Life generally refers to two American magazines:

• A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936. Henry Luce bought all rights to this magazine solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name. Henry Robinson Luce ( April 3, 1898 &ndash February 28, 1967) was an influential American publisher
• A publication created by Time founder Henry Luce in 1936, with a strong emphasis on photojournalism. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Henry Robinson Luce ( April 3, 1898 &ndash February 28, 1967) was an influential American publisher Life appeared as a weekly until 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978; a monthly from 1978 to 2000; and a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. ^[1]

The Life founded in 1883 was similar to Puck, and published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes, and social commentary, and featured some of the greatest writers, editors and cartoonists of its era, including Charles Dana Gibson, Norman Rockwell, and Harry Oliver. Puck was America's first successful Humor magazine known for its sharp humor and colorful Cartoon Caricatures satirizing the political Charles Dana Gibson ( September 14, 1867 &ndash December 23, 1944) was an American graphic artist noted for his creation of the " Norman Percevel Rockwell ( February 3, 1894 &ndash November 8, 1978) was a 20th century American painter and Illustrator Harry Oliver ( April 4 1888 &mdash July 4 1973) was an American Humorist, Artist, and Academy Award During its later years, this magazine offered brief capsule reviews (similar to those in The New Yorker) of plays and movies currently running in New York City, but with the innovative touch of a colored typographic bullet appended to each review, resembling a traffic light: green for a positive review, red for a negative one, amber for mixed notices. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry

The Luce Life was the first all-photography U. S. news magazine and dominated the market for more than forty years. The magazine sold more than 13. 5 million copies a week at one point and was so popular that President Harry S. Truman, Sir Winston Churchill, and Gen. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Douglas MacArthur all serialized their memoirs in its pages. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Perhaps one of the best-known pictures printed in the magazine was Alfred Eisenstaedt’s shot of a nurse in a sailor’s arms, snapped on August 27, 1945, as they celebrated Victory Over Japan Day in New York City. Alfred Eisenstaedt ( December 6 1898 &ndash August 24 1995) was a German American photographer and Photojournalist Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Victory over Japan Day ( V-J Day, also known as Victory in the Pacific Day, or V-P Day) is a name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of The City of New York The magazine's place in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell Luce purchased the rights to the name from the publishers of the first Life but sold its subscription list and features to another magazine; there was no editorial continuity between the two publications.

Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes. Since 1972, Life has twice ceased publication and resumed in a different form, before ceasing once again with the issue dated April 20, 2007. The brand name continues on the Internet. ^[2][1]

Early history

A cover of the earlier Life Magazine from 1911

Life was born January 4, 1883, in a New York City artist's studio at 1155 Broadway. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York The founding publisher was John Ames Mitchell, a 37-year old illustrator, who used a $10,000 inheritance to launch the weekly magazine. architect artist novelist mystic mystery John Ames Mitchell (1844-1918 was a Renaissance man who kept to himself but influenced many Mitchell created the first Life nameplate with cupids as mascots; he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a revolutionary new printing process using zinc-coated plates, which improved the reproduction of his illustrations and artwork. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the bestselling humor magazines Judge and Puck, which were already established and successful. Judge was a weekly magazine published in the United States of America between 1881 and 1936 Puck was America's first successful Humor magazine known for its sharp humor and colorful Cartoon Caricatures satirizing the political Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Life’s first literary editor; the recent Harvard graduate was a founder of the Harvard Lampoon. The Harvard Lampoon is an Undergraduate humor publication and social organization founded in 1876 at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts

The motto of the first issue of Life was “While there’s Life, there’s hope. ” The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers: “We wish to have some fun in this paper. . . We shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. . . We shall have something to say about religion, about politics, fashion, society, literature, the stage, the stock exchange, and the police station, and we will speak out what is in our mind as fairly, as truthfully, and as decently as we know how. ”^[3]

