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The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State founded after the Fourth Crusade over the conquered Byzantine lands. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Lombard is a language spoken mainly in Northern Italy (most of Lombardy and some areas of neighbouring regions notably the eastern side of Piedmont Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually Boniface of Montferrat (Bonifacio del Monferrato Βονιφάτιος Μομφερρατικός Vonifatios Momferratikos) (c Demetrius or Demetrios of Montferrat (Demetrio di Monferrato Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός Dēmētrios Momferratikos) ( Thessalonica The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt.
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History
Background
After the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders in 1204, Boniface of Montferrat, the leader of the crusade, was expected by both the Crusaders and the Byzantines to become the new emperor. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Boniface of Montferrat (Bonifacio del Monferrato Βονιφάτιος Μομφερρατικός Vonifatios Momferratikos) (c However, the Venetians felt that Boniface was too closely tied to the Byzantine Empire, as his brother Conrad had married into the Byzantine royal family. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash The Venetians wanted an emperor whom they could control more easily, and with their influence, Baldwin of Flanders was elected as emperor of the new Latin Empire. Baldwin I (July 1172 &ndash 1205 Bulgaria) the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the
Establishment
Boniface reluctantly accepted this, and set out to conquer Thessalonica, the second-largest Byzantine city after Constantinople. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia At first he had to compete with Emperor Baldwin, who also wanted the city, but Boniface won this dispute by handing over his assigned territory on Crete to the Venetians. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the He then went on to capture the city later in 1204 and set up a kingdom there, subordinate to Baldwin, although the title of "king" was never officially used. Late 13th and 14th century sources suggest that Boniface based his claim to Thessalonica on the statement that his younger brother Renier had been granted Thessalonica on his marriage to Maria Komnene in 1180. Renier of Montferrat (1162&ndash1183 in Italian Ranieri di Monferrato) was the fifth son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg. Maria Komnene or Comnena ( Greek: Μαρία Κομνηνή Maria Komnēnē) ( Constantinople March 1152 &ndash there July 1182 was the eldest [1]
The kingdom occupied land along the Aegean coast of Thrace, Thessaly, and Macedonia, but the interior borders were undefined as the kingdom was from the outset constantly at war with the Bulgarians, who wanted to capture the remnants of the Byzantine Empire for themselves, and the Despotate of Epirus, one of the Byzantine successor states. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century The Second Bulgarian Empire ( Bulgarian: Второ българско царство Vtorо Balgarskо Tsartsvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της The kingdom initially also faced attacks from the deposed Byzantine emperor Alexius III, who had fled to Corinth, although he was quickly defeated. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Alexios III Angelos ( Greek: Αλέξιος Γ' Άγγελος (c Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. After this victory Boniface captured the island of Euboea, where a vassal lordship was established, and helped some other Crusaders establish the Duchy of Athens and the Principality of Achaea, which became vassal states of Thessalonica. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash The Lordship of Negroponte was a Crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Negroponte after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade, The Principality of Achaea or of the Morea was one of the three Vassal states of the Latin Empire which replaced the Byzantine Empire
The Lombard Rebellion
Boniface's rule lasted less than two years before he was ambushed by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria and killed on September 4, 1207. Kaloyan the Romanslayer (Калоян Ромеоубиец Ivan I (Иван I also Йоан I Ioan I, in English John I) ruled as emperor ( Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself The kingdom passed to Boniface's son Demetrius, who was still a baby, so actual power was held by various minor nobles of Lombard origin. Demetrius or Demetrios of Montferrat (Demetrio di Monferrato Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός Dēmētrios Momferratikos) ( Thessalonica These nobles, under the regent Oberto, began plotting to place William VI of Montferrat, Boniface' elder son, on the throne, and openly defied the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders. Oberto, Uberto, or Umberto II (Humbert was the Count of Biandrate ( Blan-Dras) in Lombardy and a participant in the Fourth Crusade William VI ( circa 1173 &ndash 17 September 1226) was the Marquess of Montferrat from 1203 and pretender to the Kingdom of Thessalonica Henry (c 1174 &ndash 1216 was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Henry marched against them in 1209 and forced their submission. As a result, Henry's brother Eustace then became regent for Demetrius.
