Citizendia

Kirkuk
كه‌ركووك, كركوك
Location of Kirkuk in Iraqi map
Location of Kirkuk in Iraqi map
CountryIraq
GovernorateKirkuk Governorate
Population
 - Urban755,700
Time zoneGMT +3 (UTC)

Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk;Kurdish: كه‌ركووك, Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك; Syriac: ܐܪܦܗܐ, Arrapha;) is a city in northern Iraq and capital of Kirkuk Governorate. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Kirkuk Governorate is one of the Governorates of Iraq located in the north of the country The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Kirkuk Governorate is one of the Governorates of Iraq located in the north of the country

The present city of Kirkuk , which lies in the Kurdistan geographical region[1][2], stands on the site of the ancient Hurrian (Khurrite) capital of Arrapha, which sits near the Khasa River on the ruins of a 5,000-year-old settlement. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Arrapha ( Syriac: ܐܪܦܗܐ أررابخا,عرفة was an ancient Assyrian city that existed in what is today the city of Kirkuk The Khasa River ( Arabic:نهر خاصة is a Winterbourne River which runs through the city of Kirkuk in northern Arrapha reached great importance under the Assyrians in the 10th and 11th centuries BC. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Because of the strategic geographical location of the city, Kirkuk was the battle ground for three empires, Assyria, Babylonia, and Media, who controlled the city at various times. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. [3]

Kirkuk is the centre of the northern Iraqi petroleum industry. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit It is an historically and ethnically mixed city populated by Assyrians, Kurds, Arabs, Iraqi Turkmen. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic It is located at 35. 47°N, 44. 41°E, in the Iraqi governorate of Kirkuk, 250 kilometres (156 miles) north of the capital, Baghdad. |||} Iraq is divided into 18 Governorates (or Provinces ( Muhafazah) Baghdād Kirkuk Governorate is one of the Governorates of Iraq located in the north of the country Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Kirkuk region lies between the Zagros Mountains to the north-east, the Zab River and the Tigris River to the west, the Hamrin Mountains (Arabic: جبل حمرين‎) to the south, and the Sirwan (Diyala) River to the south-east. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Diyala River (نهر ديالى Persian: دیاله Kurdish: Sirwan سيروان) is a River and tributary of the Tigris that The Diyala River (نهر ديالى Persian: دیاله Kurdish: Sirwan سيروان) is a River and tributary of the Tigris that The population was estimated at 755,700 in 2003.

Contents

Etymology

The ancient name of Kirkuk was Arraphka which derives from the old Hurrian and is said to mean "city". The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia [4]

After the collapse of Assyria the region around Kirkuk was known as Kurkura, which may explain the origin of the Kurdish name Baba Gurgur ("father of flames") for the area [5]. Baba Gurgur (بابا كركر is a large oil field near the city of Kirkuk which was the first to be discovered in Northern Iraq in 1927 Under Greek reign it was known as Karkha D-Bet Slokh, which means 'Citadel of the House of Seleucid'[6] in Aramaic, the lingua franca of the Fertile Crescent in that era. Aramaic is a Semitic language with A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often [7]

The region around Kirkuk was known during the Parthian and Sassanid periods as Garmakan, which in Persian means the 'Land of Warmth' or the 'Hot Land';[8] this name is still used by the Kurds in the form Garmian with the same meaning. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Garmian, (old 'Garmakan' is a native regional subdivision of Kurdish regions in northern Iraq

From 7th century, when Muslim Arabs conquered the area, up to the medieval era, Arab writers used the name Kirkheni (citadel) to refer to the city. [9] Some Arabs used the names Bajermi or Jermakan,[10] (both Semitic variations of Aryan 'Garmakan').

A cuneiform script found in 1927 at the foot of Kirkuk Citadel stated that the city of Erekha of Babylonia was on the site of Kirkuk. The Kirkuk Citadel (قلعة كركوك Al-Qal’ah is located in the centre of the city of Kirkuk in Iraq, and is considered to be the oldest part of Other sources consider Erekha to have been simply one part of the larger Arrapha metropolis.

