Latin Lingua Latīna
Pronunciation:	/laˈtiːna/
Spoken in:	Vatican City
Language extinction:	Late Latin developed into various Romance languages by the 9th century (Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, and Romanian, among others)
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Latino-Faliscan    Latin
Official status
Official language in:	Vatican City Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by:	Opus Fundatum Latinitas (Roman Catholic Church)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	la
ISO 639-2:	lat
ISO 639-3:	lat
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Latino-Faliscan languages are a group of languages that belong to the Italic language family of the Indo-European languages. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Latin (lingua Latīna, pronounced [laˈtiːna]) is an ancient Indo-European language that was spoken in Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC It was also the de facto international language of science and scholarship in mid and western Europe until the 17th century. Through Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. It later evolved into the languages spoken in France, Italy, Romania, and the Iberian peninsula, and through them to the Americas and Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America There are two distinctions of Latin: Classical Latin, the form used in poetry and formal prose, and Vulgar Latin, the name given to a common set of Latin based dialects, until they diverged into the various Romance languages. Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Catholic Church, Latin became the ecclesiastical language of the Catholic Church and the lingua franca of educated classes in the West. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely

After 2,300 years, Latin began a slow decline around the 16th century. Vulgar Latin, however, was preserved in several regional dialects, which by the 800s had become the ancestors of today's Romance languages. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Latin lives on in the form of Ecclesiastical Latin spoken in the Catholic Church. Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies Some Latin vocabulary is still used in science, academia, and law. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Classical Latin, the literary language of the late Republic and early Empire, is still taught in many primary, grammar, and secondary schools, often combined with Greek in the study of Classics, though its role has diminished since the early 20th century. Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. The Latin alphabet, together with its modern variants such as the English, Spanish and French alphabets, is the most widely used alphabet in the world. The modern English alphabet consists of 26 letters derived from the Latin alphabet: History See also History of the Spanish orthography is one of the most phonemic among those that are written with the Latin alphabet. The French alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It uses the standard 26 letters

Contents 1 History 1.1 Orthography 1.2 Legacy 2 Pronunciation 3 Grammar 3.1 Nouns 3.2 Verbs 4 Instruction in Latin 5 Modern use of Latin 6 See also 6.1 Latin language 6.2 Latin culture 6.3 Historical periods 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Learn Latin 9.2 Contemporary usage

History

Main article: History of Latin

Latin is a member of the Italic languages and its alphabet is based on the Old Italic alphabet, derived from the Greek alphabet. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early In the 9th or 8th century BC Latin was brought to the Italian peninsula by the migrating Latins who settled in Latium, around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization would develop. The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe Latin is the name of various peoples or ethnicities related to the Latium region in the Italian Peninsula, to the Latin language, or to its descendants Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC During those early years Latin came under the influence of the non-Indo-European Etruscan language of northern Italy. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Related categories Central Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy Northeast Italy

Although surviving Roman literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, the actual spoken language of the Western Roman Empire among ordinary people was what is known as Vulgar Latin, which differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin

Although Latin long remained the legal and governmental language of the Roman Empire, Greek was the dominant language of the well-educated elite, as much of the literature and philosophy studied by upper-class Romans had been produced by Greek (usually Athenian) authors. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which would become the Byzantine Empire after the final split of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires in 395, Greek eventually supplanted Latin as the legal and governmental language; and it had long been the lingua franca of most Eastern citizens (of all classes). The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern

Orthography

Main article: Latin alphabet

To write Latin, the Romans used the Latin alphabet, derived from the Old Italic alphabet, which itself was derived from the Greek alphabet. The Vindolanda tablets are fragments of wooden leaf-tablets with writing in Ink containing messages to and from members of the garrison of Vindolanda Roman fort Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Latin alphabet survives today as the writing system for Romance, Celtic, Germanic (inter alia English) and many other languages.

The ancient Romans did not use punctuation, macrons (although they did use apices to distinguish between long and short vowels), the letters j and u, lowercase letters (although they did have a cursive script), or interword spacing (though dots were occasionally placed between words that would otherwise be difficult to distinguish). Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper Interword separation is the act and the effect of mutually separating the written representations of Words The early Semitic languages mdashwhich had no vowel So, a sentence originally written as:

LVGETEOVENERESCVPIDINESQVE

would be rendered in a modern edition as

Lugete, O Veneres Cupidinesque

or with macrons

Lūgēte, Ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque

and translated as

Mourn, O Venuses and Cupids

The Roman cursive script is commonly found on the many wax tablets excavated at sites such as forts, an especially extensive set having been discovered at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall in Britain. Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of Handwriting (or a script) used in Ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages A wax tablet ( tabula) is a Tablet made of wood and covered with a layer of Wax. Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary Fort ( castrum) located at Chesterholm just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

Legacy

The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and, eventually, Vulgar Latin began to dialectize, based on the location of its various speakers. From its origin as a city-state in Italy in 9th century BC the rise as an empire covering much of Eurasia and North Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Vulgar Latin gradually evolved into a number of distinct Romance languages, a process well under way by the 9th century. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all These were for many centuries only oral languages, Latin still being used for writing.

