Part of a series on |
 |
Dharma · Artha · Kama |
Vedas · Upanishads |
Related topics Hinduism by country |
|
Kshatriya (Hindi: क्षत्रिय, kṣatriya from Sanskrit: क्षत्र, kṣatra) is one of the four varnas (social orders) in Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is an umbrella term for a wide variety of related religious traditions native to India. Within Hinduism a large number of personalities or 'forms' are worshiped as Murtis. Hinduism comprises numerous Sects or denominations The main divisions in current Hinduism are Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism Hindu mythology is the large body of Mythology related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Artha ( Devanagari: अर्थ is a Sanskrit term meaning "purpose cause motive meaning notion" In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Karma is a concept in Hinduism which explains Causality through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Maya ( Sanskrit sa माया māyā) in Indian religions, has multiple meanings This article is about Hinduism. Puja or "pooja" may also refer to certain devotional practices performed by Balmikis Buddhists (see A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006. These are some of the most noteworthy Gurus and Saints of Hinduism (in alphabetical order A Hinduism is going through a phase of regeneration and reform through the vehicle of several contemporary movements collectively termed as Hindu reform movements. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as This article deals with social and cultural criticism of Hinduism The following is a glossary of terms and concepts in Hinduism. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Also see Kshatriya Kshatriya (aka Warriors) is a 1993 Bollywood film directed by J Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Varna (sa वर्ण varṇa) is a Sanskrit term derived from the root meaning "to enclose" Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It constitutes the military and ruling order of the traditional Vedic-Hindu social system as outlined by the Vedas and the Laws of Manu. The Manu Smriti ( Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति is a work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira all belonged to this social order. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Mahavira (महावीर lit Great Hero) (599 – 527 BCE is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana ( Sanskrit: वर्धमान
Initially in ancient Vedic society, this position was achieved on the merits of a person's aptitude (guna), conduct (karma), and nature (swabhava). The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Movements of individuals and groups from one class to another, both upward and downward, were not uncommon; a rise in status even to the rank of Kshatriya was a recognized reward for outstanding service to the rulers of the day. [1] Over the years it became hereditary. In modern times, the Kshatriya varna includes a broad class of caste groups, differing considerably in status and function but united by their claims to rulership, the pursuit of war, or the possession of land. [2]
Contents |
Etymology
In Sanskrit, it is derived from kšatra, meaning "dominion, power, government" from a root kšī "to rule, govern, possess". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Old Persian xšāyaθiya ("emperor") and xšaθra ("realm") are related to it, as are the New Persian words šāh ("emperor") and šahr ("city", "realm"). The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages The Thai word for "king", kasat, is also derived from it. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and The term denotes aristocratic status.
In the early Vedic civilization, the warrior caste was called rājanya or kšatrīya. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The former was an adjectival form of rājan "ruler, king" from a root rāj "to rule", cognate to the Latin rex "king", the German Reich "empire/realm", and the Thai racha "king". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. (ˈraɪk German ˈʁaɪç is a German Loanword cognate with the English Reign, Region, and Rich, but used most to designate In Persia, the satraps, or "kshatrapa", were the governors, or "protectors", of the Persian Empire's provinces. See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient
Holy Warriors
A Hindu ruler was bound by the holy scriptures to govern as a Dharma-Raja (Just Ruler), with the main duties being protection of his subjects and livestock.
- The Rig Veda states:
- praja arya jyotiragrah'. RV, VII. 33. 17
People ruled by Aryans (nobles) are led by the Divine light. King Rama of Ayodhya is considered the greatest of the Dharma-Rajas:
- arya sarva samascaiva sadaiva priyadarsanah
A noble who worked for the equality of all, was dear to everyone. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district Rama is also considered an avatar of Vishnu. For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific
- The Ramayana states:
- Like the ancient monarch Manu, father of the human race,
- Dasaratha ruled his people with a father's loving grace. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki
Symbol of Kshatriya
In the initiation rituals, the Nyagrodha (Ficus Indica or India Fig/Banyan tree) danda, or staff, is assigned to the Kshatriya class. A banyan is a fig that starts its life as an Epiphyte when its Seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host Tree (or on structures like
- The Nyagrodha or Banyan tree, (not to be confused with the Peepul, Ficus Religiosus or Sacred Fig), with its hanging branch like roots which turn into trunks and can grow to cover acres, was regarded as resembling the Kshatriya. The Nyagrodha is the kshatra power of trees, and the Kshatriya is the kshatra power [among humans], for the Kshatriya dwells fastened to the kingdom, and is supported [by it]. The Nyagrodha is fastened to the ground by its downward growths, and supported [by it][3].
"The staff made of this wood is given to the Kshatriya initiate with a mantra imparting physical vitality or 'ojas'". [4]
In the Manu Smriti, or Laws of Manu, the Kshatriya caste is given the Varna (Color) red.