The magazine was a success and soon attracted the industry’s leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson. Charles Dana Gibson ( September 14, 1867 &ndash December 23, 1944) was an American graphic artist noted for his creation of the " Three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native sold Life his first contribution for $4: a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life’s early days by such well-known illustrators as Palmer Cox (creator of the Brownie), A. B. Frost, Oliver Herford, and E. W. Kemble. Palmer Cox ( April 28, 1840 &ndash July 24, 1924) was a Canadian Illustrator and Author, best known for his Arthur Burdett Frost (January 17 1851 - June 22 1928 was an early American illustrator graphic artist and comics writer Oliver Herford (1863 - 1935 was a British born American Writer, Artist and Illustrator who has been called "The American Oscar Wilde Edward Winsor Kemble ( January 18 1861 – September 19 1933) was an American Cartoonist and Illustrator. Life attracted an impressive literary roster too: John Kendrick Bangs, James Whitcomb Riley, and Brander Matthews all wrote for the magazine at the turn of the Century. John Kendrick Bangs ( May 27, 1862 - January 21, 1922) was an American Author and Satirist, and the creator of James Whitcomb Riley ( Greenfield, Indiana, October 7, 1849 &ndash July 22, 1916) was an American James Brander Matthews ( February 21, 1852 in New Orleans – March 31, 1929 in New York City) was a U

However, Life also had its dark side. Mitchell was sometimes accused of outright anti-Semitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago’s grisly Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, a national uproar ensued. Klaw & Erlanger was the New York City based theatrical production partnership of entrepreneur A Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago Illinois, within twenty minutes claimed 602 lives on December 30, 1903. Life’s drama critic, the rascal James Stetson Metcalfe, was barred from the 47 Manhattan theatres controlled by the so-called Theatrical Syndicate. The Theatrical Syndicate was established in New York City, New York in 1896 by producers and investors Charles Frohman, Al Hayman, Abe Erlanger His magazine hit back with terrible cartoons of grotesque Jews with enormous noses.

Life became a place that discovered new talent; this was particularly true among illustrators. In 1908 Robert Ripley published his first cartoon in Life, 20 years before his Believe It or Not! fame. Robert LeRoy Ripley ( December 25, 1890 - May 27, 1949) was an American Cartoonist, Entrepreneur and amateur Ripley's Believe It or Not! is a franchise founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so Norman Rockwell’s first cover for Life, "Tain’t You", was published May 10, 1917. Norman Percevel Rockwell ( February 3, 1894 &ndash November 8, 1978) was a 20th century American painter and Illustrator Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Rockwell's paintings were featured on Life’s cover 28 times between 1917 and 1924. Rea Irvin, the first art director of The New Yorker and creator of Eustace Tilley, got his start drawing covers for Life. Rea Irvin ( August 26, 1881 — May 28, 1972) was an American graphic artist The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry

Just as pictures would later become Life’s most compelling feature, Charles Dana Gibson dreamed up its most celebrated figure. Charles Dana Gibson ( September 14, 1867 &ndash December 23, 1944) was an American graphic artist noted for his creation of the " His creation, the Gibson Girl, was a tall, regal beauty. The Gibson Girl was the personification of the feminine ideal as portrayed in the satirical pen and ink illustrated stories created by Illustrator Charles Dana Gibson After her early Life appearances in the 1890s, the Gibson Girl became the nation’s feminine ideal. The Gibson Girl was a publishing sensation and earned a place in fashion history.

This version of Life took sides in politics and international affairs, and published fiery pro-American editorials. Mitchell and Gibson were incensed when Germany attacked Belgium; in 1914 they undertook a campaign to push America into the war. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Mitchell’s seven years spent at Paris art schools made him partial to the French; there wasn’t a shred of unbiased coverage of the war. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Gibson drew the Kaiser as a bloody madman, insulting Uncle Sam, sneering at crippled soldiers, and even shooting Red Cross nurses. Kaiser is the German title meaning " Emperor " with Kaiserin being the female equivalent " Empress " Uncle Sam is a National personification of the United States (US with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812 and the first Mitchell lived just long enough to see Life’s crusade result in the U. S. declaration of war in 1917.

Following Mitchell’s death in 1918, Gibson bought the magazine for $1 million. But the world was a different place for Gibson’s publication. It was not the Gay Nineties where family-style humor prevailed and the chaste Gibson Girls wore floor-length dresses. Gay Nineties is an American term that refers to the decade of the 1890s World War I had spurred changing tastes among the magazine-reading public. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Life’s brand of fun, clean, cultivated, humor began to pale before the new variety: crude, sexy, and cynical. Life struggled to compete on newsstands with such risqué rivals.