For example, Latin was still the official language of Portugal until 1296 when it was replaced by Portuguese. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Many of these "daughter" languages, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian flourished, the differences between them growing greater and more formal over time. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance

Out of the Romance languages, Italian is the most conservative descendant of Latin in terms of vocabulary,^[1] though Sardinian is the most conservative in terms of phonology. Sardinian ( Sardu, Saldu) is after Italian the main language spoken in the island of Sardinia, Italy, remarkable for being the most conservative Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning ^[2]

Some of the differences between Classical Latin and the Romance languages have been used in attempts to reconstruct Vulgar Latin. For example, the Romance languages have distinctive stress on certain syllables, whereas Latin had this feature in addition to distinctive length of vowels. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants as well as stress; in Spanish and Portuguese, only distinctive stress; while in French length (for most speakers) and stress are no longer distinctive. Sardu logudorese, or Logudorese, is a standardised Dialect of Sardinian, often considered the most conservative of all Romance languages. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words, except for some pronouns. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Romanian exhibits a direct case (nominative/accusative), an indirect case (dative/genitive), a vocative and is the only language which has retained the neuter gender and at least a partial declension from Latin. ^[3]

There has also been a major Latin influence in English. English has been called a Germanic language with a Romance vocabulary English is Germanic in grammar, but largely Romance in vocabulary. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Sixty percent of the English vocabulary has its roots in Latin (although much of this is indirect, mostly via Anglo-Norman and French). In the medieval period, much of this borrowing occurred through ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century, or indirectly after the Norman Conquest, through the Anglo-Norman language. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words were dubbed "inkhorn" or "inkpot" words, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. An inkhorn is an Inkwell made out of horn. It was an important item for many Scholars and soon became symbolic of Writers in general An inkwell is a small jar or container often made of Glass, Porcelain, Silver, Brass, or Pewter, that is used for holding Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some were so useful that they survived. Imbibe, extrapolate, dormant, and employer are all inkhorn terms created from Latin words. Many of the most common polysyllabic "English" words are simply adapted Latin forms, in a large number of cases adapted by way of Old French. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium

Latin mottos are used as guidelines by many organizations.

Pronunciation

Main article: Latin spelling and pronunciation

Grammar

Main article: Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, fusional language: affixes (often suffixes, which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns—a process called declension. The Roman alphabet or Latin alphabet, was adapted from the Old Italic alphabet, to represent the Phonemes of the Latin language, which had in The grammar of Latin, like that of other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflected, which allows for a large degree of flexibility when choosing word order A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio For fusion in Word formation, see Compound (linguistics. A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word In Linguistics, a stem (sometimes also theme) is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating Affixes are attached to fixed stems of verbs, as well, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect—a process called conjugation. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection

Nouns

Main article: Latin declension

There are six main Latin noun cases. Latin is an inflected language and as such its nouns pronouns and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function These play a major part in determining a noun's syntactic role in the sentence, so word order is not as important in Latin as it is in some other languages, such as English. Because of noun cases, words can often be moved around in a sentence without significantly altering its meaning, though the emphasis will have been altered. The cases, with their most important uses, are these:

1. Nominative: used when the noun is the subject of the sentence or phrase, or when functioning as a predicative of the subject. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, a predicative is an element of the predicate of a sentence which supplements the subject or object by means of the verb (i. e. , Puer currit. The boy runs. )
2. Vocative: used when the noun is used in a direct address (The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative except for the second declension nouns ending in -us. The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc The -us becomes an -e). (i. e. , "Master!" shouted the slave. "Domine!" servus clamavit. )
3. Accusative: used when the noun is the direct object of the sentence/phrase, with certain prepositions, or as the subject of an infinitive. The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive (i. e. , Ancilla vinum portat. The slave girl carries the wine. )
4. Genitive: used when the noun is the possessor of an object (example: "the horse of the man", or "the man's horse" - in both of these cases, the word man would be in the genitive case when translated into Latin). In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Also indicates material of which something greater is made of (example: "a group of people"; "a number of gifts"—people and gifts would be in the genitive case). Some nouns are genitive with special verbs and adjectives too. (i. e. , The cup is full of wine. Poculum plenum vini est. The master of the slave beats him. Dominus servi eum verberat. )
5. Dative: used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if used as agent, reference, or even possessor. The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given (i. e. , The merchant hands over the toga to the woman. Mercator feminae togam tradit. )
6. Ablative: used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent, or instrument, or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial. In Linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ABL) is a name given to cases in various languages whose common characteristic In Linguistics, a grammatical agent is the Participant of a situation that carries out the action in this situation The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the