History

Kirkuk Citadel
Kirkuk Citadel

Originally the city was founded by Hurrian-related Zagros-Taurus dwellers who were known as Karda, Qurtie or Guti by lowland-dwellers of Southern Mesopotamia. The Kirkuk Citadel (قلعة كركوك Al-Qal’ah is located in the centre of the city of Kirkuk in Iraq, and is considered to be the oldest part of The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Under its ancient name Arraphkha, Kirkuk was capital of Kingdom of Gutium which is mentioned in cuneiform records about 2400 BC. Gutium was a tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed ca [11]

The small Hurrian kingdom of Arraphka which modern Kirkuk represents its capital[12] was situated along the southeastern edge of the area under Aryan Mittanian domination. Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) [13] From 1500 to 1360 BC all kings of Assyria were vassals of kingdom of Mittani. [14] Assyria's revolt against the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani probably led to fall of the kingdom in the 14th BC century and ultimately contributed to Mittani empires’s collapse. The city reached great prominence in the 10th and 11th centuries BC under Assyrian rule. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture However in 6th BC, Assyria was conquered by a union of Medes, remaining Hurrian-related tribes, and Babylonians. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital [15] After Medes Achaemenids had the region under their dominion; In Parthian, and Sassanid eras Kirkuk was capital of a local kingdom called Garmakan, (Kurdish: Garmiyan). The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Garmian, (old 'Garmakan' is a native regional subdivision of Kurdish regions in northern Iraq

After Islamic conquest

In the 7th century AD, with Arab invasion of Sassanid empire, the region fell into Muslims control. Up to the end of the 14th century AD, Kirkuk often administratively and economically belonged to Daquq and they were both at the same time in contact with Arbil and Sharazor and their extensions. Daquq or Daquqa ( Arabic,داقوق is a historic town in Iraq south of Kirkuk. In the medieval era the city was part of and since 16th century capital of the ancient wilayet of Sharazor. Sharazor (also Sharassur Shahrassor Shahr Assur, Shahre Assur, Shehri Assur, Land of Assur, and City of Assur) was name of a Sassanid

Arab immigration

The principal Arab extended families in the city of Kirkuk were: the Tikriti and the Hadidi (Arabic: الحديدي‎). The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located One of the Arab Tribes in Iraq. The tribe used to live like Shepherds, south of Mosul. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Tikriti family was the main Arab family in Kirkuk coming from Tikrit in 1600s. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located Other Arab tribes who settled in Kirkuk during the Ottoman Period are the Al-Ubaid (Arabic: العبيد‎) and the Al-Jiburi (Arabic: الجبور‎). The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Al-Ubaid is one of the Arab Tribes in Iraq settled around Kirkuk. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Al-Jiburi (or Jabouri Jubouri Jaburi is one of Sunni Arab Tribes in Iraq that scattered throughout Diyala, Mosul, Babil, Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Al-Ubaid came from just northwest of Mosul when they were forced out of the area by other Arab tribes. For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul Many Iraqis identify more or less strongly with a tribe ( 'ashira) and some feel a stronger loyalty to their clans or tribes than to any national government They settled in the Hawija district in Kirkuk in 1935 during the government of Yasin al-Hashimi. Hawija (الحويجةAl Hawyjah is a Sunni Arab town near Kirkuk north of Baghdad. Yasin al-Hashimi (1894 – 1937 ( ياسين الهاشمى) was an Iraqi politician who served twice as that country's prime minister. [16]

The largest wave of Arab immigration took place under Baath rule with relocating of thousand Arab families from southern Iraq to the city.