Vedic Origin
Version one
The Universe, in Hindu mythology, came into being through the yawn of the Adi-Purusha, the one eternal being. He then felt it necessary to monitor the universe. So, he created Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva, entrusting them with preservance and re-creation. These two were the two sides of the same coins, a replica of HIM. The primary job now was that of procreation. Lord Vishnu created Brahma from his navel, an incarnation of none other than Lord Shiva.
Brahma, the procreator, then set about his task of creating the universe. He created the celestial bodies, earth, mountains, water, air and ether - known in Hinduism as Panch Maha Bhuta. He then created the Sapta Rishis, (Seven wise sages who would take the task of infusing life on the earth). An eighth rishi Narad was born, who declared that he was not interested in procreation and renounced his life for the propagation of Knowledge and Bhakti (Worship). The seven sages started with what their Father had ordered them. They came to be known as Prajapatis (Propagators of the divine human race). Rishi Kashyap grew to be wiser than the rest and Brahma married him off to Daksh Prajapati's two daughters - Diti and Aditi. Diti turned out to be a scheming and jealous woman always trying to belittle and outdo virtuous Aditi. This quality in her gave rise to a human race with the same inherent qualities and they came to be known as Daityas. Virtuous Aditi gave birth to equally virtuous and illustrious sons and they came to be known as Adaityas. Surya (Sun) and Indra (Fire) were born of Aditi. Hence the Sun God is also known as Aditya. [5]
When Brahma was involved in the job of procreation due to toil and perspiration, a negative energy emanated from him. This negative energy took form of Rakshasas (Devils) Madhu and Kaitabha, evil and inhuman souls. They started torturing Brahma. Brahma appealed to Lord Vishnu who readily appeared and killed both of them. He explained to Brahma that when a positive energy is utilized, negative energy also emanates, and that a special race of humans should be created to protect the entire human race. Brahma acting on this advice sat down for meditation. At the end of the day four different forms of energy for the human race were formed out of Brahma's body. Brahmins were created at dawn, Kshatriyas at Noon, Vaishyas at dusk and Shudras at night. Note that these were the Varnas (colors) and not 'caste' (Jati) as now thought of today. Usually this is told as Brahmins were born from Brahma’s head, ending with Shudras from the feet. In the Rig Veda the varnas were not rigid and were related to ones actions.
The Brahmin varna was reddish as the sky before dawn, Kshatriya varna as the Sun at noon, Vaishya as the evening sky and Shudra the color of night sky. Gradually, the Varna system caught hold of Indian Sub Continent and each varna did its job as per guidelines of Brahma. Brahmins and Kshatriyas were the upper castes and Vaishyas and Shudras the lower castes. Both, Brahmins and Kshatriyas were allowed to study the Vedas. Kshatriyas (pronounced as shatria) also studied the ancient martial arts which were eventually carried by Buddhist monks like Bodhidharma (a Kshatriya) to China and Japan. Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma The Brahmans and Kshatriyas and later the Vaishyas had to perform a communion ceremony called the Upanayanam (thread ceremony) that would symbolize their entry into the Aryan social structure and would be considered reborn, i. e dvijas (twice born). This meant that you accepted the Vedas as the word of God and were willing to perform the rituals and duties outlined under the guidance of your spiritual guide, the Brahman priest.
Version two
Another version in the Rig Veda refers to the ways in which Gods four body parts make up the four classes, depending on the nature or values that the human holds. The Brahmans hold spiritual and intellectual values and are in charge of teaching the Vedic Sanskrit, thus are made up of his head. The Kshatryas are the warriors that protect the countries and thus are made up of his arms. The Vaishyas are the farmers and merchants in the production nature and thus are made up of his belly and the Shudras are the laborers who perform menial chores of farming, labor, artisans and all the jobs required of a society and thus are made up of his legs. This was interpreted as meaning that no one caste is more important than the other and that society cannot survive without all parts working together.
Version three
Yet another version is that in Vedic theology, Manu is considered the law-giver and progenitor of humanity. There are 1028 hymns in the Rigveda, most of them dedicated to specific deities. For other uses of Manu see Manu In Hinduism, Manu is a title accorded the progenitor of mankind, first king to rule He had over 50 sons. Manu was both king and priest and his children (and thus all of humanity) are considered highborn. Due to the eventual differences in occupations, people ended up in different jātis and caste. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Those who studied the Vedas became known as Brahmins, those who practiced trade became Vaishya, those who labored became Sudra, and those who took up martial arts became Kshatriyas. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Hindu varna (class System, a Vaishya ( Sanskrit वैश्य vaiśya) is a member of the third of the four classes of traditional Shudra ( IAST: Śūdra is the fourth Varna in the traditional four-section division in historic Hindu society The Indian subcontinent is home to a variety of Martial arts. The word Arya means "noble" and was initially only used for kings and kshatriyas as it is related to the word "Aristocracy". Ārya ( Sanskrit: (आर्य, ( Old Persian Ariya and Avestan Airya) is an ancient Sanskrit term for Hindus,
Varna-Jati-Caste
There is confusion between Varna, Jati and Caste. While the term varna refers to the four broad different classes in society, the term jati refers to the different specific endogamous sections of the Hindu Society which is known as castes. Varna means "color" as well as "veil". It shows the four different ways in which the Divine Self is hidden in human beings. In the context of color people have confused it to mean race but it actually represents the distinct qualities (guna) that the four functional classes possess in their hearts and minds. The four different qualities of human beings:
- If a person possessed the qualities of purity, love, faith and detachment, seek true knowledge and have a spiritual temperament, they would be represented by the color White (sattva = truthful). Those that belong to this color, belong to the Brahman class.