There is also a seventh case, called the Locative case, used to indicate a location (corresponding to the English "in" or "at"). Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location This is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to place names, especially of cities. Its form coincides with the genitive in the singular (domus becomes domi, "at home") and with the dative or ablative in the plural (Athenae becomes Athenis, "at Athens").

Verbs

Main article: Latin conjugation

Verbs in Latin are usually identified by four main conjugations, groups of verbs with similarly inflected forms. Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb from its basic forms or Principal parts. Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb from its basic forms or Principal parts. The first conjugation is typified by active infinitive forms ending in -āre, the second by active infinitives ending in -ēre, the third by infinitives ending in -ere, and the fourth by active infinitives ending in -īre. However, there are exceptions to these rules. Further, there is a subset of the 3rd conjugation, the -iō verbs, which behave somewhat like the 4th conjugation. There are six general tenses in Latin (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), four grammatical moods (indicative, infinitive, imperative and subjunctive), six persons (first, second, and third, each in singular and plural), two voices (active and passive), and a few aspects. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state Verbs are described by four principal parts:

1. The first principal part is the first person, singular, present tense, and it is the indicative mood form of the verb.
2. The second principal part is the active, present tense, infinitive form of the verb.
3. The third principal part is the first person, singular, perfect tense, active indicative mood form of the verb.
4. The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the participial form, nominative case, singular, perfect tense, passive voice participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show either one gender of the participle, or all three genders (-us for masculine, -a for feminine, and -um for neuter). It can also be the future participle when that verb cannot be made passive.

Instruction in Latin

Main article: Instruction in Latin

The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in secondary schools and in universities is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it for the purpose of oral communication. Philosophical aims Although Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe academics no longer use it for writing papers or daily discourse The University Library of Graz is the biggest scientific and public library in Styria and the third biggest in Austria. As such, the skills of reading and writing are heavily emphasized, while speaking and listening skills are de-emphasized (usually passively, through omission).

However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the Living Latin movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can be taught in the same way that modern "living" languages are taught, i. e. , as a means of both spoken and written communication. This approach to learning the language assists speculative insight into how ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; patterns in Latin poetry and literature can be difficult to identify without an understanding of the sounds of words. Latin poetry was a major part of Latin literature during the height of the Latin language. Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome.

Living Latin instruction is provided in states like the Vatican, and some Institutions in the U. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory S. like the University of Kentucky. The University of Kentucky, also known as UK, is a public, Co-educational, University, and is also the state's land-grant university located In Great Britain, the Classical Association encourages this approach, and Latin language books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus have been published. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands In the United States, the National Junior Classical League (with more than 50,000 members) encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the National Senior Classical League encourages college students to continue their studies of the language. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Junior Classical League, or NJCL, is an organization of secondary school students sponsored by the American Classical League. The National Senior Classical League, or NSCL, is an organization of mostly college students which promotes the study of the Classics.

Many international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from Interlingua, which lays claim to a sizeable following, is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is a language created from Latin with its inflections dropped. Latino sine flexione ( Latin without Inflections is an Auxiliary language invented by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858 - 1932

Latin translations of modern literature such as Paddington Bear, Winnie the Pooh, Tintin, Asterix, Harry Potter, Le Petit Prince, Max und Moritz, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, and The Cat in the Hat are intended to bolster interest in the language. Paddington Bear is a Fictional character in Children's literature. Winnie-the-Pooh, commonly shortened to Pooh Bear and once referred to as Edward Bear, is a fictional Bear created by A The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin is a series of Comic strips created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi The Adventures of Asterix ( French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J The Little Prince ( Le Petit Prince) published in 1943 is French Aviator Antoine de Saint Exupéry 's most famous Novella For the rockets launched in 1934 by Wernher von Braun, see Aggregate_series#A2 Max and Moritz (A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks is a How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is one of the best-known children's books by Dr The Cat in the Hat is a Children's book by Dr Seuss, featuring a tall anthropomorphic, mischievous cat wearing a tall red and white

Modern use of Latin

Today, Latin terminology is widely used, amongst other things, in philosophy, medicine, biology, and law, in terms and abbreviations such as subpoena duces tecum, q. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A subpoena duces tecum ( Latin for "bring with you under penalty of punishment" is specific form of a Subpoena ( Summons, literally i. d. (quater in die: "four times a day"), and inter alia (among other things). The Latin terms are used in isolation, as technical terms. The largest organization which still uses Latin in official contexts is the Roman Catholic Church. Although the Mass of Paul VI is usually said in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, particularly in the Vatican. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory

In situations when lingual neutrality is preferred, such as in scientific names for organisms, Latin is typically the language of choice.