Turkmen immigration

The time of occupation of the Kirkuk area by the Safavid Dynasty during the reign of Shah Ismail I in the 16th century AD is the time when the settlement of Turkmen in the area began. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The Safavid tried to impose the Shi'a faith on the Kurds, in an attempt to replace the Sunni Muslim whom they did not trust. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion According to the Turkmen themselves, they migrated to Iraq during the Umayyads and Abbasid eras because they were in demand by these rulers as a result of their prowess in battle. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. However, they acknowledge that this period of their residence in Iraq was one of introduction rather than settlement and therefore the Turkmen of that era were integrated into the existing population. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic They believe that real settlement began during the Seljuq era when Toghrul entered Iraq in 1055 with his army composed mostly of Oghuz Turks. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled For the Kerait ruler Toghrul protector of Genghis Khan see Wang Khan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Kirkuk remained under the control of the Seljuq Empire for 63 years. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The Turkmen settlement in Kirkuk was further expanded later during the Ottoman Era. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. However the Iraqi historian Abdul-Razzak Al-Hassani (Arabic: عبدالرزاق الحسني‎) asserts that the Turkmen of this region are: "part of the forces of Sultan Murad IV, who recaptured Iraq from the Safavid in 1638, and remained in these parts to protect this route between the southern and northern Ottoman Wilayahs". Abdul Razzak Al-Hassani (عبدالرزاق الحسني) an Iraqi historian wrote a book titled The Political History of Iraq (in the Arabic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Murad IV ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi‘) ( June 16, 1612 February 9, 1640 The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually [17]

Discovery of oil

Main article: Kirkuk Field

In 1927 a huge oil gusher was discovered at Baba Gurgur ("St. Kirkuk Field is an oilfield at Baba Gurgur ("St Blaze" in Kurdish near Kirkuk, Iraq Baba Gurgur (بابا كركر is a large oil field near the city of Kirkuk which was the first to be discovered in Northern Iraq in 1927 Blaze" in Kurdish) near Kirkuk. The Kirkuk oil field was brought into use by the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in 1934 and has ever since remained the basis of northern Iraqi oil production with over ten billion barrels (1. The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC until 1929 called Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC was an oil company jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies 6 km³) of proven remaining oil reserves as of 1998. After about seven decades of operation, Kirkuk still produces up to one million barrels a day, almost half of all Iraqi oil exports. See also List of centuries, History This is a list of Decades in history including links to corresponding articles with more information about them The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a The facilities have been frequently sabotaged during the fighting between Iraqi forces and the Kurds.

Some analysts believe that poor reservoir-management practices during the Saddam Hussein years may have seriously, and even permanently, damaged Kirkuk's oil field. A petroleum reservoir or an oil and gas reservoir (or system) is a subsurface pool of Hydrocarbons contained in porous Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 One example showed an estimated 1. 5 billion barrels of excess fuel oil being reinjected. Other problems include refinery residue and gas-stripped oil. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Fuel oil reinjection has increased oil viscosity at Kirkuk making it more difficult and expensive to get the oil out of the ground. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. [18]

Overall, between April 2003 and late December 2004 there were an estimated 123 attacks on Iraqi energy infrastructures, including the country's 7,000 km-long pipeline system. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. In response to these attacks, which have cost Iraq billions of US dollars in lost oil-export revenues and repair costs, the US military set up the Task Force Shield to guard Iraq's energy infrastructure and the Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline in particular. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Task Force Shield was set up by the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 to provide security for Iraq's critical oil Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline (also Iraq–Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline) is a long pipeline In spite of the fact that little damage was done to Iraq's oil fields during the war itself, looting and sabotage after the war ended was highly destructive and accounted for perhaps eighty percent of the total damage. Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction [19]

The discovery of vast quantities of oil in the region after World War I provided the impetus for the annexation of the former Ottoman Wilayah of Mosul (of which the Kirkuk region was a part), to the Iraqi Kingdom, established in 1921. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul Since then and particularly from 1963 onwards, there have been continuous attempts to transform the ethnic make-up of the region.

Pipelines from Kirkuk run through Turkey to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea and were one of the two main routes for the export of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food Programme following the Gulf War of 1991. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ceyhan is one of the most populous towns within the Turkish province of Adana and is an important Mediterranean port The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended This was in accordance with a United Nations mandate that at least 50% of the oil exports pass through Turkey. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security There were two parallel lines built in 1977 and 1987. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)