- If a person possessed the qualities of action, will, aggression, and energy, seek honor, power, status and have a martial and political temperament, they would be represented by the color Red (rajas = energetic). Those that belong to this color belong to the Kshatriya class.
- If a person tried to seek communication, interchange, trade, business and possessed a commercial temperament they were represented by the color Yellow. They make up the Vaishya class.
- For those individual in society who showed ignorance, inertia, and dullness, they were represented by the color Black (tamas = inert, solid). Those belonging to this color are thought to be dependent on the rest of the world for motivation and seek nothing as they exist in those of the servile disposition and make up the Shudra class. [1]
One hymn of the Rig Veda states:
- कारुरहं ततो भिषगुपलप्रक्षिणी नना । (RV 9. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" 112. 3)
- "I am a bard, my father is a physician, my mother's job is to grind the corn. . . . . . "
Clearly this color scheme had nothing to do with race and everything to do with a person’s aptitude.
- Panchjanya, meaning five people, is the common name given to the five most ancient Vedic kshatriya tribes. Panchjanya, meaning five people is the common name given to five most ancient vedic Kshatriya tribes It is supposed they are all descendants of the Turvasu, Yadu, Puru, Anu and Druhyu. Yadu (यदु is the name of one of the five Aryan clans mentioned in the Rig Veda. The Pūrus are a tribe or a confederation of tribes mentioned many times in the Rigveda. In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians Anu (also An; (from Sumerian *An = sky heaven was a sky-god The Druhyu were a people of Ancient India. They are already mentioned in the Rigveda For example, Yadav is descended from the Yadu; Saini is descended from Sini, Paurav is descended from the Puru; etc. Yadu (यदु is the name of one of the five Aryan clans mentioned in the Rig Veda. Saini ( is a Caste of India. - this article strictly applies to Saini (Yaduvanshi community of Punjab and parts of Haryana Himachal Pradesh and Jammu The Pūrus are a tribe or a confederation of tribes mentioned many times in the Rigveda.
Other Theories
As stated earlier the caste system was very fluid early on and an individual rose or fell depending on his own merit. Historians generally agree that caste became hereditary around the time of the rise of Buddhism and Jainism based on archaeological, literary, and artistic evidence of the communities that existed in India. Gautama Buddha and Mahavira are two Kshatriya sages who made a lasting impression on the world. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Mahavira (महावीर lit Great Hero) (599 – 527 BCE is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana ( Sanskrit: वर्धमान They did not believe in the preeminence of the Vedas and taught to the masses, not keeping spirituality to an elite few. Many of the ancient rulers such as Ashoka Maurya were ardent followers of this faith and promoted it throughout the Mauryan empire. This resulted in the decline in status of the Brahman order. Priests in all three faiths were the record keeper and as you will see in the coming examples there was a definite trend towards placing rulers in the Sudra varna if they did not follow Vedic teachings and maintain the prominence of the priestly order, losing their Kshatriya status.
Two camps exist about the importance of these texts. One camp is similar to the literalists of the Christian faith who believe that their holy texts are verbatim documentation of real people, events and dates and that modern society is descended from them. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The other camp believes that the holy texts are not meant to be taken literally and should be used symbolically as examples of the proper way to live.
Those who believe the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas were verbatim documents feel that modern Kshatriyas are descended from the Vedic Kshatriyas. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The reason for the controversy is that we do not have any physical evidence of their existence. There are no bones, forts, weapons, coins, monuments, pictures etc. discovered to state unequivocally that they existed.
The literalists believe that most of the Kshatriya communities descend from Surya, Chandra, or Agni. Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for "fire" (noun cognate with Latin ignis The Surya descendants claim descent from the Sun Dynasty (Suryavansh). The Sun Dynasty or Solar Dynasty or Suryavansha is one of the most prominent dynasties in the history of Hinduism, along with the "Chandravansha" Rama also belonged to this dynasty. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: Maharaja Agrasen also belonged from the same descent. The Chandra descendants claim descent from the Lunar Dynasty (Chandravansh). In Hindu mythology, the Lunar Dynasty ( Chandra-vanshi or Soma-vanshi) is one of the two principal houses of the Kshatriya Varna Krishna also was born in this dynasty. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Yaduvanshi Kshtriyas consider him as an ancestor. This is based on the writings of the Rig Veda and other Puranas. Great epics, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Raghuvamsa, also support it. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Raghuvamsa is believed to be a lineage of warrior kings tracing its ancestry to Surya.