Films such as Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ have been made with dialogue in Latin. Sebastiane is a controversial 1976 film written and directed by Derek Jarman and Paul Humfress. The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson.

Many organizations today also have Latin mottos, such as "Semper fidelis" (always faithful), the motto of the United States Marine Corps. " Semper Fidelis " is Latin for "Always faithful" Best known to Americans as the motto of the United States Marine Corps (often "

Some universities still hold graduation ceremonies in Latin. Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an Academic degree or the associated ceremony

See also

Latin language

Latin culture

Historical periods

Ages of Latin v • d • e
	—75 BC	75 BC – 200	200 – 900	200 – 1300	1300 – 1600	1600 – 1900	1900 – present
	Old Latin	Classical Latin	Vulgar Latin	Medieval Latin	Renaissance Latin	New Latin	Recent Latin
See also: History of Latin, Latin literature, Vulgar Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, Romance languages, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

Notes

• Clackson, James, and Geoffrey Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), Pp. viii, 324.

References

External links

• Latin Etymology, An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language
• Latin dictionary plugin for Mac OS X's Dictionary.app. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently The Dictionary application developed by Apple for its Macintosh computers was introduced with Mac OS X v10
• Latin for Beginners at Publicliterature.org
• Latin Language, origin and history, grammar, vocabulary, texts, etc.
• Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum, a database of Latin texts and translations
• The Perseus Project, a resource for classical languages and literature
• Latin-English dictionary and Latin grammar, from the University of Notre Dame
• Dictionary of Latin phrases
• Freelang Latin-English dictionary to browse online or download
• The Latin Library A collection of Latin texts: classical, Christian, medieval, and modern. See also The Latin Library
• omniamundamundis, Latin texts from fourteen ancient Roman authors
• Schola Latina Universalis, a version of Comenius' Orbis Sensualium Pictus
• Latin Online from the University of Texas at Austin
• 2007 National Latin Exam results
• Understanding Anatomical Latin, explaining common medical/anatomical forms
• Online Latin Community Web forum for discussion of Latin language both in Latin and in English
• Latin language history and Classical Latin texts translated into English. The Latin Library is a website that collects Public domain Latin texts
• [1] LATINUM - Anglice et Latine - Extensive Latin language learning podcast. Popular.

Learn Latin

• Latinum, free Latin Language Podcast - hundreds of audio lessons and classical readings. Free pdf textbook. Classical Pronunciation.
• Classical Latin course - a free online course
• Latin Online - lessons from the University of Texas
• Latin for Beginners - an ebook of a 1911 Latin textbook
• Academia Thules offers online courses on Roman History, Philosophy, Archaeology, Religion, Language, Military Arts, Law.
• Free public domain Latin textbooks - from TextKit. com
• Beginners' Latin - UK Government website for learning Latin (UK National Archives)
• Advanced Latin - covers the next stages.
• Latin grammar - interactive (Java)
• [2] - A complete textbook for spoken Classical Latin, G. J. Adler's "A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language for Speaking and Writing Latin", which can be heard read aloud here: [3]

Contemporary usage

• Ephemeris, a Latin newspaper online
• Schola,SCHOLA is an active social network where the only language used is Latin.
• Nuntii Latini, weekly world news in Classical Latin published by Radio Finland
• Memoria Press, editorial articles about the benefits of the study of Latin
• Latin Google, Latin version of Google
• Vita Latina by the University of Montpellier

Ages of Latin v • d • e
	—75 BC	75 BC – 200	200 – 900	200 – 1300	1300 – 1600	1600 – 1900	1900 – present
	Old Latin	Classical Latin	Vulgar Latin	Medieval Latin	Renaissance Latin	New Latin	Recent Latin
See also: History of Latin, Latin literature, Vulgar Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, Romance languages, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

The University of Montpellier (Université Montpellier was a French University in Montpellier in the Languedoc-Roussillon région Old Latin (also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin) refers to the Latin language in the period before the age of Classical Latin; that is all Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries particularly The term New Latin or Neo-Latin is used to describe a form the Latin language used between the end of the Medieval Latin period (c Latin is a member of the family of Italic languages, and its alphabet the Latin alphabet, emerged from the Old Italic alphabets which Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ( CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin Inscriptions It forms an authoritative source

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