Labiodental consonant

This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the Lips They are sometimes called " Labiovelar consonants quot a term which can also A labial-alveolar consonant is a Consonant produced with two simultaneous places of articulation: At the lips ('labial' a p b or m sound Bidental consonants, pronounced with both the lower and upper teeth are normally found only in Speech pathology. Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the Tongue. Linguolabials or apicolabials are Consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip which is drawn downward to meet the tongue Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the Tongue against the upper Incisors This differs from a Dental consonant in that the In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets A laminal consonant is a Phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the In Phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) Consonants are palatalized postalveolar Fricatives articulated with In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the Tongue (the dorsum Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth In Phonetics, the labialised palatal approximant is a Consonant with two constrictions in the Vocal tract: with the Tongue on the Palate Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants A uvular-epiglottal consonant is a Doubly articulated consonant pronounced by making a simultaneous Uvular consonant and Epiglottal consonant. Radical consonants are those consonants articulated with the root (base of the Tongue in the Throat. A pharyngeal consonant is a type of Consonant which is articulated with the root of the Tongue against the Pharynx. An epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant is a newly reported type of Consonant, articulated with the Epiglottis against the back wall of the Pharynx. An epiglottal consonant is a Consonant that is articulated with the Aryepiglottic folds (see Larynx) against the Epiglottis. Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic [Help]

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In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
IPA	Description	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
p̪	voiceless labiodental plosive
b̪	voiced labiodental plosive
p̪͡f	voiceless labiodental affricate	Tsonga³	N/A	[tim̪p̪͡fuβu]	hippos
b̪͡v	voiced labiodental affricate	Tsonga⁴	N/A	[ʃileb̪͡vu]	chin
	labiodental nasal	English	symphony¹	[ˈsɪɱfəni]	symphony
	voiceless labiodental fricative	English	fan	[fæn]	fan
	voiced labiodental fricative	English	van	[væn]	van
	labiodental approximant	Dutch	wang	[ʋɑŋ]	cheek
ɧ	voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative	Swedish⁵	sjok	[ɧuːk]	chunk

Notes:

[ɱ] is an allophone of /m/ that occurs before /v/ and /f/. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The voiceless labiodental plosive is a consonant sound produced like a, but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth as in. The voiced labiodental plosive is a Consonant sound produced like a, but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth as in. A voiceless labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare Consonant, which is initiated as a labiodental plosive, but released as a Voiceless labiodental The hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius) from the Greek ἱπποπόταμος ( hippopotamos, ιππος hippos meaning "horse" A voiceless labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare Consonant, which is initiated as a labiodental plosive, but released as a Voiceless labiodental In the Human anatomy, the chin is the lowermost part of the Face. The labiodental nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people The labiodental approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Cheeks ( Latin: buccae) constitute the area of the Face below the Eyes and between the Nose and the left or right Ear The so-called voiceless palatal-velar fricative (also called a voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative, or voiceless Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme.
The stops (the plosives and the nasal ɱ) are not confirmed to exist as separate phonemes in any language. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU They are sometimes written as ȹ ȸ (qp and db monograms). A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other Graphemes to form one Symbol.
This applies only to the XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga where it is a separate phoneme (with aspirated and unaspirate allophones in free variation. Free variation in Linguistics is the phenomenon of two (or more sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect Please note these differ from the German bilabial-labiodental affricate which commences with a bilabial p. The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Again, found only in the XiNkuna dialect.
Varies considerably between dialects. In some cases it's similar to the velar fricative [x].

This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction A Acoustic phonetics Active articulator Affricate Airstream mechanism Dentolabial consonants are articulated with the lower teeth against the upper lip the reverse of Labiodental consonants They are rare cross linguistically but one allophone In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal This is a list of all Consonants which can be transcribed with a single letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the more common consonants which require The following tables show the symbols for some of the Consonants found in human language including all of the consonant letters of the International Phonetic Alphabet, some additional The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants A pharyngeal consonant is a type of Consonant which is articulated with the root of the Tongue against the Pharynx. An epiglottal consonant is a Consonant that is articulated with the Aryepiglottic folds (see Larynx) against the Epiglottis. Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the The bilabial nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in almost all spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The labiodental nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The dental nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The alveolar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in numerous spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The retroflex nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The palatal nasal is a type of Consonant, used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The uvular nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Clicks are speech sounds such as English tsk! tsk! used to express disapproval or the tchick! used to spur on a horse A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless labiodental plosive is a consonant sound produced like a, but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth as in. The voiced labiodental plosive is a Consonant sound produced like a, but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth as in. The voiceless dental plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced dental plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless retroflex plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced retroflex plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless palatal plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced palatal plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless uvular plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is pronounced like, except that the tongue makes contact not The voiced uvular plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The epiglottal plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. Implosive consonants are stops (rarely Affricates with a mixed Glottalic ingressive and Pulmonic egressive Airstream mechanism. A voiced bilabial implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced palatal implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced velar implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced uvular implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic The voiced dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiced alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a Sibilant The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative ( IPA) is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol The voiceless retroflex fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced retroflex fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the The voiced velar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in various spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced uvular fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless epiglottal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced epiglottal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " fricative " is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like a The breathy-voiced glottal transition, commonly called a voiced glottal fricative, is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like In Phonetics, ejective consonants are Voiceless Consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the Glottis. The bilabial ejective is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The alveolar ejective is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The velar ejective is a type of Consonantal Sound, used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The uvular ejective is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The alveolar ejective fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The labiodental approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The alveolar approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The retroflex approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The velar approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced retroflex affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar lateral affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet A voiceless labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare Consonant, which is initiated as a labiodental plosive, but released as a Voiceless labiodental In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. The bilabial trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The alveolar trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental The retroflex trill has been reported from the Dravidian language Toda, and confirmed with laboratory measurements The uvular trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Epiglottal consonants are often allophonically trilled and in some languages the trill is the primary realization of the consonant Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both The alveolar lateral flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The retroflex lateral flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It has no symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the The bilabial flap is an uncommon non- rhotic flap It is usually and perhaps always an Allophone of the Labiodental flap, though it is the preferred allophone The labiodental flap is a speech sound found primarily in languages of Central Africa, such as Kera and Mangbetu. The alveolar tap or flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The retroflex flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents A uvular flap is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language An epiglottal flap is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The so-called voiceless palatal-velar fricative (also called a voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative, or voiceless Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless retroflex lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The IPA has no officially recognized symbol for this The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The IPA has no dedicated symbol for this sound The Archi language of the Dagestani family has a voiceless velar lateral fricative that is clearly a fricative although further forward than velars in many languages Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The voiceless labiovelar approximant (traditionally called a voiceless labiovelar fricative) is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiced labiovelar (actually labialized velar) approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in certain spoken Languages including The labial-palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The retroflex lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The palatal lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The velar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. The voiceless labial-velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced labial-velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The labial-velar nasal stop is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.

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