320 also known as Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan or Buyantu Khan, born Borjigin-Khiyad Ayurbarwada Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Note on his name Due to scarcity of historical sources and their multilinguality Ragibagh's name has a lot of variants Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan References The Cambridge History of China By Denis Twitchett Herbert Franke John K Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Emperor Mingzong of Yuan ( Chinese: 元明宗 1300-1329 also known as Khutughtu Khan ( Classical Mongolian: Qutuɤtu qaɤan Khalkha Mongolian Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Before succession Toghun Temür was born to Kuśala when he stayed Central Asia in evacuation Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. (2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

Northern Yuan Dynasty (after expulsion from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - early 15th century

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese
Note: 1) />2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng)	did not exist	Biligtü Khan	Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)	1370-1378	Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378
did not exist	did not exist	Usakhal Khan	Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér)	1378-1387	Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387
(1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i. Before succession Toghun Temür was born to Kuśala when he stayed Central Asia in evacuation Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Biligtü Khan, born Ayushiridara (Аюушридар Билигт хаан ( Temple name: 昭宗 Zhaozong r Uskhal Khan, born Tögüs Temür (r 1378 - 1388) was the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. For the later Mongol Khans, see List of Mongol Khans

Ming Dynasty

To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here. This is the list of Mongol Khans and Khagans Great Khan of the Mongol Empire Genghis Khan ( 1206 The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and falling amidst much peasant turmoil to the Manchu

Personal Name	Posthumous name1 (short form)	Temple name1	Reign name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Hóngwǔ 洪武	1368-1398	The Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆	Huìdì 惠帝	None given²	Jiànwén 建文	1398-1402	The Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì 朱棣	Wēndì 文帝	Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗	Yǒnglè 永樂	1402-1424	The Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾	Zhāodì 昭帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Hóngxī 洪熙	1424-1425	The Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基	Zhāngdì 章帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Xuāndé 宣德	1425-1435	The Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮	Ruìdì 睿帝	Yīngzōng 英宗	Zhèngtǒng, 正統 1436-1449; Tiānshùn, 天順 1457-1464	1435-1449; 1457-1464³	The Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dàizōng 代宗	Jǐngtài 景泰	1449-1457	The Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深	Chúndì 純帝	Xiànzōng 憲宗	Chénghuà 成化	1464-1487	The Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘	Jìngdì 敬帝	Xiàozōng 孝宗	Hóngzhì 弘治	1487-1505	The Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照	Yìdì 毅帝	Wǔzōng 武宗	Zhèngdé 正德	1505-1521	The Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜	Sùdì 肅帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Jiājìng 嘉靖	1521-1566	The Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕	Zhuāngdì 莊帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Lóngqìng 隆慶	1566-1572	The Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Shénzōng 神宗	Wànlì 萬曆	1572-1620	The Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛	Zhēndì 貞帝	Guāngzōng 光宗	Tàichāng 泰昌	1620	The Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校	Zhédì 悊帝	Xīzōng 熹宗	Tiānqǐ 天啟	1620-1627	The Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢	Zhuānglièmǐn 莊烈愍	Sīzōng 思宗	Chóngzhēn 崇禎	1627-1644	The Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons The Jianwen Emperor ( December 5, 1377 &ndash July 13, 1402) with the personal name Zhu Yunwen, reigned as the second The Yongle Emperor ( Wade-Giles: Yung-lo May 2, 1360 &ndash August 12, 1424) born Zhu Di ( Chu Ti The Hongxi Emperor ( August 16, 1378 &ndash May 29, 1425) was an Emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China. The Xuande Emperor ( February 25, 1398 – January 31, 1435) was Emperor of China ( Ming dynasty) between 1425–1435 First Reign Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor Zhu Zhanji and his Empress Sun Zhu Qiyu (September 21 1428 &ndash March 14 1457 was Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty from 1449 to 1457 as the Jingtai Emperor. The Chenghua Emperor ( December 9, 1447 &ndash September 9, 1487) was Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China The Hongzhi Emperor ( July 30, 1470 &ndash June 8, 1505) was Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China between The Zhengde Emperor ( October 26, 1491 &ndash April 20, 1521) was Emperor of China ( Ming dynasty) between 1505-1521 The Jiajing (or Chia-ching) Emperor ( September 16, 1507 &ndash January 23, 1567) was Emperor of China from Longqing Emperor ( March 4, 1537 - July 5, 1572) was the 12th Emperor of China ( Ming dynasty) between 1567-1572 Wanli Emperor ( September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was Emperor of China ( Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620 Taichang Emperor ( Zh: 泰昌 Pinyin: Táichàng August 28, 1582 - September 26, 1620) was the fourteenth Emperor The Tianqi Emperor ( December 23, 1605 - September 30, 1627) was the 15th emperor of the Ming dynasty from 1620 to 1627 The Chongzhen Emperor ( Pinyin: Chóngzhēn WG: Ch'ung-chen ( February 6, 1611 - April 25, 1644) was the 16th and For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun Dynasty 大順王朝