1970 Autonomy Agreement

On paper, the Autonomy Agreement of March 11, 1970, recognized the legitimacy of Kurdish nationalism and guaranteed Kurdish participation in government and Kurdish language teaching in schools. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. However, it reserved judgment on the territorial extent of Kurdistan, pending a new census. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population Such a census, according to Kurds would surely have shown a solid Kurdish majority in the city of Kirkuk and the surrounding oilfields, as well as in the secondary oil-bearing area of Khanaqin (Arabic: خانقين ‎), south of the city of As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic: السليمانية ‎). Khanaqin Kurdish خانه قين, Xaneqîn ( Arabic خانقين,, also transliterated as Khanakin Xanaqin is a city in eastern Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sulaimaniya ( BGN: Kurdish: سلێمانی, Slêmanî, Sulaimānīyah;) is a city Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A census was not scheduled until 1977, by which time the autonomy deal was dead. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays In June 1973, with Ba'ath-Kurdish relations already souring, the guerrilla leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani laid formal claim to the Kirkuk oilfields. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Mustafa Barzani (مسته فا بارزانی ( March 14, 1903 – March 1, 1979) was a Kurdish Nationalist leader Baghdad interpreted this as a virtual declaration of war, and, in March 1974, unilaterally decreed an autonomy statute. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The new statute was a far cry from the 1970 Manifesto, and its definition of the Kurdish autonomous area explicitly excluded the oil-rich areas of Kirkuk, Khanaqin and Jabal Sinjar. In tandem with the 1970–1974 autonomy process, the Iraqi regime carried out a comprehensive administrative reform, in which the country's sixteen provinces, or governorates, were renamed and in some cases had their boundaries altered. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. A Governorate is an Administrative division of a country It is headed by a Governor. The old province of Kirkuk was split in half. The area around the city itself was named At-Ta'mim(Arabic: التأميم ‎) ("nationalization"), and its boundaries were redrawn to give an Arab majority. Kirkuk Governorate is one of the Governorates of Iraq located in the north of the country Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding [20]

Ethnic cleansing

In 1975, the Iraqi government embarked on a sweeping campaign to "Arabize" the areas that had been excluded from Kurdistan under the offer of autonomy in 1970. This was an illegal move by the government taking into consideration of the Iraqi constitution (help the nations people) Restrictions were imposed, and maintained throughout the following years, on the employment and residence of Kurds in the Kirkuk area. Arab tribes from southern Iraq were enticed to move to the north with government benefits and offers of housing. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Uprooted ] and Kurd farmers were sent to new homes in rudimentary government-controlled camps along the main highways. Some were forcibly relocated to the flat and desolate landscapes of southern Iraq, including thousands of refugees from the Barzani tribal areas who returned from Iran in late 1975 under a general amnesty. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In November 1975, an Iraqi official acknowledged that some fifty-thousand Turkmans had been deported to the southern districts of Nasiriya and Diwaniya, although the true figure was almost certainly higher. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Nasiriyah ( BGN: an-Nāṣiriyyah; also spelled Nassiriya or Nasiriya) is a city in Iraq Al Diwaniyah ( BGN: Ad Dīwānīyah; also spelled Diwaniya) is the Capital city of Iraq 's Al Qadisiyah province [1] According to some other sources, 1,400 Kurdish villages were razed and around 600,000 Kurds were forcibly transferred to collective towns. [21]

According to Human Rights Watch, from the 1991 Gulf War until 2003, the former Iraqi government systematically expelled an estimated 120,000 Kurds, Turkmens and some Assyrians from Kirkuk and other towns and villages in this oil-rich region. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Most have settled in the Kurdish-controlled northern provinces. Meanwhile, the Iraqi government resettled Arab families in their place in an attempt to reduce the political power and presence of ethnic minorities, a process known as Arabization. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or [2] The "Arabization" of Kirkuk and other oil-rich regions is not a recent phenomenon. Successive governments have sought at various times to reduce the ethnic minority populations residing there since the discovery of significant oil deposits in the 1920s. By the mid-1970s, the Ba'ath Party government that seized power in 1968 embarked on a concerted campaign to alter the demographic makeup of multi-ethnic Kirkuk. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The campaign involved the massive relocation of tens of thousands of ethnic minority families from Kirkuk, Sinjar, Khaniqin, and other areas, transferring them to purpose-built resettlement camps. This policy was intensified after the failed Kurdish uprising in March 1991. ([3], [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8]) Those expelled included individuals who had refused to sign so-called "nationality correction" forms, introduced by the authorities prior to the 1997 population census, requiring members of ethnic groups residing in these districts to relinquish their Kurdish or Turkmen identities and to register officially as Arabs. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Iraqi authorities also seized their property and assets; those who were expelled to areas controlled by Kurdish opposition forces were stripped of all possessions and their ration cards were withdrawn. [9]

Kirkuk after 2003

Members of Kirkuk Provincal Council.
Members of Kirkuk Provincal Council.

