Liquid oxygen in a dewar flask

Liquid oxygen (also LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industry) is a form of the element oxygen. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the It has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Liquid oxygen has a density of 1. 141 g/cm³ (1. 141 kg/L) and is moderately cryogenic (freezing point: 50. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals 5 K (−222. 65 °C), boiling point: 90. 188 K (−182. 96 °C) at 101. 325 kPa (760 mm Hg). In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Industrial gas is a group of gases that are commercially manufactured and sold for uses in other applications Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 860:1 at 20 °C; and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a source of breathing oxygen. Expansion ratio is used in the context of liquefied and Cryogenic substances

Due to its cryogenic nature, LOX can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidising agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further; if soaked in LOX some can detonate unpredictably on subsequent contact. Petrochemicals often exhibit this behavior, including asphalt. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum

LOX is a common liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen or kerosene. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to change the velocity of Spacecraft and artificial Satellites There are many different methods Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2 is the Liquid state of the element Hydrogen. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid It was used in the very first rocket applications like the V2 missile and Redstone, R-7 Semyorka or Atlas boosters. See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve First launched in 1953 the American Redstone Rocket (Redstone missile was a direct descendant of the German V-2. The R-7 Semyorka (Р-7 "Семёрка" was the world's first true Intercontinental ballistic missile and was deployed by the Soviet Union during the Atlas is a family of US space Launch vehicles The original Atlas missile was designed in the late 1950s LOX is useful in this role because it creates a high specific impulse. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines LOX was also used in some early ICBMs, although more modern ICBMs do not use LOX because its cryogenic properties and need for regular replenishment to replace boiloff make it harder to maintain and launch quickly. Despite this, many modern rockets do use LOX, including the main engines on the Space Shuttle. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States During World War II, liquid oxygen was used as an oxidizer in several Nazi Germany military rocket designs, under name A-Stoff and Sauerstoff. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

LOX also had extensive use in making oxyliquit explosives, but is rarely used now due to a high rate of accidents. An oxyliquit is an Explosive material made of a mixture of Liquid oxygen (LOX with a suitable fuel usually carbon (as Lampblack) or some organic chemical An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied

The tetraoxygen molecule (O₄) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it as an explanation for the failure of liquid oxygen to obey Curie's law. O4 is also a subclass of O- class stars. The tetraoxygen molecule (O4 also called oxozone was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery In a Paramagnetic material the Magnetization of the material is (approximately directly proportional to an applied Magnetic field. ^[1] Today it seems Lewis was off, but not by far: computer simulations indicate that although there are no stable O₄ molecules in liquid oxygen, O₂ molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O₄ units. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin ^[2]

Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point, at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially. Liquid Air was the brand name of an unusual Automobile produced by a joint American / English concern between 1899 and 1902

See also

• List of Stoffs
• Oxygen
• Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski
• Rocket fuel
• Solid oxygen
• Tetraoxygen

References

1. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. (September 1924). During World War II, Germany fielded many Aircraft and Rockets whose fuels were designated (letter- Stoff. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Karol Stanisław Olszewski (b January 29, 1846 in Broniszów - March 24, 1915 in Krakau, Austrian-Hungarian Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski ( October 28, 1845 – April 16, 1888) was a Polish chemist and physicist Rocket propellant is mass that is stored usually in some form of Propellant tank prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form Solid oxygen forms at normal Atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54 O4 is also a subclass of O- class stars. The tetraoxygen molecule (O4 also called oxozone was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery "The Magnetism of Oxygen and the Molecule O₂". Journal of the American Chemical Society 46 (9): 2027–2032. doi:10.1021/ja01674a008. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
2. ^ Oda, Tatsuki; Alfredo Pasquarello (October 2004). "Noncollinear magnetism in liquid oxygen: A first-principles molecular dynamics study". Physical Review B 70 (134402): 1–19. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134402. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.