1922 cover, "The Flapper" by F. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The term flapper in the 1920s referred to a "new breed" of young Women who wore short skirts bobbed their hair listened to the new Jazz music X. Leyendecker

In 1920 Gibson tapped former Vanity Fair staffer Robert E. Sherwood to be editor. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. Robert Emmet Sherwood ( 4 April 1896 – 14 November[[ 955]] American Playwright, editor, and Screenwriter. A World War I veteran and member of the Algonquin Round Table, Sherwood tried to inject sophisticated humor onto the pages. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Algonquin Round Table was a celebrated group of New York City writers critics actors and wits Life published Ivy League jokes, cartoons, flapper sayings, and all-burlesque issues. The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The term flapper in the 1920s referred to a "new breed" of young Women who wore short skirts bobbed their hair listened to the new Jazz music Beginning in 1920 Life undertook a crusade against Prohibition. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol It also tapped the humorous writings of Frank Sullivan, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, Franklin P. Adams, and Corey Ford. Frank Sullivan can refer to different people Frank Sullivan (writer (1892-1976 American journalist and humorist Frank Sullivan (film editing Robert Charles Benchley (September 15 1889 – November 21 1945 was an American comedian best known for his work as a Newspaper columnist and Film actor Dorothy Parker (August 22 1893&ndashJune 7 1967 was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic Wit, wisecracks and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles Franklin Pierce Adams ( November 15, 1881, Chicago Illinois – March 23, 1960, New York City New York) was an American Corey Ford ( April 29, 1902 - July 27, 1969) was an American humorist author outdoorsman and screenwriter Among the illustrators and cartoonists were Ralph Barton, Percy Crosby, Don Herold, Ellison Hoover, H. Ralph Barton (born August 1891 Kansas City Missouri, died 19 May 1931 New York City New York) was an American artist best known for his cartoons and Caricatures Percy Leo Crosby ( December 8, 1891 &ndash December 8, 1964) was a U Don Herold ( July 9, 1889 &ndash June 1, 1966) was an American Humorist, Writer, Illustrator, and T. Webster, Art Young, and John Held Jr. Art Young ( January 14, 1866 – December 29, 1943) was an American Cartoonist and writer John Held Jr ( January 10, 1889 &ndash March 2, 1958) was a United States illustrator one of the most famous Magazine

Despite such all-star talents on staff, Life had passed its prime, and was sliding toward financial ruin. The New Yorker, debuting in February 1925, copied many of the features and styles of Life; it even raided its editorial and art departments. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Another blow to Life’s circulation came from raunchy humor periodicals such as Ballyhoo and Hooey, which ran what can be termed outhouse gags. Esquire joined Life’s competitors in 1933. Esquire is a Men's magazine by the Hearst Corporation with a strong literary tradition A little more than three years after purchasing Life, Gibson quit and turned the decaying property over to Publisher Clair Maxwell and Treasurer Henry Richter. Clair Maxwell was a 20th century American magazine publisher Early years Clair was born in 1890 in South Dakota. Gibson retired to Maine to paint and lost active interest in the magazine, which he left deeply in the red. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Life had 250,000 readers in 1920. But as the Jazz Age rolled into the Great Depression, the magazine lost money and subscribers. The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918-1929 the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the By the time Maxwell and Editor George Eggleston took over, Life had switched from publishing weekly to monthly. George Cary Eggleston ( 26 November, 1839 &ndash 14 April, 1911) was a U The two men went to work revamping its editorial style to meet the times, and in the process it did win new readers. Life struggled to make a profit in the 1930s when Henry Luce pursued purchasing it. Henry Robinson Luce ( April 3, 1898 &ndash February 28, 1967) was an influential American publisher

Announcing the death of Life, Maxwell declared: “We cannot claim, like Mr. Gene Tunney, that we resigned our championship undefeated in our prime. James Joseph "Gene" Tunney ( May 25 1897 – November 7 1978) was the heavyweight boxing champion from 1926-1928 who defeated But at least we hope to retire gracefully from a world still friendly. ”

For Life’s final issue in its original format, 80 year-old Edward Sandford Martin was recalled from editorial retirement to compose its obituary. He wrote, “That Life should be passing into the hands of new owners and directors is of the liveliest interest to the sole survivor of the little group that saw it born in January 1883. . . . As for me, I wish it all good fortune; grace, mercy and peace and usefulness to a distracted world that does not know which way to turn nor what will happen to it next. A wonderful time for a new voice to make a noise that needs to be heard!”^[3]

The photojournalism magazine

Life (International Edition), January 19, 1948. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pictured is Muhammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