Following the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by American and British military forces, which drove Saddam Hussein and his Ba'ath Party from power, a caretaker administration was established until the creation of a democratically elected government. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus

Since April 2003, thousands of internally displaced Turkmens and others have returned to Kirkuk and other Arabized regions to reclaim their homes and lands which have since been occupied by Arabs from central and southern Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding These returnees had been forcibly expelled from their homes by the government of Saddam Hussein during the 1980s and 1990s. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30

Under the supervision of chief executive of Coalition Provisional Authority L. Paul Bremer, a convention was held in May 24, 2003 to select the first City Council in the history of this oil-rich, ethnically divided city. The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30 1941 known as Paul Bremer and also nicknamed Jerry Bremer, is an American Diplomat. Each of the city's four major ethnic groups was invited to send a 39-member delegation from which they would be allowed to select six to sit on the City Council. Delegation (also called deputation) is the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate to carry out specific activities Another six council members were selected from among 144 delegates to represent independents social groups such as teachers, lawyers, religious leaders and artists.

Kirkuk's 30 members council is made up of five blocs of six members each. Four of those blocs are formed along ethnic lines-], Arab, Assyrian and Turkmen- and the fifth is made up of independents. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. Turkmen and Arabs complained , however, that Kurds hold five of the seats which they don't deserve in the independent block. They are also frustrated that their only representative at the council's helm is an assistant mayor whom they consider pro-Kurdish. Abdul Rahman Mustafa (Arabic: عبدالرحمن مصطفى ‎), a Baghdad-educated lawyer was elected mayor by 20 votes to 10. Abdul Rahman Mustafa, The Kurdish Mayor - Governor of Kirkuk, was elected in 2003 by multiethnic Kirkuk City Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Votes are people of Votia in Ingria (part of modern day northwestern Russia, roughly (southwest of Saint Petersburg, near and east The appointment of an Arab, Ismail Ahmed Rajab Al Hadidi (Arabic: اسماعيل احمد رجب الحديدي ‎), as deputy mayor went some way towards addressing Arab concerns. Ismail Ahmed Rajab Al Hadidi, the Arabic deputy for the Kurdish Mayor - Governor of city of Kirkuk Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Kirkuk is Iraq's biggest oil-producing city and thus a plum in the postwar redistricting. It still crackles with ethnic tension despite a more functional public service network than other larger Iraqi cities. Ethnic hatred, inter-ethnic hatred, racial hatred, or ethnic tension refers to feelings and acts of Prejudice and hostility towards an But Saddam Hussein had focused his drive for Arabization of Kirkuk, ethnically engineering the Kurdish majority out of existence by expelling an estimated 250,000 Kurds from the area and giving or selling their homes to Arabs. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Efforts to reverse that have brought hordes of armed young Kurds to the city at night to chase away the Arab population in a second wave of violence and ethnic-cleansing. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Kurdish leaders have appealed to their constituents to be patient and let a legal process determine property rights. The legal process school (sometimes "legal process theory" was a movement within American law that attempted to chart a third way between Legal formalism and Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual [10] [11]

On June 30th, 2005 through a secret direct voting process with a participation of the widest communities in the province and although of all the political legal security complexes of this process all over the country generally and in Kirkuk in particular, Kirkuk has witnessed the birth of its first elected Provincial Council. The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq IECI has approved and announced the outcomes of this process, which led to fill the 41 seats of Kirkuk Provincial Council by the won lists as the followings:

367 List ( Kirkuk Brotherhood List KBL): 26 seats

175 List (Iraqi Turkmen Front ITF): 8 seats

299 List (Iraqi Republic Gathering): 5 seats

178 List (Turkmen Islamic Coalition): 1 seat

289 List (Iraqi National Gathering): 1 seat

The new KPC has started its second turn on March 6th 2005. The Kirkuk Provincial Court (KPC is the court of the At-Ta'mim Governorate (formerly Kirkuk Governorate centered in Kirkuk, Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen Front (Irak Türkmen Cephesi الجبهة التركمانية العراقي is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Turkmen people Its inaugural session was dedicated to have the introduction of its new members then followed by the oath ceremony that was supervised by Judge Thahir Hamza Salman, the Head of Kirkuk Appellate Court.