Jain origin
According to Jainism, Rishabh, the first Tirthankar founded three varnas namely Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. In Jainism, Rishabh Dev (ऋषभदेव or Adinatha (other names used Riṣhabh, Riṣhabhanāth, Rushabh, Rushabhdev In Jainism, a Tirthankar (" Fordmaker " (also Tirthankara or Jina) is a Human being who achieves enlightenment (perfect Later, Bharat, eldest son of Rishabh, and the first Chakravarti founded the Brahmin varna in the absence of Rishabh. A Chakravartin (sa चक्रवर्तिन् cakra-vartin, a Sanskrit Bahuvrihi, literally "whose wheels are moving" in the sense of “They will promote inequality in people. ”
Thus four varnas came into existence: namely, the Kshatriyas, Brahmins, Vaishyas and Shudras. According to Jain and Buddhist literature, Kshatriyas are nothing but those who own a farm, i. e. farmers. And Kshatriyas are descendants of Rishabh, the first Jain Tirthankar. This fact is clearly stated in many Hindu puranic texts like the Bhagwat Purana, Brahma Purana, Vishnu Purana, etc.
The clan of Rishabh was called Ikshwaku and is thus the clan of all Kshatiyas. Later two branches of this clan came into existence. The first was Suryavanshi which was named after Adityayash (Ark kirti), the elder son of Bharat and the Grand Son of Rishabh and second Somvansh named after Somyash, the elder son of Bahubali. (Bahubali was younger brother of Bharat and son of Rishabh). Rajputs and Marathas believe that Suryavansh was divided, later, into 36 clans and Somvansh was divided into 60 clans. Thus the total number of Kshatriya clans became 96.
Establishments and assimilation
In ancient times there was mobility between varnas, as people learned new skills and changed their actions and occupations. The nomadic tribes of ancient India did not have a fixed caste system. They initially assigned roles based on an individual’s aptitude and ability. This was necessary in order to ensure the tribe's survival. The stronger members of the tribe became the warriors and were given higher status in society, as they were more important to the survival of the tribe at the time. According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings As the tribes became more familiar with farming they built up surpluses and settled. This more sedentary and leisurely lifestyle shifted the people's focus to accumulating wealth and finding a meaning to life. Priests began to take the preeminent role in society as they ensured spiritual salvation. This led to society forming a more rigid social system, where one's position was determined by birth rather than merit. Thereafter, those in the more powerful classes enforced this caste system to remain in power, a pattern also exhibited by the nobles of Europe. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime During the Epic Age people began to question these institutions.
Many historical rulers came from other castes, or were descended from non-Hindu foreign conquerors, and were either granted de facto Kshatriya status by virtue of the power they held, or they created fictionalized family histories to connect themselves to past Kshatriya rulers. For instance, the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas, Paradas, etc. The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Brhatsamhita The Paradas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts such as the Manu Smriti, various Puranas, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. , were foreign invaders from the northwest, but were assimilated into the Indian community as Kshatriyas.
Non-Orthodox Kshatriyas
- Though the Ashtadhyayi of Panini (sutra 4. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient 1. 168-175) attests that the Kamboja and Gandhara were very important Kshatriya kingdoms of Uttarapatha during or prior to Paninian times (500 BC), they came to be regarded as Sudras for not following the teachings of the Vedas. Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts use Uttarapatha as the name of the northern part of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions See more on ancient Kamboja Kshatriyas. The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature
- The Manusmriti, written about 200 AD states that the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Ionian, Indo-Greeks), Kambojas (Central Asians), Paradas (Sinkiang), Pahlavas (Persians), Kiratas (Nepal, Assam), Dravidas,Thevar (Tamil), and Daradas were originally noble Kshatriyas but were relegated to the Barbaric (Vrishala) status due to their neglect of the Brahmanas as well as due to their non-observance of the sacred Brahmanical codes (X/43-44). The Manu Smriti ( Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति is a work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Paradas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts such as the Manu Smriti, various Puranas, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Brhatsamhita layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Kirata ( Sanskrit: किराट is a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who lived in the mountains particularly in the Himalayas and Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Excerpts from John Shortt ‘On the Wild Tribes of Southern India’ of the Ethnological Society of London 1869 vol Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Daradas were a people who lived north and north-east to the Kashmir valley The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature
- Anushasanaparava of the Mahabharata also views the Sakas, Kambojas and the Yavanas etc. in the same light. Patanjali in his Mahabhasya regards the Sakas and Yavanas as pure Sudras (II. Patañjali ( Devanāgarī पतञ्जलि (fl 150 BCE or 2nd c Shudra ( IAST: Śūdra is the fourth Varna in the traditional four-section division in historic Hindu society 4. 10).