In 1936 publisher Henry Luce paid $92,000 to the owners of Life magazine because he sought the name for Time Inc. Henry Robinson Luce ( April 3, 1898 &ndash February 28, 1967) was an influential American publisher Time Inc is a major subsidiary of the media conglomerate Time Warner, the company formed by the 1990 Wanting only the old Life’s name in the sale, Time Inc. sold Life’s subscription list, features, and goodwill to Judge. Judge was a weekly magazine published in the United States of America between 1881 and 1936 Convinced that pictures could tell a story instead of just illustrating text, Luce launched Life on November 23, 1936. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The third magazine published by Luce, after Time in 1923 and Fortune in 1930, Life gave birth to the photo magazine in the U. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group S. , giving as much space and importance to pictures as to words. The first issue of Life, which sold for 10 cents (the equivalent of USD$1. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 48 in 2007 Cost of Living Calculator) featured five pages of Alfred Eisenstaedt’s pictures. Alfred Eisenstaedt ( December 6 1898 &ndash August 24 1995) was a German American photographer and Photojournalist

When the first issue of Life magazine appeared on the newsstands, the U. S. was in the midst of the Great Depression and the world was headed toward war. Adolf Hitler was firmly in power in Germany. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In Spain, Gen. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Franco’s rebel army was at the gates of Madrid; German Luftwaffe pilots and bomber crews, calling themselves the Condor Legion, were honing their skills as Franco’s air arm. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist Italy’s Benito Mussolini annexed Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Luce ignored tense world affairs when the new Life was unveiled: the first issue depicted the Fort Peck Dam in Montana photographed by Margaret Bourke-White. USACE Fort Peck Damjpg|thumb|300px|Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Margaret Bourke-White (ˌbɜrkˈʍaɪt June 14, 1904 &ndash August 27, 1971) was an American photographer and

The format of Life in 1936 was an instant classic: the text was condensed into captions for fifty pages of pictures. The magazine was printed on heavily coated paper that cost readers only a dime. The magazine’s circulation skyrocketed beyond the company’s predictions, going from 380,000 copies of the first issue to more than one million a week four months later. ^[4] It spawned many imitators, such as Look, which folded in 1971. Look was a bi-weekly, general-interest Magazine published in Des Moines, Iowa from 1937 to 1971 with more of an emphasis on

Life got its own building at 19 West 31st Street, a Beaux-Arts architecture jewel built in 1894 and considered of "outstanding significance" by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission. Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Later it moved editorial offices to 9 Rockefeller Plaza. Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City.

Success

Luce pulled a stringer for Time, Edward K. Thompson, to become assistant picture editor in 1937. Edward K Thompson (1907 &ndash October 1996 was an American Writer and editor. From 1949–1961 he was the managing editor and editor in chief, until his retirement in 1970. His influence was significant during the magazine’s heyday - roughly from 1936 until the mid-1960s. Thompson was known for the free rein he gave his editors, particularly a “trio of formidable and colorful women: Sally Kirkland, fashion editor; Mary Letherbee, movie editor; and Mary Hamman, modern living editor. Sally Kirkland (born October 31, 1941) is an Academy Award -nominated American actress Mary Hamman ( 2 August 1907 &ndash 18 November 1984) was an American Writer and editor. ”^[5] The magazine became archly conservative, and attacked organized labor and trade unions. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In August 1942, writing of labor unrest, Life concluded: “The morale situation is perhaps the worst in the U. S. …It is time for the rest of the country to sit up and take notice. For Detroit can either blow up Hitler or it can blow up the U. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately S. ” Detroit’s Mayor Edward J. Jeffries was outraged: “I’ll match Detroit’s patriotism against any other city’s in the country. The whole story in Life is scurrilous. …I’d just call it a yellow magazine and let it go at that. ”^[6] Martin R. Bradley, a U. S. Collector of Customs, was ordered to tear out of the August 17 issue five pages containing an article captioned “Detroit is Dynamite” before permitting copies of the magazine to cross the international border to Canada. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

When the U. S. entered the war in 1941, so did Life. By 1944 not all of Time and Life’s forty war correspondents were men; six were newswomen: Mary Welsh Hemingway, Margaret Bourke-White, Lael Tucker, Peggy Durdin, Shelley Smith Mydans, Annalee Jacoby and Jacqueline Saix, an Englishwoman whose name is usually omitted (she and Welsh are the only women listed in Time's publisher's letter, May 8, 1944, as being part of the magazine's team) reported on the war for the company. Mary Welsh Hemingway ( April 5, 1908 &ndash November 26, 1986) was an American Journalist and the fourth wife (and widow Margaret Bourke-White (ˌbɜrkˈʍaɪt June 14, 1904 &ndash August 27, 1971) was an American photographer and

Life was pro-American and backed the war effort each week. In July 1942, Life launched its first art contest for soldiers and drew more than 1,500 entries, submitted by all ranks. Judges sorted out the best and awarded $1,000 in prizes. Life picked sixteen for reproduction in the magazine. Washington’s National Gallery agreed to put 117 on exhibition that summer. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The magazine employed the distinguished war photographer Robert Capa. Robert Capa ( Budapest, October 22 1913 &ndash May 25 1954) was a 20th century combat Photographer who covered five different A veteran of Collier's magazine, Capa was the sole photographer among the first wave of the D-Day invasion in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944. Collier's Weekly was an American Magazine founded by Peter Fenelon Collier and published from 1888 to 1957 D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A notorious controversy at the Life photography darkroom ensued after a mishap ruined dozens of Capa’s photos that were taken during the beach landing; the magazine claimed in its captions that the photos were fuzzy because Capa’s hands were shaking. He denied it; he later poked fun at Life by titling his memoir Slightly Out of Focus. In 1954, Capa was killed while working for the magazine while covering the First Indochina War after stepping on a landmine. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person

Each week during World War II the magazine brought the war home to Americans; it had photographers in all theaters of war, from the Pacific to Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The magazine was so iconic that it was imitated in enemy propaganda using contrasting images of Life and Death. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people ^[7]

In May 1950 the council of ministers in Cairo banned Life from Egypt, forever. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. All issues on sale were confiscated. No reason was given, but Egyptian officials expressed indignation over the April 10, 1950, story about King Farouk of Egypt, entitled the “Problem King of Egypt. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Farouk I of Egypt ( Arabic: فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal) ‎ (February 11 1920 &ndash March 18 1965 was the tenth ruler from the Muhammad ” The government considered it insulting to the country.

Life in the 1950s earned a measure of respect by commissioning work from top authors. After Life’s publication in 1952 of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. The Old Man and the Sea is a Novella (just over 100 pages in length by Ernest Hemingway, written in Cuba in 1951 and published in Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Matador" redirects here For other uses see Matador (disambiguation. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella The Dangerous Summer. ^[8]

In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S. Truman announced that Life magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to the role his administration played in world affairs. Truman observed that Life editors had presented other memoirs with great dignity; he added that Life also made the best offer.

Dorothy Dandridge was the first African American woman to appear on the cover of the magazine in November 1954. Dorothy Jean Dandridge ( November 9, 1922 &ndash September 8, 1965) was an American Actress and Popular singer

Life's motto became, "To see Life; see the world. " In the post-war years it published some of the most memorable images of events in the United States and the world. It also produced many popular science serials such as The World We Live In and The Epic of Man in the early 1950s. The World We Live In appeared in the pages of LIFE magazine from December 8 1952 to December 20 1954 The magazine continued to showcase the work of notable illustrators, including Alton S. Tobey, whose many contributions included the cover for a 1958 series of articles on the history of the Russian Revolution. Alton Stanley Tobey ( 5 November 1914 - 4 January 2005) the American artist was a painter, Historical artist

The magazine was losing readers as the 1950s drew to a close. In May 1959 it announced plans to reduce its regular newsstand price to 19 cents a copy from 25 cents. With the increase in television sales and viewership, interest in news magazines was waning. Life would need to reinvent itself.

The Sixties and the end of an era

Henri Huet's photograph of Thomas Cole featured on the cover of Life. Henri Huet ( April 4, 1927 - 10 February, 1971) was a war photographer, noted for his work covering the Vietnam War for

In the 1960s the magazine was filled with color photos of movie stars, President John F. Kennedy and his family, the war in Vietnam, and the moon landing. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially A moon landing is the arrival of an intact manned or unmanned Spacecraft on the surface of a Planet 's Natural satellite. Typical of the magazine’s editorial focus was a long 1964 feature on actress Elizabeth Taylor and her relationship to actor Richard Burton. Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (born 27 February 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -winning English-American actress Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 &ndash 5 August 1984 was a Welsh multiple award-winning Actor. Reporter Richard Meryman Jr. traveled with Taylor to New York, California, and Paris. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Life ran a 6,000-word first-person article on the screen star. “I’m not a ‘sex queen’ or a ‘sex symbol,’ “ Taylor said. “I don’t think I want to be one. Sex symbol kind of suggests bathrooms in hotels or something. I do know I’m a movie star and I like being a woman, and I think sex is absolutely gorgeous. But as far as a sex goddess, I don’t worry myself that way. . . Richard is a very sexy man. He’s got that sort of jungle essence that one can sense. . . When we look at each other, it’s like our eyes have fingers and they grab ahold. . . I think I ended up being the scarlet woman because of my rather puritanical up bringing and beliefs. I couldn’t just have a romance. It had to be a marriage. ”^[9]