War with Epirus and fall
Taking advantage of this situation, Michael I of Epirus, a former ally of Boniface, attacked the kingdom in 1210, as did the Bulgarians. Michael I Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Α΄ Κομνηνός Δούκας Mikhaēl I Komnēnos Doukas) often inaccurately called Henry of Flanders eventually defeated both, but after Michael's death in 1214, his brother and successor Theodore began anew the assault on the kingdom. Theodore Komnenos Doukas or Theodore Comnenus Ducas ( Greek: Θεόδωρος Κομνηνός Δούκας Theodōros Komnēnos Doukas) ruler of Over the next nine years Theodore gradually conquered all of Thessalonica except the city itself, as the Latin Empire could spare no army to defend it while they were busy fighting the more powerful Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in Asia. The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine In 1224, just as Demetrius had become old enough to take power for himself, Theodore finally captured Thessalonica and the kingdom became part of the Despotate of Epirus.
Titular claimants
The kingdom was claimed by titular kings of the house of Montferrat until 1284 and also by the Dukes of Burgundy; Baldwin II of Constantinople had promised the title to Hugh IV should he regain the Latin Empire. Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the
Kings of Thessalonica
- 1204–1207 : Boniface of Montferrat (Boniface I)
- 1207–1224 : Demetrius of Montferrat (Demetrius)
- 1207–1209 : Oberto II of Biandrate, regent
- 1209–1216 : Eustace of Flanders, regent
- 1216–1224 : . Boniface of Montferrat (Bonifacio del Monferrato Βονιφάτιος Μομφερρατικός Vonifatios Momferratikos) (c Demetrius or Demetrios of Montferrat (Demetrio di Monferrato Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός Dēmētrios Momferratikos) ( Thessalonica Oberto, Uberto, or Umberto II (Humbert was the Count of Biandrate ( Blan-Dras) in Lombardy and a participant in the Fourth Crusade . . , regent
Titular Kings of Thessalonica
- 1224–1230 : Demetrius of Montferrat (Demetrius)
- 1230–1239 : Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Frederick)
- 1239–1253 : Boniface II of Montferrat (Boniface II)
- 1253–1284 : William VII of Montferrat (William)
- 1266–1271 : Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy (Hugh I), rival claimant 1266-1271
- 1273–1305 : Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (Robert), rival claimant 1271-1284
- 1305–1313 : Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy (Hugh II)
- 1313–1316 : Louis of Burgundy (Louis I)
- 1316–1320 : Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (Eudes), sold his rights to
- 1320 : Louis I, Duke of Bourbon (Louis II)
Notes
- ^ E. Demetrius or Demetrios of Montferrat (Demetrio di Monferrato Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός Dēmētrios Momferratikos) ( Thessalonica Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Boniface II (July 1202 &ndash 12 June 1253) called the Giant, was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1225 until his death William VII ( circa 1240 &ndash 6 February 1292) called the Great ( il Gran Marchese) was the twelfth Margrave of Montferrat Hugh IV of Burgundy ( March 9 1213 &ndash October 27 1271) was Duke of Burgundy between 1218 and 1271 Robert II of Burgundy (1248 &ndash March 21 1306) was Duke of Burgundy between 1271 and 1306 inheriting the title from his brother Eudes of Burgundy Hugh V of Burgundy (1282 &ndash May 9 1315) was Duke of Burgundy between 1306 and 1315 Louis of Burgundy Prince of Achaea and titular King of Thessalonica (1297 – August 2 1316) was a younger son of Robert II Duke of Burgundy Eudes IV (1295 &ndash 3 April 1350) was Duke of Burgundy from 1315 until his death and Count of Burgundy and Artois between 1330 Louis I of Bourbon, le Boiteux, the Lame ( Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, 1279 &ndash January 29 1342) was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis g. Salimbene de Adam, Chronicle, 1966 edition vol. Salimbene di Adam or Salimbene of Parma ( 9 October 1221 &ndash c 2 p. 790. Cf. (Runciman 1951-1954, vol. 3 p. 125), and for full discussion (Haberstumpf 1995, p. 56-67).
Bibliography
- Haberstumpf, Walter (1995), written at Torino, Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV, <http://centri.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/volumi.htm#Walter%20Haberstumpf>
- Runciman, Steven (1951-1954), written at Cambridge, A history of the Crusades, Cambridge University Press
See also
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