- The Vartika of the Katyayana informs us that the kings of the Sakas and the Yavanas, like those of the Kambojas, may also be addressed by their respective tribal names. Kātyāyana (c 3rd century BC was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India.
- The Mahabharata also associates the Sakas, Yavanas, Gandharas (Northwest India), Kambojas (Pamir-Badakshan), Pahlavas, Tusharas, Sabaras, Barbaras, Dravidas, Boyars etc. The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Brhatsamhita Tusharas (alias Tukharas Tocharians) were a Mlechcha tribe with their kingdom located in the north west of India as per the epic Mahabharata. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. . and addresses them all as the Barbaric tribes of Uttarapatha. "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts use Uttarapatha as the name of the northern part of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions
- In another verse the epic groups the Shakas, Kambojas and Khashas together and state them as the tribes from Udichya, i. The Khasas are an ancient people believed to be a section of the Indo-Iranians who originally belonged to Central Asia from where they had penetrated in remote e. north division (5/169/20).
- The Kishkindha Kanda of the Ramayana locates the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas and the Paradas in the extreme north-west beyond the Himavat (i. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki e. Hindukush) (43/12) in the Shakadvipa, adjoining the land of Uttarakurus. In Indian mythology, dvīpa ( Devnagari: वीप "peninsula island" also mahadvipa "great island" is the term for the major divisions Uttarakuru is the name of a Dvipa ("continent" in ancient Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
- The Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata (5/19/21-23) tells us that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Sakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme command of Sudakshina Kamboja. The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, Sudakshina Kamboja (सुदक्षिण is the third king of the Kambojas referred to in the Mahābhārata. The epic repeatedly applauds this composite army as being very fierce and wrathful. Some verses of Mahabharata also attest that the Tusharas or Tukharas were also included in the Kamboja division (e. Tusharas (alias Tukharas Tocharians) were a Mlechcha tribe with their kingdom located in the north west of India as per the epic Mahabharata. Tusharas (alias Tukharas Tocharians) were a Mlechcha tribe with their kingdom located in the north west of India as per the epic Mahabharata. g. : MBH 6. 66. 17-21; MBH 8. 88. 17). ' Tocharians
- Puranic accounts attest that the Dravidas are Kshatriyas and are said to be descendants of the sons of Vishwamitra. The Tocharians were the Tocharian -speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Brahmarshi Vishvamitra ( Sanskrit sa विश्वामित्र viśvā-mitra "all- friend " is one of the most venerated Like the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Daradas, Khashas etc, the Dravidas were recorded as Kshatriyas who no longer were initiated into the sacred thread due to their neglect of the Brahmanas as well as due to their non-observance of the sacred Brahmanical codes. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature [6]
Participation in World Wars
The British Indian Army heavily depended on the Kshatriyas. There were many Kshatriya regiments that served in the world wars.
World War I
At the center of Delhi stands the India Gate, a First World War monument dedicated to the ‘dead of the Indian armies who fell in France and Flanders, Mesopotamia and Persia, East Africa and Gallipoli’ (Dr Santanu Das).
The Garwhal Rifles were stationed in France in the 1st World War.
The Anglo-Indian Division was stationed in Iraq at Kut-al-Amara near the Tigris River, a stronghold of the Turks. There they fought not only on land but also against the German-Turkish air force attacks. The Grenadier Regiment was also in Iraq in this war on the Mesopotamia of the Mesopotamian Campaign and the Siege of Kut.
The Jats formed one of the largest ethnic group in the British Indian Army during World War I (DefenceIndia). A large number of them were recruited in the British Indian Army during World War I.
The Rajputs were recruited into the British Indian Army as soon as the 19th century. They were a significant force from India to fight the war (DefenceIndia).
In addition to the previous places mentioned, the British Indian Army also served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.
World War II
The British Indian Army in the following list of operations:
- Middle East Theatre of World War II; East African campaign, Anglo-Iraqi War, Syria-Lebanon campaign, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
- North African campaign; Operation Compass, Operation Crusader, First Battle of El Alamein, Second Battle of El Alamein
- Battle of Malaya
- Battle of Singapore
- Burma Campaign; Battle of Kohima, Battle of Imphal
- Italian campaign; Battle of Monte Cassino
Hindus such as the Rajputs, Jats, Gorkhas, Marathas, Nairs of the Madras Regiment and others have fought against the 'Axis' enemies, mainly of Nazi Germany and Japan. Most Hindu soldiers are Gorkhas, and engraved on their graves in Sanskrit are the words, Om Bhagwattee Nammo. Rest of the particulars are the same. [2]
That of Gajraj Singh, Plot 3 reads "The following Hindu soldier of the Indian Army is honoured here. . . . ". [3]
The Janjua Rajputs took part in the fighting in both World Wars.