Future of Kirkuk

Main article: Kirkuk status referendum, 2007

The policies of Kurdification by KDP and PUK after 2003 (with non-Kurds being pressured to move) have prompted serious inter-ethnic problems. The Kirkuk referendum is the Kirkuk part of a plebiscite that will decide whether the Kurdish regions within Iraqi governorates of Diyala Kurdification is a neologism coined after " Arabization " used to describe a cultural change in which something ethnically non- Kurdish is made to become [22] Arabs and Turkmens feel that the Kurds only want Kirkuk for its oil and do not really have a special interest in the city itself. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic These groups are largely united against Kurdish claims over the city.

On January 26, 2004, the Los Angeles Times quoted Barham Salih, Prime Minister for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of two main political parties controlling the Kurdish Autonomous Region in northern Iraq. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Barham Ahmad Salih ( Kurdish: بئرﻫئم أحمد صالح; Arabic: برهم أحمد صالح) born 1960 is a Kurdish The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK (est 1975 (یەکیتیا نیشتمانیا کوردستان is a Kurdish Political party in Iraqi Kurdistan. Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn Kirkuk is a benchmark by which most Kurds would define their legitimacy in Iraq, he said. "We have a claim to Kirkuk rooted in history, geography and demographics. This is a recipe for civil war if you don't do it right". A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state [23]

According to the Kurds, the conquerors of Kurdistan have tried to destroy the numerous Kurdish emirates one after the other. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes Apart from their historical claim for Kirkuk, the Kurds invoke Article 58 of the Administration for the state of Iraq for the transitional period, also known as Administrative Law of March 8, 2004 which is considered the interim constitution of Iraq by the now-dissolved Iraqi Governing Council. The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003 to June 1, Article 58 states in part: The Iraqi Transitional Government shall act expeditious measures to remedy the injustice caused by the previous regime's practice in the demographic character of certain regions, including Kirkuk, by deporting and expelling them from their place of residence and forcing migration in and out of the region. The Iraqi Transitional Government was the government of Iraq from May 3rd 2005, when it replaced the Iraqi Interim Government, until May [24]

A referendum on whether Kirkuk province should become part of Iraqi Kurdistan was due to be held in November 2007 but has been delayed, possibly until May 2008. The Kirkuk referendum is the Kirkuk part of a plebiscite that will decide whether the Kurdish regions within Iraqi governorates of Diyala Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn Events in November All Saints' Day (formerly All Hallows Day a Christian holy day is celebrated on November 1, the day after Halloween Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In December 2007, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice made an unscheduled visit to Kirkuk before proceeding to Baghdad, where she called on Iraqi leaders to urgently implement a national reconciliation roadmap. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [25] Turkey has given assurances to the Iraqi Turkmen Front that should Kurds try to annex Kirkuk, or hurt the interests of Iraq's Turkmen it will prevent this by invading Northern Iraq including Kirkuk.

Demographics

The Ottoman encyclopaedist Shamsaddin Sami, author of the Qamus al-A’lam (قاموس الأعلام) published in Istanbul in 1897, following describing the city states: Three quarters of the inhabitants of Kirkuk are Kurds and the rest are Turkmens, Arabs, and others. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Seven hundred and sixty Jews and 460 Chaldeans also reside in the city. [26] The result of 1957 census for the city has been reported as following: 178,000 Kurds, 48,000 Turkmens, 43,000 Arabs and 10,000 Assyrian-Chaldean Christians living in the city. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) [27] In 1980's, many non-Arab people who were forced out of the city during the Ba'th rule, have started to claim back their lands since the toppling of Hussain's regime, including Turkmens and Kurds. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The city of Kirkuk was long known as a city where people of different ethnic groups lived together in peace, but this changed starting in the 1980s during the regime of Saddam Hussein. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Kurds and Turkmens were forced from Kirkuk and outlying villages where they had been living since the time of the British occupation of Iraq, to be replaced with Arab oilfield workers in Saddam's Arabization plan of the Al-Anfal Campaign. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Today Kurds are estimated to form the majority of the inhabitants, with a significant Arab minority, followed by Turkmens and Assyrian minorities. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria.