In the 1960s, the magazine’s photographs featured those by Gordon Parks. For the Scottish sports journalist and former footballer see Gordon Parks (footballer Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks ( November 30, 1912 “The camera is my weapon against the things I dislike about the universe and how I show the beautiful things about the universe,” Parks recalled in 2000. “I didn’t care about Life magazine. I cared about the people,” he said. ^[10]

In March 1967 Life won the 1967 National Magazine Award, chosen by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. The National Magazine Awards are a prestigious series of American awards that honor excellence in the Magazine industry Academic Programs Columbia’s Journalism School offers three degree programs Master of Science in journalism (full and part-time The prestigious award paid tribute to the stunning photos coming out of the war in Southeast Asia, such as Henri Huet’s riveting series of a wounded medic that were published in January 1966. Henri Huet ( April 4, 1927 - 10 February, 1971) was a war photographer, noted for his work covering the Vietnam War for Increasingly, the photos that Life was printing of the war in Vietnam were searing images of death and loss.

However, despite the accolades the magazine continued to win, and publishing American’s mission to the moon in 1969, circulation was lagging. It was announced in January 1971 that Life would reduce its circulation from 8. 5 million to 7 million in an effort to offset shrinking advertising revenues. Exactly one year later, Life cut its circulation from 7 million to 5. 5 million beginning with the January 14, 1972, issue, publisher Gary Valk announced. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Life was reportedly not losing money, but its costs were rising faster than its profits.

Industry figures showed some 96 percent of its circulation went to mail subscribers and only 4 percent to newsstands. Valk was at the helm as publisher when hundreds lost their jobs. The end came when the weekly Life magazine shut down on December 8, 1972. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

From 1972 to 1978, Time Inc. published ten Life Special Reports on such themes as “The Spirit of Israel”, “Remarkable American Women” and “The Year in Pictures”. With a minimum of promotion, those issues sold between 500,000 and 1 million copies at cover prices of up to $2.

As a monthly, 1978-2000

In 1978, Life reemerged as a monthly, and with this resurrection came a new, modified logo. Although still the familiar red rectangle with the white type, the new version was larger, and the lettering was closer together and the box surrounding it was smaller. (This "new" larger logo would be used on every issue until July 1993. )

Life continued for the next 22 years as a moderately successful general interest news features magazine. In 1986, it decided to mark its 50th anniversary under the Time Inc. umbrella with a special issue showing every Life cover starting from 1936, which of course included the issues that were published during the six-year hiatus in the 1970s. The circulation in this era hovered around the 1. 5 million-circulation mark. The cover price in 1986 was $2. 25. The publisher at the time was Charles Whittingham; the editor was Philip Kunhardt. Life also got to go back to war in 1991, and it did so just like in the 1940s. Four issues of this weekly Life in Time of War were published during the first Gulf War.

Hard times came to the magazine once again, and in February 1993 Life announced the magazine would be printed on smaller pages starting with its July issue. This issue would also mark the return of the original Life logo.

Also at this time, Life slashed advertising prices 35 percent in a bid to make the monthly publication more appealing to advertisers. The magazine reduced its circulation guarantee for advertisers by 12 percent in July 1993 to 1. 5 million copies from the current 1. 7 million. The publishers in this era were Nora McAniff and Edward McCarrick; Daniel Okrent was the editor. Daniel Okrent (born April 2, 1948) is an American Writer and editor. Life for the first time was the same trim size as its longtime Time Inc. sister publication, Fortune. Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group

The magazine was back in the national consciousness upon the death in August 1995 of Alfred Eisenstaedt, the Life photographer whose pictures constitute some of the most enduring images of the 20th century. Alfred Eisenstaedt ( December 6 1898 &ndash August 24 1995) was a German American photographer and Photojournalist Eisenstaedt’s photographs of the famous and infamous — Hitler and Mussolini, Marilyn Monroe, Ernest Hemingway, the Kennedys, Sophia Loren — won him worldwide renown and 87 Life covers. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone

In 1999 the magazine was suffering financially, but still made news by compiling lists to round out the 20th Century. Life editors ranked its 100 Most Important Events of the Millennium. This list has been criticized for being overly focused on Western achievements. The Chinese, for example, had invented movable type four centuries before Gutenberg, but with thousands of ideograms, found its use impractical. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea Life also published a list of the 100 Most Important People of the Millennium. This list, too, was criticized for focusing on the West. Also, Thomas Edison's number one ranking was challenged since there were others whose inventions (the combustion engine, the automobile, electricity-making machines, for example), which had greater impact than Edison's. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a The top 100 most important people list was further criticized for mixing world-famous names, such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Louis Pasteur, and Leonardo da Vinci, with numerous Americans largely unknown outside of the United States (18 Americans compared to 13 Italians and French, 12 English). Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer

It appeared that the money-losing magazine was just hanging on to make it into the 21st Century, and it did, but barely. In March 2000, Time Inc. announced it would cease regular publication of Life with the May issue. “It’s a sad day for us here,” Don Logan, chairman and chief executive of Time Inc. , told CNNfn. com. “It was still in the black,” he said, noting that Life was increasingly spending more to maintain its monthly circulation level of approximately 1. 5 million. “Life was a general interest magazine and since its reincarnation, it had always struggled to find its identity, to find its position in the marketplace,” Logan said. ^[11]

For Life subscribers, remaining subscriptions were honored with other Time Inc. magazines, such as Time. And in January 2001, these subscribers received a special, Life-sized format of "The Year in Pictures" edition of Time magazine, which was in reality a Life issue disguised under a Time logo on the front. (Newsstand copies of this edition were actually published under the Life imprint. )

While citing poor advertising sales and a rough climate for selling magazine subscriptions, Time Inc. executives said a key reason for closing the title in 2000 was to divert resources to the company’s other magazine launches that year, such as Real Simple. Real Simple is a monthly women's interest magazine published by Time Inc Later that year, its parent company, Time Warner, struck a deal with the Tribune Company for Times Mirror magazines that included Golf, Ski, Skiing, Field & Stream, and Yachting. Time Warner Inc ( is the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered in New York City. The Tribune Company is a large American Multimedia Corporation based in Chicago Illinois. The Tribune Company is a large American Multimedia Corporation based in Chicago Illinois. Life was not around when AOL and Time Warner announced their $183 billion merger, the largest corporate merger in history, which was finalized in January 2001. Time Warner Inc ( is the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered in New York City. ^[12]

Life was absent from the U. S. market for only a few months, when it began publishing special newsstand "megazine" issues on topics such as 9/11 and the Holy Land in 2001. These issues, which were printed on thicker paper, were more like softcover books than magazines.

As a newspaper supplement, 2004-2007

Beginning in October 2004, it was revived for a second time. Life resumed weekly publication as a free supplement to U. S. newspapers. Life went into competition for the first time with the two industry heavyweights, Parade and USA Weekend. For other uses of the word (with different case see Parade (disambiguation. USA WEEKEND Magazine is a national publication distributed through more than 600 newspapers in the United States At its launch, it was distributed with more than 60 newspapers with a combined circulation of approximately 12 million. Among the newspapers to carry Life: the Washington Post, New York Daily News, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Denver Post, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company The Denver Post is a daily Newspaper and online website published in Denver Colorado. The St Louis Post-Dispatch is the only major city-wide Newspaper in St Time Inc. made deals with several major newspaper publishers to carry the Life supplement, including Knight Ridder and the McClatchy Company. For the unrelated television series see Knight Rider. For other articles see Knight Rider (disambiguation Knight Ridder The McClatchy Company is an American Publishing company based in Sacramento California, that operates a number of Newspapers and Websites

This version of Life retained its trademark logo, but sported a new cover motto, “America’s Weekend Magazine. ” It measured 9½ x 11½ inches and was printed on glossy paper in full-color. On September 15, 2006, Life was just 20 pages. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The editorial content contained one full-page photo, of actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and one three-page, seven-photo essay, of Kaiju Big Battel. Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus (born January 13, 1961) is an American Actress and Comedienne best known for her Studio Kaiju is an American Performance Entertainment troupe based in Boston Massachusetts created by Rand Borden and David Borden

This era of Life lasted less than three years. On March 26, 2007, Time Inc. announced that it would fold the magazine as of April 20, 2007, although it would keep the Web site. ^[2][1]

In popular culture

• “There are events which arouse such simple and obvious emotions that an AP cable or a photograph in Life magazine are enough and poetic comment is impossible,” -- W. H. Auden, Poets at Work, Harcourt, Brace, 1948. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W

• In 1937, Life commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design a house for a typical middle-income family. Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8 1867 &ndash April 9 1959 was an American (of Welsh descent Architect, Interior designer, Writer, and educator who In 1993 the magazine revived the idea, launching a series of affordable houses designed by major American architects. Sixty years after the original design, Frank Lloyd Wright's legacy returned to Life magazine when John Rattenbury of Wright's Taliesin and protégé of Mr. Taliesin /ˌtæliˈɛsɪn/ in Spring Green, Wisconsin, was the summer home of American Architect, Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright, designed the "1997 Dream House". Hugh Newell Jacobsen designed the “1998 Life Dream House”. Hugh Newell Jacobsen (1929 -) is a prominent United States Architect.

• In the classic 1954 motion picture Rear Window, the protagonist, portrayed by James Stewart, is a Life magazine photographer. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Rear Window is a Suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on Cornell Woolrich 's Short story It Had to Be Murder James Maitland Stewart (20 May 1908 – 2 July 1997 popularly known as Jimmy Stewart, was an American Film and stage Actor

• In 1955, one year after his death, the Overseas Press Club created the Robert Capa Gold Medal. The Overseas Press Club (also referred to by abbreviation as OPC) of America, founded in 1939 in New York City by a group of Foreign correspondents It is given annually to the photographer who provides the "best published photographic reporting from abroad, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise". Life contributors have won seven times, the last being Larry Burrows posthumously in 1971. Larry Burrows (born May 29, 1926 in London - died February 10, 1971 in Laos) was an English Photographer Like Capa, Burrows also died while working for Life, in a helicopter crash in Vietnam with his friend and fellow Life photographer Henri Huet. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Henri Huet ( April 4, 1927 - 10 February, 1971) was a war photographer, noted for his work covering the Vietnam War for It was Huet who had won the same award in 1967 for Life. ^[13]

• In June 2004 it was revealed that former U.S. Army paratrooper Kelso Horne Sr. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. ’s deathbed wish was for his ashes to be spread on the beach of Normandy, France. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Horne was made world famous when Life featured his picture on its cover on August 14, 1944, two months after he jumped with 13,000 other men into northern France on D-Day. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote The 82nd Airborne Division soldier became a symbol of the American fighting man. When he died sixty years later, his ashes were taken to France. ^[14]

• On Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, an oversized picture of the Life magazine cover featuring Woody Allen can be seen on the office wall of executive producer and head writer Matthew Albie (portrayed by Matthew Perry). Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip was an American Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Matthew Perry may refer to Matthew C Perry (1794&ndash1858 American naval officer led the effort to open Japan to trade with the West Matthew

• Assorted covers and clippings from Life magazine decorate the Life Cafe in Manhattan's East Village, as portrayed in the film version of the musical Rent. East Village is the name given to neighborhoods in a number of cities;Canada Downtown East Village Calgary, Alberta;United Kingdom Rent is a 2005 film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name.

Contributors

Well-known contributors since 1936 have included:

• Larry Burrows (photojournalist)
• Margaret Bourke-White (photojournalist)
• Robert Capa (photojournalist)
• Alfred Eisenstaedt (photojournalist)
• Clay Felker (sportswriter, founder of New York Magazine)
• Bob Gomel (photojournalist)
• Allan Grant (photojournalist)
• Dirck Halstead (photojournalist)
• Mary Hamman (modern living editor)
• Henri Huet (photojournalist)
• Sally Kirkland (fashion editor)
• Will Lang Jr. (Bureau Head / Chief Regional Bureau Director)
• Mary Leatherbee (movie editor)
• Henry Luce (publisher, editor-in-chief, 1936-1964)
• Hansel Mieth (photojournalist)
• Lee Miller (photojournalist)
• Gjon Mili (photojournalist)
• Gordon Parks (photojournalist)
• Art Shay (photojournalist)
• George Silk (photojournalist)
• W. Eugene Smith (photojournalist)
• Edward Steichen (portrait photographer)
• Karina Taira (fashion photographer)
• Edward K. Thompson (managing editor 1949–1961; editor in chief 1961–1970)
• Tony Zappone (photojournalist, European edition)

References

External links

• Life official website
• Life's Millennium list I
• Life's Millennium list II
• Le magazine "Life", la chronique de l'Amérique