The Kumaoni, Dogra and Garhwali (hill Rajputs) fought with bravery and honour in both the great wars. The Kumaoni are a people of the Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand, a region in the Indian Himalayas. The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. They live predominantly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in adjoining The Garhwali are a people of the hilly Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand, India.
The regiments were Jat Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Gorkha and others.
Kshatriya Clans
The major branches of Kshatriya varna are Chandravanshi, claiming descent from Chandra, Suryavanshi, claiming direct descent from Ramachandra and descent from Surya, Agnivanshi, claiming descent from Agni and Nagavanshi claiming descent from the Nāgas. In Hindu mythology, the Lunar Dynasty ( Chandra-vanshi or Soma-vanshi) is one of the two principal houses of the Kshatriya Varna In Hinduism, Chandra (lit "shining is a Lunar deity and a Graha. The Sun Dynasty or Solar Dynasty or Suryavansha is one of the most prominent dynasties in the history of Hinduism, along with the "Chandravansha" Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: In Hinduism, Surya ( Devanagari: सूर्य sūrya, lit "the Supreme Light" Malay: Suria; Thai: The Agnivanshi are people belonging to the Agnivansha. According to legend they are descended from Agni, the Hindu God of Fire Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for "fire" (noun cognate with Latin ignis The Nagavanshi dynasty ( Sanskrit:नाग वंशी is one of the Kshatriya dynasties of India Nāga ( नाग, IAST: nāgá, Indonesian: naga, Javanese: nogo, Khmer: neak) is
Suryavanshi
The Suryavanshi lineage is one of the three lineages into which the Kshatriya caste of Hindus is divided. The Sun Dynasty or Solar Dynasty or Suryavansha is one of the most prominent dynasties in the history of Hinduism, along with the "Chandravansha" They claim descent from Surya - god of the sun. All present-day Suryavanshis also claim descent from the Hindu God Rama, who was himself born into a Suryavanshi dynasty.
Chandravanshi
The Chandravanshi lineage is one of the three lineages into which the Kshatriya caste of Hindus is divided. The Ror ( Hindi: रोड़) community hails primarily from a few small pockets in the Indo-Gangetic plains in the states of Haryana, The Gujjar ( Hindi: गुज्जर Urdu: گجر or Gurjar (Hindi गुर्जर Urdu گُرجر are an ethnic group in India and Kāyastha or Kayasth ( Hindi: कायस्थ meaning Scribe or Administrator) is an upper caste of India Sub-clans Overall sub-clans of the Kachwaha number around 71 Prominent sub-clans of the Kachhawa clan include Rajawat, Shekhawat, Sheobramhpota Khatri ( Punjabi: ਖੱਤਰੀ Hindi: खत्री is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya Minhas or Manhas or Minhas-Dogra ( Urdu: منہاس) is a Suryavanshi Rajput clan from the Jammu & Kashmir The most powerful military vassals of the Chauhan Empire of Delhi the Pundir are a Suryavanshi branch of Rajputs, one of the thirty six royal rajput clans The Sisodia (also known as Sesodia or Shishodia or Shishodya or Sisodya or Sisodhya) are a Rajput clan who ruled the kingdom The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to SENGAR One of the 36 clan Rajput Kshatriya.Vansh - MunivanshbrahamkshatriyaGotra - GautamOrigin- Jagmanpur (Jalon Bhareh (Etawah Lakhnesar(Balia Rura(UP Datia(MP In Hindu mythology, the Lunar Dynasty ( Chandra-vanshi or Soma-vanshi) is one of the two principal houses of the Kshatriya Varna According to legend, the Chandravanshis are descended from Chandra, in the Lunar Dynasty or the Hindu Moon God. In Hinduism, Chandra (lit "shining is a Lunar deity and a Graha.