This is the state set up by the peasants' rebellion. The Ming forces were destroyed by the Shun rebels, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels. Wu Sangui ( styled Changbai 長白 or Changbo 長伯 (1612 &ndash October 2, 1678) was a Ming Chinese general who was

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign name	Reign years
Li Zicheng 李自成	Chuǎng Wáng 闖王	Yung Chang 永昌	1644

Southern Ming Dynasty 南明政權

This is the regime established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Li Zicheng ( ( September 22, 1606 - 1644 born Lĭ Hóngjī (鴻基 was one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty China All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan. Koxinga ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Kok-sèng-iâ/Kok-sìⁿ-iâ Lord with the Imperial Surname) is the traditional Western spelling of the popular appellation of

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧	Ānzōng 安宗	Hóngguāng 弘光	1644-1645	Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵	Shàozōng 紹宗	Lóngwǔ 隆武	1645-1646	Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) 潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó	1645	Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) 魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó	1645-1653	Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿[金粵]	None given	Shàowǔ 紹武	1646	Prince of Tang (Shaowu) 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔	None given	Yǒnglì 永曆	1646-1662	Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng

* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Zhu Yousong Prince of Fu, was the first pretender to the throne after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. This article is based on a translation from the Chinese Wikipedia This article is based on a translation from the Chinese Wikipedia The Prince of Gui (桂王 or the Yongli Emperor, was an emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty in China. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A. C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing Dynasty

To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Qing Dynasty was founded as the "Later Jin Dynasty" in 1616 by Nurhaci, a Manchu of the Aisin-Gioro Clan his son Hung Taiji changed

Given name1	Posthumous name² (short form)	Temple name²	Reign name Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 pinyin: Nǔ'ěrhāchì	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga	1616-1626³	Nurhaci
Hong Taiji4 皇太極 pinyin: Huángtàijí	Wéndì 文帝	Tàizōng 太宗	Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643	1626-1643	Huang Taiji
Fúlín 福臨	Zhāngdì 章帝	Shìzǔ 世祖	Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan	1643-16615	Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè 玄燁	Réndì 仁帝	Shèngzǔ 聖祖	Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin	1661-1722	Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzhēn 胤禛	Xiàndì 憲帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob	1722-1735	Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì 弘曆	Chúndì 純帝	Gāozōng 高宗	Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe	1735-1796 (died 1799)6	Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn 顒琰	Ruìdì 睿帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen	1796-1820	Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng 旻寧	Chéngdì 成帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Dàoguāng 道光 Doro eldengge	1820-1850	Daoguang Emperor
Yìzhǔ 奕詝	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Wénzōng 文宗	Xiánfēng 咸豐 Gubci elgiyengge	1850-1861	Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún 載淳	Yìdì 毅帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan	1861-18757	Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián 載湉	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dézōng 德宗	Guāngxù 光緒 Badarangga doro	1875-19087	Guangxu Emperor
Pǔyí 溥儀 also known as Henry	Xùndì 8 遜帝	None given 9	Xuāntǒng 宣統 Gehungge yoso	1908-192410 (died 1967)	Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Nurhaci ( Chinese: 努爾哈赤 or 努爾哈齊; Manchu:) is considered to be the founding father of the Manchu Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Huang Taiji ( November 28 1592 &ndash September 21 1643; reigned 1626 &ndash 1643 also transliterated as Hung Taiji The Shunzhi Emperor ( March 15, 1638 &ndash February 5, 1661) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty The Xianfeng Emperor, born Yizhu, ( July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eighth Emperor of the Manchu The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu The Guangxu Emperor (光緒帝 (14 August 1871&ndash14 November 1908 born Zaitian (載湉 was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Aisin Gioro was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo)
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934-1945). Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs

Taiping Rebellion 太平天國

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全	Yuánnián 元年	August, 1851 - May, 1864	Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福	None given	May, 1864 - August, 1864	Hong Tianguifu

Yuan Shikai's Empire of China 中華帝國

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱	Hóngxiàn (Hung-hsien) 洪憲	1916	Yuan Shikai

External links

• China Online Encyclopedia

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