For generations Kirkuk was Iraq's melting pot where the country's diverse ethnic and religious groups lived in relative peace. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are Today, Kirkuk's ethnic balance is threatened both by Iraqi insurgency, and by the Kurds and other long-oppressed groups thirsting for justice and power in post-Saddam Hussein Iraq. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq

At present there is surprisingly little sectarian violence, while political leaders quarrel over who will control Kirkuk. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Newly powerful Kurds, who hold the second greatest share of seats in the Iraqi National Assembly insist that Kirkuk be included in the Kurdish Autonomous Region in the north. The Council of Representatives of Iraq (مجلس النواب العراقي Majlis al-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy) is the main elected body of representatives in Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn However, Sunni Arabs and Turkmens want the city controlled by Iraq's central government in Baghdad, 150 miles south. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous This dispute virtually derailed the creation of Iraq's new government: Kurds refused to support the new government without a guarantee that Kirkuk would be part of Kurdish Autonomous Region, and Shiites, who hold the majority of seats in the Iraqi National Assembly, refused to give in. Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn The Council of Representatives of Iraq (مجلس النواب العراقي Majlis al-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy) is the main elected body of representatives in Iraq

In 1948, the name Arrapha became the name of the residential area within the city of Kirkuk which was built by the North Oil Company as a settlement for its workers. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Within a urban area there is a tendency for land uses to Aggregate. North Oil Company (NOC is situated in Kirkuk, Iraq This area is presently inhabited mostly by Assyrians. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. [28]

Sights

Ancient architectural monuments of Kirkuk include the citadel, the qishla, the Prophet Daniel's Tomb, and Al Qaysareyah Market. The Kirkuk Citadel (قلعة كركوك Al-Qal’ah is located in the centre of the city of Kirkuk in Iraq, and is considered to be the oldest part of According to the Ottoman Calenders (السالنامات العثمانية) which is considered an important source The Tomb of Daniel is the traditional burial place of the biblical prophet Daniel. Al Qaysareyah Market is an old market in the city of Kirkuk in Iraq, located near the Kirkuk The archaeological sites of Qal'at Jarmo and Yorgan Tepe are found at the outskirts of the modern city. Jarmo (Qal'at Jarmo is an Archeological site located in Northern Iraq on the foothills of Zagros Mountains east of Nuzi (or Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur; modern Yorghan Tepe, Iraq) was an ancient Mesopotamian city southwest of Kirkuk In 1997, there were reports that the government of Saddam Hussein "demolished Kirkuk's historic citadel with its mosques and ancient church" ([12], photographs). Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30

The architectural heritage of Kirkuk sustained serious damage during the World War I (when some pre-Muslim Christian monuments were destroyed) and, more recently, during the Iraq War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Simon Jenkins reported in June 2007 that "eighteen ancient shrines have been lost, ten in Kirkuk and the south in the past month alone". Sir Simon Jenkins (born 10 June 1943) is a British Newspaper Columnist currently associated with The Guardian June 2007 is the sixth month of that year It began on a Friday and 30 days later ended on a Saturday. [13]