The Yaduvanshi lineage are the major branch of the Chandravanshi lineage. The Yaduvanshis claim descent from Krishna, who in turn was born into a Chandravanshi dynasty. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Several Indian castes such as Sainis, Rajputs of Bhati Clan, Jadaun Rajputs (Madhya Pradesh) and the Jats of Mathura/Bharatpur claim descent from the Yaduvanshi lineage
- Bundela
- Chandela
- Kalachuri
- Haihayas
- Jadaun
- Jethwas
- Malayala Kshatriyas
- Pathanis
- Saini
- Tanwar or Tomar
- Jadeja
- Boyar
Agnivanshi
The Agnivanshi are people belonging to the Agnivansha. Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group Saini ( is a Caste of India. - this article strictly applies to Saini (Yaduvanshi community of Punjab and parts of Haryana Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Mathura ( IAST mathurā)( Hindi: मथुरा is a holy City in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bharatpur (भरतपुर is a city in the Indian state of Rajasthan Origins The Bundelas are the fiercest and most complex of the Rajput race History From Ninth century to 13th century the Chandelas ruled over central India Origin of Kalachuris Natives of Central India Historians such as Dr Haihayas were the ancient clans who claimed their common ancestry from Yadu In Hindu culture Jadaun (also spelt as Jadon) is a name of Chandravanshi ( Yaduvanshi) Rajputs Origins Jadauns are Jethwa or Jethva is a name of a Rajput Kshatriya clan that claim decent from Pawan ancestor of Lord Hanuman who appears in the Hindu epic The Malayala Kshatriyas (also known as Samanta Kshatriya) are the official Kshatriya caste of Kerala, and formed a number of the ruling dynasties of Kerala Pathani of the Attigoan and Kamsyar region of Gangolihat tehsil Pithoragarh district of the Kumaon Himalayas Saini ( is a Caste of India. - this article strictly applies to Saini (Yaduvanshi community of Punjab and parts of Haryana Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Rajput|Rajput clans Jadeja (જાડેજા जाडेजा is the name of a major clan of Yaduvanshi or Chandravanshi Rajputs The Chandravanshi A boyar, also spelled boya ( = Hunter is the name of a caste A leader of a group or Head of Territory The Agnivanshi are people belonging to the Agnivansha. According to legend they are descended from Agni, the Hindu God of Fire According to legend, they are descended from Agni, the Hindu God of Fire. The Agnivanshi lineage is one of the three lineages into which the Kshatriya caste of Hindus is divided.
Nagavanshi
Some Kshatriyas claim descent from the Nāga or the "serpent dynasty", and are called Nagavanshi. Origins According to the Rajput bards Chauhan is one of the four Agnikula or 'fire sprung' clans who were created by the Gods in the anali kund or 'fountain Dr Joseph Jogindranath Ghosh (born 1869 - died 1942 of Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India Paramara (also known as Parmara and Parmar) is the name of a prominent Arya Agnivanshi Rajput clan of medieval India, which ruled The Ponwar (also Panwar, Puar, Powar, or Pawar) are an Arya clan of that ruled the states of Chhatarpur, Dewas Sood/Sud is a last name of Parmar Kashtrya origin with close ties to the Khatri community in Punjab Sénas is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. The Solanki (from Chalukya, an ancient Indian dynasty are a Hindu clan who ruled parts of western and central India between the 10th Origin The Gurjar Pratiharas were one of the Agnikula clans of Rajputs according to a legend given in later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso The Nagavanshi dynasty ( Sanskrit:नाग वंशी is one of the Kshatriya dynasties of India Nāga ( नाग, IAST: nāgá, Indonesian: naga, Javanese: nogo, Khmer: neak) is The Nagavanshi dynasty ( Sanskrit:नाग वंशी is one of the Kshatriya dynasties of India Some clans of Nair and Jat caste claim Nagavanshi descent. Nāyar (Malayalam നായര് naːjar most commonly spelt Nair) is the name of a Hindu upper caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala The Nagavanshi (or Nagabanshi) are known for ruling Chhotanagpur. Chhotanagpur is an area including the tribal areas of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and West Bengal states in India.
- Jat gotras such as:
- Takshak
- Bachak
- Karkotaka
- Kaliramna etc. Takshak ( Hindi:तक्षक or Taxak, classically called the Taxilleans (ˌtæksəˈliːənz Taxillae is a Gotra or clan of Bachak (बचक is a Gotra of Jats in India. According to a mythological story Lord Krishna killed Bachak-nag in Kalidah. Katewa is a Gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan, India. The Katewa tribe is also settled in Sindh, Pakistan. Kaliramna (कालीरमना or Kaliraman (कालीरमन or Kaleramne (कालीरमने is Gotra of claim descent from Nagavanshi lineage. [7]
- Nair[8] subcastes such as:
- Kiriyathil Nair[9]
South India
These communities are traditionally designated as Kshatriyas:
- Mukkulathor - Tamil Nadu
- Vanniyar - Tamil Nadu
- Rajus - Andhra Pradesh
- Nairs (Nagavanshi) - Kerala
- Malayala Kshatriyas - Kerala
- Boyar caste - South India
Others
- Ahom kings of Assam claimed descent from Indra (identified with Khunlung) and Syama (a low-caste woman), and called themselves Indravanshi (or Indravamsa) Kshatriyas. Nāyar (Malayalam നായര് naːjar most commonly spelt Nair) is the name of a Hindu upper caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala Excerpts from John Shortt ‘On the Wild Tribes of Southern India’ of the Ethnological Society of London 1869 vol Vanniyar, also transliterated Vanniar, are a large social group in South India. Raju is a Telugu variation of the Sanskrit word Raj and Raja, meaning King Prince Lord or of a Regal Military nature Nāyar (Malayalam നായര് naːjar most commonly spelt Nair) is the name of a Hindu upper caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala The Nagavanshi dynasty ( Sanskrit:नाग वंशी is one of the Kshatriya dynasties of India The Malayala Kshatriyas (also known as Samanta Kshatriya) are the official Kshatriya caste of Kerala, and formed a number of the ruling dynasties of Kerala A boyar, also spelled boya ( = Hunter is the name of a caste A leader of a group or Head of Territory The Ahoms established the Ahom kingdom (1228-1826 in parts of present-day Assam and ruled it for nearly 600 years Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city
- The Brahmavansha lineage descends from the Brahmavanshi king Chulki.