Prominent figures in Kirkuk's history

Contemporary writers from Kirkuk

Sister cities

see also

Tomb of Daniel

References

  1. ^ "Kurdistan" Encyclopædia Britannica. Sheikh Rezza Talabani ( Şêx Rezaî Talebanî in Kurdish) (1835-1910 a celebrated Kurdish Poet from Kirkuk, Iraq Rafiq Hilmi (1898-1960 was a Kurdish historian writer and politician born in Kirkuk. Ali Merdan (1904-1981 ( عه‌لی مه‌ردان) was born in Kirkuk, widely regarded as the man who revolutionized the Maqam. Bakr Sidqi (بكر صدقي an Iraqi Nationalist and General of Kurdish descent was born 1890 in Kirkuk and assassinated on August Hijri Dede was a celebrated Iraqi Turkmen Poet from Kirkuk, Iraq. Mama Risha ( 1957 - January 25, 1985) was a prominent member of the armed Kurdish fighters also known as ( Peshmarga) in northern Younis Mahmoud Khalef ( يونس محمود; born 2 March 1983 is an Iraqi footballer who is a forward and captain of the Iraq national football Farhad Shakely (born 1951 is a prominent Kurdish writer poet and researcher Latif Halmat or Letîf Helmet, (1947-) is a Kurdish Poet. He was born in Kifri near Kirkuk in Iraqi Kurdistan. Kajal Ahmad or Kejal Ehmed, (1967-) is a contemporary Kurdish poet writer and journalist Mahabad Qaradaghi or Mehabad Qeredaxî, (1966-) is a contemporary Kurdish writer poet and translator Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil; BGN: Arbīl; Kurdish: هه‌ولێر Hewlêr Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Tomb of Daniel is the traditional burial place of the biblical prophet Daniel. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica . 20 February 2008. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  2. ^ Kjeilen, Tore (2008). Kirkuk. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. LexicOrient. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
  3. ^ Talabany, Nouri (1999). Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  4. ^ Soldiers Help Preserve Archeological Sites By Sergeant Sean Kimmons
  5. ^ Edward Balfour, Encyclopaedia Asiatica, p. 214, Cosmo Publications, 1976
  6. ^ The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle By Amir Harrak. p. 27.
  7. ^ The World's Greatest Story: The Epic of the Jewish People in Biblical Times By Joan Comay. p. 384.
  8. ^ Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region by Nouri Talabany
  9. ^ Kirkuk and its dependencies: Historically part of Kurdistan - II by Mufid Abdulla
  10. ^ Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region by Nouri Talabany
  11. ^ William Gordon East, Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate, The Changing Map of Asia: A Political Geography, 1961 - 436 pages, p: 105
  12. ^ Soldiers Help Preserve Archeological Sites By Sergeant Sean Kimmons
  13. ^ Before the Greeks By M. Chahin. p. 77.
  14. ^ Before the Greeks By M. Chahin. p. 77.
  15. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History By I. E. S. Edwards, John Boardman, John B. Bury, S. A. Cook. p. 178-179.
  16. ^ Arabization of the Kirkuk Region (in Arabic), Kurdistan Studies Press, Uppsala, 2001, p. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language 131.
  17. ^ Talabany, Nouri (2002). The Displacement of the Population of the Kirkuk Region, Especially by the Current Iraqi Regime. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  18. ^ Kirkuk. GlobalSecurity.org (2005-07-09). GlobalSecurityorg, launched in 2000 is a Public policy organization whose mission is to be a reliable source of background information and developing News stories Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  19. ^ Iraq. Country Analysis Briefs. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  20. ^ Ba'athis and Kurds. Genocide in Iraq. Human Rights Watch (July 1993). Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  21. ^ Rubin, Michael (2003). Are Kurds a pariah minority?. Retrieved on 2006-06-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
  22. ^ Stansfield, Gareth. (2007). Iraq: People, History, Politics. p71
  23. ^ Jeffrey Fleishman, "Iraqi Melting Pot Nears Boiling Point; In oil-rich Kirkuk, Kurds, Arabs and Turkmens compete for a place in the new order", Los Angeles Times, January 26, 2004, Part A, Page 1. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
  24. ^ Article 58 of the Administration for the state of Iraq, in Arabic, PDF format
  25. ^ "Rice pushes "roadmap" as Turkish troops enter Iraq", Reuters, 2007-12-18. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the  
  26. ^ Shamsadin Sámi, Qamus al-A’lam, Istanbul: Mihran Press, 1896, under entry 'Kirkuk'.
  27. ^ A new war may pit Kurd against Arab - Conflict in Iraq - MSNBC.com
  28. ^ Assyrians of Kirkuk

See also

This is a list of places in Iraq. Governorates of Iraq lists the regional administrative provinces and Districts of Iraq lists the subdivisions of those provinces

Dictionary

Kirkuk

-proper noun

  1. a city in northeast Iraq
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