- The Vayuvanshi are another Kshatriya clan although not much is known about the clan.
- The Rexulvanshis are popular for being the kings of Surguja.
- The alien hordes that didn't follow priestly customs or traditions (Shakas, Kushans, Indo-Greeks, Hunas and Parthians) were stated as Vratya Kshatriyas in Manusmriti[10]. The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries The Huna (also known as Indo-Hephthalites or Alchon) as they were known in South Asia, seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group who
- See also: Agnivanshi, Chandravanshi, Nagavanshi, and Suryavanshi
Outside the Indian subcontinent
- About 40 percent of the total population of Bali is comprised of Balinese Kshatriyas. The Agnivanshi are people belonging to the Agnivansha. According to legend they are descended from Agni, the Hindu God of Fire In Hindu mythology, the Lunar Dynasty ( Chandra-vanshi or Soma-vanshi) is one of the two principal houses of the Kshatriya Varna The Nagavanshi dynasty ( Sanskrit:नाग वंशी is one of the Kshatriya dynasties of India The Sun Dynasty or Solar Dynasty or Suryavansha is one of the most prominent dynasties in the history of Hinduism, along with the "Chandravansha" Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Balinese Hinduism has a caste system and is heavily influenced by the Vedas. Hinduism in Indonesia, also known by its formal Indonesian name Agama Hindu Dharma, refers to Hinduism as practised in Indonesia. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Balinese people are of mixed Polynesian, Aryan and Dravidian descent. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family.
- The Balamon Hindu Cham people of Vietnam consist of 70% Kshatriyas (pronounced in Vietnamese as "Satrias"). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Although Balamon make up only 25% of the over all Cham population (the other 75% are Muslims or Cham Bani). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion These Balamon Kshatriyas claim to be the descendants of the Champa Empire. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what
References
- ^ "Kshatriya. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 June 2008
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ Aitereya Brahmana, 7. 31; see also Satapatha Brahmana 5. 3. 5. 13
- ^ Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion; Brian K. Smith
- ^ Excerpted from Katha Kalpataru, an ancient treatise from the Vedas
- ^ K. M. George (1991). A Many Branched Tree: Perspectives of Indian Literary Tradition.
- ^ Ram Swarup Joon: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)
- ^ Ramananda Chatterjee (1907). Ram Swarup Joon ( Devanagari: रामस्वरुप जून is a Jat historian The Modern Review. Prabasi Press Private, Ltd, 695.
- ^ Dr. Hermann Gundert, Keralolpathiyum Mattum, (Band 4, Hermann Gundert Series, Eight works published during 1843-1904) (Kottayam: Current Books, 1992), p 185
- ^ Magumdar, Raichaudhry. Notes of IGNOUDelhi University, Allahabad University, BHU, JNU, Jamia Milia Islamia (Irfan Habib)
Further reading
- History and Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age, p 313-314
- The late Shri Harilal Upadhyay: This great Gujarati author researched both the ancient and modern eras and wrote books which can be considered as encyclopedic novels. The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU Hindi: इन्दिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय मुक्त विश्वविद्यालय The University of Delhi (DU is a central university located at Delhi, India and is funded by Government of India. Shri Harilal Upadhyay ( -) was a Gujarati author considered as one of the all-time great authors in the Gujarati language. He wrote books on both the Chandravansh and Suryavash. Further details are found at his official web site. Although he wrote all his work in his mother tongue (Gujarati) the site provides some comprehensive information in English. Article about the author also found on Wikipedia harilal upadhyay
See also
Shri Harilal Upadhyay ( -) was a Gujarati author considered as one of the all-time great authors in the Gujarati language. Jejuri Jejuri is one of the famous temples in Maharashtra. The God of Jejuri - Khandoba ( Lord Shiva) the husband of Banai (from the Dhangar Varna (sa वर्ण varṇa) is a Sanskrit term derived from the root meaning "to enclose" Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group " Forward class " is used in India generally to denote communities and Castes from any religion who do not currently qualify for Government of India Jātis (in Devanagari: जाति (the word literally means births) is the term used to denote communities and sub-communities in IndiaDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic