ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Kingdom of Mysore/Princely State of Mysore Kingdom (Subordinate to Vijayanagara Empire until 1565). The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South Princely state under the paramountcy of the British Raj after 1799 ← 1399 – 1947 →   → Anthem Kayou Sri Gowri      Extent of Kingdom of Mysore, 1784 CE Capital Mysore, Srirangapatna Language(s) Kannada, English Religion Hindu Government Monarchy until 1799, Principality thereafter Ruler  - 1399-1423 (first) Yaduraya  - 1940-1947 (first) Jaya Chamaraja Wodeyar History  - Established 1399  - Earliest records 1551  - Disestablished 1947

The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ) was both a kingdom (1399-1799 CE) and a princely state (1799-1947 CE) in southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of Mysore. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a federalist state For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, served as a feudatory of the Vijayanagara Empire until the empire's decline in 1565. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South Later, during a period when multiple feudatory rulers claimed independence in southern India, the Kingdom of Mysore consolidated. Under the rule of kings Narasaraja Wodeyar and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, the kingdom annexed large parts of what is now southern Karnataka and became one of the powerful ruling families in the region. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India

The kingdom reached the peak of its military power in the late 18th century under de-facto rulers Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. During this time, it came into conflict with the Maratha Empire, the British Empire, the Nizam of Golconda and the rulers of Travancore and Malabar. The Maratha Empire ( Marathi: मराठा साम्राज्य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Nizam ( Urdu: نظام‌) a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk ( Urdu: نظام‌الملک) meaning Administrator of the Realm, was Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor ( Malayalam: തിരുവിതാങ്കൂര്‍ "Thiru" (respectful prefix which suggests either royal or Malabar (മലബാര്‍ is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. However, their most well known conflicts were the four Anglo-Mysore wars. The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the eighteenth-century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British Success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by failure in the third and fourth. This resulted in the British taking over large parts of the kingdom and ending the period of Mysorean hegemony over the southern Deccan. The British, however, restored the Wodeyars in the smaller princely state of Mysore under the paramountcy of the British Raj. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a federalist state For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore was merged with the Union of India. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

This period saw the development of the fine arts in southern India in the post Vijayanagara era. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Mysore court, which had such famous artists and musicians as Veena Sheshanna and T.Chowdiah, became a centre of Carnatic music. Veene Sheshanna ( Kannada: ವೀಣೆ ಶೇಷಣ್ಣ (1852-1926 was a famous exponent of the Veena, an Indian string instrument which he played Tirumakudalu Chowdiah ( Kannada: ಸಂಗೀತ ರತ್ನ ತಿರುಮಕೂಡಲು ಚೌಡಯ್ಯ) ( 1895 - 19 January, 1967 Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India This period also saw the development of Mysore painting, Indo-European architecture and Kannada literature, including writings on both traditional religious themes and topics such as musical treatises, drama and theatre. Mysore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting that originated in the town of Mysore in Karnataka. Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the Many Mysore kings were acclaimed writers and composers, and both the kings themselves and the classical artists they patronised had a lasting effect on the culture of southern India.

History

Main articles: Origin of Kingdom of Mysore and Anglo-Mysore wars

Mysore territory, 1792 – 1947

Tipu Sultan (1782 – 1799), took Mysore to the height of its military power

Pre-British History

Sources for the history of the kingdom include inscriptions, written records in the Mysore palace and contemporary literary sources in the Kannada language such as the Kanteerava Narasaraja Vijayama and the Chikkadevaraja Vamshavali. The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ) (1399 - 1947 CE was a kingdom of southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the eighteenth-century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state ^[1] The origins of the kingdom, however, remain obscure, notwithstanding legends. The first mention of the Wodeyar family is in 16th century Kannada literature from the time of the Vijayanagara king Achyuta Deva Raya, while the Mysore kingdom's own earliest available inscription is from the rule of the petty chief Timmaraja II in 1551. Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the Achyuta Raya (1529-1542 CE was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved ^[2] It is known that the kingdom originated as a small state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya (also known as Vijaya) and Krishnaraya. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India The origin of the brothers, though, is still a matter of debate, with some historians claiming a northern origin at Dwaraka,^[3][4] while others claim a local Karnataka origin. ^[5][6]

The kings who followed Yaduraya ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565 when Raja Wodeyar I asserted his independence and sovereignty. ^[7] Raja Wodeyar I was followed by Chamaraja Wodeyar V and Raja Wodeyar II. In 1637, the celebrated Narasaraja Wodeyar, known for his valour, wrestling skills and his interest in the fine arts, came to power. ^[1] A popular account of Narasaraja Wodeyar recounts his victory over a champion wrestler of Tiruchirapalli. He is said to have proceeded incognito to Trichy, defeated the wrestler and left quietly without accepting any gifts from the local ruler, instead leaving a note that read "someone from Mysore has defeated the wrestler". ^[8]

The diminished Vijayanagara empire that ruled from Vellore had folded completely by this time and the Kingdom of Mysore experienced unprecedented expansion, covering significant areas of what is now southern Karnataka up to the Satyamangalam region bordering modern Tamil Nadu. Vellore ( Tamil: வேலூர் pronounced Veluur) is a city and headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Even the invading armies of Bijapur, under the leadership of the formidable commander Ranadullah Khan, were repelled by the Mysore armies. The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490

The next famous king of the dynasty was Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, who further expanded the kingdom between Chikkamagaluru in the north and Salem in the south, prompting claims that he was the most important of Mysore's early rulers. Chikkamagaluru ( Kannada: ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಮಗಳೂರು) (also known as Chickamagalur) is a town located in Chikkamagaluru district in the Indian Salem ( Tamil: சேலம் is a city and a Corporation in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ^[9] Evidence indicates that even the Maratha emperor Shivaji was unwilling to fight a pitched battle with Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar during the 1677 siege of Srirangapatna. Shivaji Bhosle, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle ( Marathi: छत्रपती शिवाजीराजे भोसले (Born February His successes against the Marathas of Gingee and against the combined armies of Maratha Sambhaji, Keladi and Golkonda at Banavara in 1682 are considered particularly noteworthy. The Marāthās ( Marathi: mr मराठा also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu Warriors hailing mostly from the present-day Sambhaji Raje Bhonsle ( Marathi: धर्मवीर संभाजी राजे भोसले ( May 14, 1657 &ndash March 11, The Nayaka clan Chaudappa ( 1499 - 1530) from Keladi was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shivamogga Golkonda (or Golconda) Telugu గోల్కొండ, a ruined city of south-central India is situated west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad However, controversy exists regarding his battle against the Moguls. Mogul records indicate that the Mysore kingdom was forced to accept feudatory status following the Mogul invasion of Bangalore territory,^[10] but Mysore palace records claim that Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar defeated the Mogul commander Khasim Khan at Bangalore on July 10, 1687. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ^[11] Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar earned the title Apratima Veera for his leadership and administrative skills. ^[12]

The six decades following the death of King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar saw a decline in the kingdom, with local bureaucrats and powerful noblemen (Dalavoy) taking its administration into their hands. Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar was followed by King Narasaraja Wodeyar II, who remained silent throughout his rule. Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1673 - 1714 CE) also known as Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II, ruled the Indian Kingdom of Mysore from 1704 to 1714 His silence sparked controversy among historians as to whether the king was mute or simply preferred to perform his duties in sign language and written communication. Either way, his silence did not appear to hinder the performance of his duties. ^[13][14] He was followed by Krishnaraja Wodeyar I and Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, kings in title only as the administration was taken over by the powerful Kalale brothers, Dalavoy Nanjarajaiah and Sarvadhikari Devarajaiah (prime minister). ^[15][16] During the latter part of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, Haider Ali, a captain in the army, rose to prominence. Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. His victory against the Marathas at Bangalore in 1758, resulting in the annexation of their territory, made him an iconic figure. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. In honour of his achievements, the king gave him the title "Nawab Haider Ali Khan Bahadur". ^[17]

Anglo-Mysore Relations

Though illiterate, Haider Ali has earned an important place in the history of Karnataka for his fighting skills and administrative acumen. Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1673 - 1714 CE) also known as Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II, ruled the Indian Kingdom of Mysore from 1704 to 1714 Krishna Raja Wodeyar II,( Kannada: ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was also known popularly as Immadi Krishna Raja Wadeyar. Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV (June 4 1884-August 3 1940 Bangalore Palace) also known popularly as Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wadiyar, was the ruling Maharaja of Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur ( July 18, 1919 &ndash September 23, 1974) was the 25th and the last Maharaja of the Princely Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (Tamil சக்ரவர்த்தி ராஜகோபாலாச்சாரி ( December 10, 1878 - December 25, The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The recorded history of Karnataka goes back more than two millennia ^[18][19] By 1761, the Maratha menace had diminished and by 1763, Haider Ali had captured the Keladi kingdom, defeated the rulers of Bilgi, Baidanur and Gutti and extended the Mysore kingdom up to Dharwad and Bellary. The Nayaka clan Chaudappa ( 1499 - 1530) from Keladi was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shivamogga See Bilgi for disambiguation WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bilgi is a Taluk in the Dharwad, also known as Dharwar, ( Kannada:ಧಾರವಾಡ is a city in India's Karnataka state Bellary ( Kannada: ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ Telugu: బళ్ళారి ˈbəɭɭari is a city in Bellary District in Karnataka state ^[20] Between 1766 and 1796, Mysore was ruled by Nanjaraja Wodeyar, King Chamaraja Wodeyar VII and King Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII, who, like their immediate predecessors, were kings in title only. An alliance against Mysore had been formed by the Marathas, the Nizam of Golconda and the British, culminating in the first Anglo-Mysore war in 1767. Nizam ( Urdu: نظام‌) a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk ( Urdu: نظام‌الملک) meaning Administrator of the Realm, was The war was a victory for Haider Ali, who drove the British up to modern Chennai and dictated peace terms. ^[20][21] By 1779, Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south, extending the Kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi² (205,000 km²). Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; ^[20] Haider Ali befriended the French and by 1780 made alliances with the Marathas and the Nizam, only to be betrayed by them in a crucial war in the Tamil region. He died as fighting continued with the British, and was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan. Tipu continued hostilities against the British in the second Anglo-Mysore war. ^[20][22]

Tipu, popularly known as the "Tiger of Mysore", defeated the British in Wandiwash in 1783, but lost some regions in modern coastal Karnataka to them. He also lost the Kittur, Nargund and Badami territories to the Marathas. Kittur, a village of Belgaum district Karnataka state, is a place of historical significance WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ formerly known as Vatapi, is a Taluk in the Bagalkot District Tipu's attack on the Kingdom of Travancore, a British ally, resulted in the third Anglo-Mysore war. By 1792, the British besieged Srirangapatna, resulting in Tipu's defeat. Half his territories were seized and two of his sons were taken hostage. ^[23] A humiliated but indomitable Tipu formed an alliance with the French, the Amir of Afghanistan and the Sultanate of Turkey, while the British were backed by the Marathas and Nizam of Golconda. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches In 1799, Tipu died fighting in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war, heralding the end of the Kingdom's independence. Modern Indian historians consider Tipu Sultan an inveterate enemy of the British, an able administrator and an innovator. ^[24]

Following Tipu's fall, a part of the kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the British vassals. The remaining territory was formed into a princely state and the five-year-old scion of the Wodeyar family, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, was installed on the throne by the British. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling ^[25] Because the ruler was a minor, the administration was run by Purniah, the first Diwan (minister) of Mysore. Mysore paid an annual tribute to the British Raj and a subsidy for maintaining a standing British army at Mysore. ^[26]

As Diwan, Purniah earned praise from the British for his progressive and innovative administration. ^[27] In 1811, he retired from service following the 16th birthday of the boy king. In 1831, dissatisfied with the economy of the princely state and citing mal-administration, a situation brought about by corrupt local officials (tashildars), the British took direct control of the princely state. ^[28] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III spent most of his time encouraging the fine arts, resulting in the development of Carnatic music and Kannada literature. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling ^[28] For the next fifty years, Mysore was subject to the rule of commissioners, who were British-appointed officials. In 1876–77, towards the end of the direct British rule, Mysore was struck by a devastating famine with estimated mortality figures which ranged between 700,000 and 1,100,000, or nearly a fifth of the population. ^[29] Shortly thereafter, Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar, who was educated in the British system, took over the Mysore administration in 1881, following the success of a lobby set up by the Wodeyar dynasty that was in favour of rendition. ^[30] From then onwards, until Indian independence in 1947, Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj with the Wodeyars continuing their rule. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

After the demise of Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, still a boy of eleven ascended the throne in 1895. Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV (June 4 1884-August 3 1940 Bangalore Palace) also known popularly as Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wadiyar, was the ruling Maharaja of His mother Maharani Kemparajammanniyavaru ruled as regent until Krishnaraja Wodeyar took over the reins on 8 February 1902. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[31] Under his rule, with Sir M. Vishweshwariah as his Diwan, the maharaja set about transforming Mysore into a progressive and modern state, particularly in industry, education, agriculture and art. Such were the strides that Mysore made that Mahatma Gandhi called the maharaja a Rajarishi (a saintly king). Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January ^[32] Paul Brunton, the British philosopher and orientalist, John Gunther, the American author, and British statesman Lord Samuel praised the ruler's efforts. Paul Brunton ( October 21, 1898 - July 27, 1981) was born Raphael Hurst, and later changed his name to Brunton Paul John Gunther ( August 30, 1901 – May 29, 1970) was an American journalist and author whose success came primarily in the 1940s and 1950s with Much of the pioneering work in educational infrastructure that took place during this period would serve Karnataka invaluably in the coming decades. ^[33] The maharaja was an accomplished musician, and like his predecessors, avidly patronised the development of the fine arts. ^[34] His reign is described by some historians as the "Golden age of Mysore". ^[35] He was followed by his nephew Jayachamaraja Wodeyar who proved a worthy successor in the years leading up to Indian independence. Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur ( July 18, 1919 &ndash September 23, 1974) was the 25th and the last Maharaja of the Princely The rule of the Wodeyar dynasty came to an end when Mysore joined the Indian union following the instrument of accession signed by Jayachamaraja Wodeyar on 9 August 1947. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Administration

Main article: Administration of the Kingdom of Mysore

Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the "Rajarishi", ushered in the "Golden Age"

Bharat Ratna Sir M. Vishweshwariah – "Industrialize or perish!"

There are no records relating to the administration of the Mysore territory during the Vijayanagara Empire's reign (1399–1565). The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ) (1399 - 1947 CE was a kingdom of southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV (June 4 1884-August 3 1940 Bangalore Palace) also known popularly as Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wadiyar, was the ruling Maharaja of Bharat Ratna (translates to Jewel of India or Gem of India in English) is India 's highest Civilian award, awarded for the Sir Mokshagundam Visweswaraiah, KCIE (other spellings include Visvesvaraya, Visweswaraiah, Vishweshwariah; Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಮೋಕ್ಷಗುಂಡಂ The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The first sign that the kingdom had established itself in the area was the issuing of gold coins (Kanthirayi phanam) resembling those of the erstwhile Vijayanagara Empire during Narasaraja Wodeyar's rule. ^[36] The kingdom's financial position improved further during the rule of King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, who increased the value of the Treasury to 90,000,000 Pagoda (a unit of currency) and founded the Attara Kacheri, the central secretariat comprising eighteen departments. Pagoda was a unit of currency a coin made of gold or half gold minted by Indian dynasties as well as the British and the Dutch ^[37] During Haider Ali's rule, the kingdom was divided into five provinces (Asofis) of unequal size, comprising 171 Paraganas (taluks) in total. A tehsil ( Urdu: تحصیل) (or tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, taluq, mandal) is an Administrative division ^[38] When Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler, the kingdom, which encompassed 160,000 km² (62,000 mi²), was divided into 37 Asofi and a total of 124 taluks (Amil). Each Asofi had a governor, or Asof, and one deputy Asof. The taluk was headed by an Amildar and a Patel was in charge of a group of villages. ^[39] The central administration comprised six departments headed by ministers, each aided by an advisory council of up to four members. ^[40]

When the princely state came under direct British rule in 1831, early commissioners Lushington, Briggs and Morrison were followed by Mark Cubbon, who took charge in 1834. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a ^[41] He made Bangalore the capital and divided the princely state into four divisions, each under a British superintendent. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. The state was further divided into 120 taluks with 85 taluk courts, with all lower level administration in the Kannada language. ^[41] The office of the commissioner had eight departments; revenue, post, police, cavalry, public works, medical, animal husbandry, judiciary and education. The judiciary was hierarchical with the commissioners' court at the apex, followed by the Huzur Adalat, four superintending courts and eight Sadar Munsiff courts at the lowest level. ^[42] Lewin Bowring became the chief commissioner in 1862 and held the position until 1870. Lewin Bentham Bowring (1824 - 1910 was the second son of Sir John Bowring, and the brother of John Charles Bowring and Edgar Alfred Bowring. During his tenure, the property "Registration Act", the "Indian Penal code" and "Code of Criminal Procedure" came into effect and the judiciary was separated from the executive branch of the administration. ^[42]

Rangacharlu, a native of Chennai, was made the Diwan. Under him, the first Representative Assembly of British India, with 144 members, was formed in 1881. ^[43] He was followed by Sheshadri Iyer in 1883 during whose tenure gold mining at the Kolar Gold Fields began, the Shivanasamudra hydroelectric project was initiated in 1899 (the first such major attempt in India) and electricity and drinking water (the latter through pipes) was supplied to Bangalore. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF was one of the major gold mines in India and is located in the Kolar district in Karnataka, close to the city of Shivanasamudra is a small town in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka, India. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water ^[44] Sheshadri Iyer was followed by P. N. Krishna Murthy, who founded The Secretariat Manual to maintain records and the Co-operative Department in 1905,^[44] V. P. Madhava Rao who focussed on conservation of forests and T. Ananda Rao, who finalised the Kannambadi Dam project. ^[45]

Sir M. Visveshwarayya, popularly known as the "Maker of Modern Mysore", holds a key place in the history of Karnataka. Sir Mokshagundam Visweswaraiah, KCIE (other spellings include Visvesvaraya, Visweswaraiah, Vishweshwariah; Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಮೋಕ್ಷಗುಂಡಂ ^[46] An engineer by education, he became the Diwan in 1909. ^[45] Under his tenure, membership of the Mysore Legislative Assembly was increased from 18 to 24, and it was given the power to discuss the state budget. ^[45] The Mysore Economic Conference was expanded into three committees; industry and commerce, education, and agriculture, with publications in English and Kannada. ^[47] Important projects commissioned during his time included the construction of the Kannambadi Dam, the founding of the Mysore Iron Works at Bhadravathi, founding of the Mysore University in 1916 and the Visveshwarayya College of Engineering in Bangalore. Kannambadi was a village near Mysore. It was chosen as the site for the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam in 1910 Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL is a company involved in the production of Alloy steels and Pig iron and located in the city of Bhadravathi, University of Mysore is a Public university in India. It has its main campus in the city of Mysore and extension campuses in the neighbouring districts The University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, popularly known as UVCE, is an engineering college affiliated to the Bangalore University, and is located ^[47]

Sir Mirza Ismail took office as Diwan in 1926 and built on the foundation laid by his predecessor. Sir Mirza Muhammad Ismail, CIE, OBE (1883-1959 was a Diwan of the Kingdom of Mysore. Amongst his contributions were the expansion of the Bhadravathi Iron Works, the founding of a cement and paper factory in Bhadravathi and the launch of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhadravathi is an industrial town in the Shimoga District of Karnataka state India Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL) based in Bangalore, India, is one of Asia 's largest Aerospace companies A man with a penchant for gardens, he founded the Brindavan Gardens (Krishnaraja Sagar) and built the Kaveri River high-level canal to irrigate 120,000 acres (490 km²) in modern Mandya district. The Brindavan Gardens is a garden located in the state of Karnataka in India. The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English ^[48]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore

Part of a series on the
History of Karnataka
Origin of Karnataka's name
Kadambas and Gangas
Chalukya dynasty
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Western Chalukya Empire
Southern Kalachuri
Hoysala Empire
Vijayanagara Empire
Bahmani Sultanate
Bijapur Sultanate
Political history of medieval Karnataka
Kingdom of Mysore
Unification of Karnataka
Societies    Economies
Architectures    Forts
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The economy of the kingdom was based on agriculture, due to the majority of its people being villagers. The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (1399 - 1947 CE was a kingdom of Southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya The recorded history of Karnataka goes back more than two millennia Karnataka is an Indian state Several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South Origin of Kalachuris Natives of Central India Historians such as Dr The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 The political history of medieval Karnataka spans the 4th to the 16th centuries when the empires that evolved in the Karnataka region of India made a The Unification of Karnataka refers to the formation of the Indian state of Karnataka, then called as Mysore State, in 1956 when several The agrarian population consisted of landlords (gavunda, zamindar, heggadde) who tilled the land by employing a number of landless labourers, usually paying them in grain. for the town in Afghanistan see Gowda Afghanistan Gowda ( Gauda or Gowdru is usually the name given to the head of the Family or family Zamindar ( Devanagari: ज़मींदार zamīndār, Urdu: زمیندار zamīndār, Eastern Nagari: জমিদার Hegde is a Surname or Family name which has its roots and manifest in the Indian state of Karnataka. Minor cultivators were also willing to hire themselves out as labourers if the need arose. ^[49] It was due to the availability of these landless labourers that kings and landlords were able to execute major projects such as palaces, temples, mosques, anicuts (dams) and tanks. ^[50] Because land was abundant and the population relatively sparse, no rent was charged on land ownership. Instead, landowners paid tax for cultivation, which amounted to up to one-half of all harvested produce. ^[50]

Tipu Sultan is credited to have founded state trading depots in various locations of his kingdom. In addition, he founded depots in foreign locations such as Karachi, Jeddah and Muscat, where Mysore products were sold. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the ^[51] During Tipu's rule French technology was used for the first time in carpentry and smithy, Chinese technology was used for sugar production, and technology from Bengal helped improve the sericulture industry. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of Metal objects China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of Silkworms for the production of raw Silk. ^[52] State factories were established in Kanakapura and Taramandelpeth for producing cannons and gunpowder respectively. The state held the monopoly in the production of essentials such as sugar, salt, iron, pepper, cardamom, betel nut, tobacco and sandalwood, as well as the extraction of incense oil from sandalwood and the mining of silver, gold and precious stones. for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential Sandalwood was exported to China and the Persian Gulf countries and sericulture was developed in twenty-one centres within the kingdom. ^[53]

This system changed under the British, when tax payments were made in cash, and were used for the maintenance of the army, police and other civil and public establishments. A portion of the tax was transferred to England as the "Indian tribute". ^[54] Unhappy with the loss of their traditional revenue system and the problems they faced, peasants rose in rebellion in many parts of south India. ^[55] After 1800, the Cornwallis land reforms came into effect. Reade, Munro, Graham and Thackeray were some administrators who improved the economic conditions of the masses. ^[56] However, the homespun textile industry suffered during British rule, with the exception of the producers of the finest cloth and the coarse cloth which was popular with the rural masses. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. This was due to the manufacturing mills of Manchester, Liverpool and Scotland being more than a match for the traditional handweaving industry, especially in spinning and weaving. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. ^[57][58]

The economic revolution in England and the tariff policies of the British also caused massive de-industrialization in other sectors throughout India and Mysore. For example, the gunny bag weaving business had been a monopoly of the Goniga people, which they lost when the British began ruling the area. The import of a chemical substitute for saltpetre (potassium nitrate) affected the Uppar community, the traditional makers of saltpetre for use in gunpowder. The import of kerosene affected the Ganiga community which supplied oils. Foreign enamel and crockery industries had an impact on the native pottery business and mill-made blankets replaced the country-made blankets called kambli. ^[59] This economic fallout led to the formation of community-based social welfare organisations to help those within the community to cope better with their new economic situation, including youth hostels for students seeking education and shelter. ^[60] However, the British economic policies created a class structure consisting of a newly established middle class comprising various blue and white-collared occupational groups, including agents, brokers, lawyers, teachers, civil servants and physicians. Due to a more flexible caste hierarchy, the middle class contained a heterogeneous mix of people from different castes. ^[61]

Culture

Religion

Temple pond at Shravanabelagola, built by King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar

Cheluva Narayana Swamy temple at Melkote

The Mysore royalty are generally known to have been Hindu Vaishnavas and the goddess Chamundeshwari, a manifestation of the goddess Durga, was their family deity. Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Melukote ( Kannada: ಮೇಲುಕೋಟೆ in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district, A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and In Hinduism, Durga ("the inaccessible" or "the invincible" or Maa Durga (Mother Durga is a form of Devi, the supreme Goddess ^{[62][63][64][65][66]} The rise of the modern day Mysore city as a centre of south Indian culture has been traced from the period of their sovereignty . ^[67] Raja Wodeyar I initiated the celebration of the Dasara festival in Mysore, a proud tradition of the erstwhile Vijayanagara royal family. Dasara, also called "Navaratri" is among the most important festivals celebrated in India. ^[68] However, the kings were tolerant to other sects and religious faiths. This is evidenced by the high ranking non-Vaishnavites in their courts, including Kalale Nanjarajaiah, a staunch Shaiva,^[69] who served under Krishnaraja Wodeyar I, and Haider Ali, a Shia Muslim who rose to power and received much adulation in the court of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II. Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism.

Jainism, though in decline during the late medieval period, also enjoyed the patronage of the Mysore kings, who made endowments to the Jain monastic order at Shravanabelagola. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. ^[70][71] This patronage may have been in part due to the friendship between the Mysore royal family and some Jain noble families, including the Urs and Paleygars, and also the fact that some Mysore queens were Jains. ^[72] Inscriptions from 1634 prove that the Mysore kings made munificent grants for the renovation and restoration of Jain monoliths and temples. Chamaraja Wodeyar IV made a grant of four villages to the pontiff of Shravanabelagola and brought him back from Gerosoppa, where the pontiff had taken refuge to escape the wrath of a local tax collector. Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. In 1611, Raja Wodeyar I began an annuity of 3,000 rupees for the maintenance of the Gomateshwara monolith and 33 other Jain temples in the area. Gomateshwara is a monolithic statue standing at above a hill in a place called Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state India A monolith is a geological feature such as a Mountain, consisting of a single massive stone or rock or a single piece of rock placed as or within a monument The incumbent ruler of Mysore either performed the Mahamastakabhisheka or presided over it in the years 1672, 1675, 1800, 1925, and 1940. The Mahamasthakabhisheka (or Mahamasthak Abhishek) is an important Jain festival held once every twelve years in the town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka In 1830, King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III donated five villages in and around Shravanabelagola to the Jain monastic order. ^[73]

The contact between South India and Islam goes back to the 7th century when trade between Hindu kingdoms and Islamic caliphates thrived. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history These Muslim traders settled on the Malabar coast and married local Hindu women, and their descendants came to be known as Mappillas. Malabar (മലബാര്‍ is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. ^[74] By the 14th century, Muslims had become a significant minority in the south, though the advent of Portuguese missionaries checked their growth. ^[74] Haider Ali, though a devout Muslim, did not allow his faith to interfere with the administration of the predominantly Hindu kingdom. Historians are, however, divided on the intentions of Haider Ali's son, Tipu Sultan. It has been claimed that Tipu raised Hindus to prominent positions in his administration, made generous grants to Hindu temples and brahmins, and generally respected other faiths, and that any religious conversions that Tipu undertook were as punishment to those who rebelled against his authority. ^[75] However, this has been countered by other historians who claim that Tipu Sultan treated the non-Muslims of Mysore far better than those of the Malabar, Raichur and Kodagu regions. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Raichur (ರಾಯಚೂರು origin of name Rayachooru in Kannada is a town and a city municipal council Kodagu ( Kannada:ಕೊಡಗು is a district of Karnataka State in Southern India. They opine that Tipu was responsible for mass conversions of Christians and Hindus in these regions, either by giving them tax incentives and revenue benefits or by force. ^[76][77]

The spread of Christianity in South India has been traced back to the arrival of the Portuguese on the west coast. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings It was through the patronage of these devout Roman Catholics that chaplains and missionaries went to various regions to encourage people to join the Christian faith. A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ^[78] Some evidence, however, suggests that not all of these conversions were peaceful and that the Portuguese soldiers may also have undertaken coercive methods to achieve their ends. ^[79] Saint Francis Xavier, perhaps the most respected Christian saint in India, gave a new boost to the growth of Christianity. Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings He travelled from village to village, healing the sick, burying the dead and doing what he could to reduce the miseries of the poor and underprivileged. The institutions established in his name are a testimony to his popularity and achievements. ^[80]

Lo Cinnami, a Jesuit from Goa, was the founder of the Mysore mission. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The Portuguese patronage called Padraodo was suppressed by the Propaganda of the more hostile European powers, including the English, the French, the Dutch and the Danes. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Propaganda sent out Capuchins, the Discalced Carmelites, the Theatines and the missionaries of the Society of Paris. The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ( OFM Cap; in England and Ireland, O ^[81] The foundation stone of the Protestant church in India was laid by the Danish settlement at Tranquebar. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Ziegenbalg and Plutschan were the first missionaries to arrive in 1709, under the patronage of King Frederick IV of Denmark. ^[82] The best known Lutheran missionary connected with the Danish royal mission was Christian Frederick Schwartz. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther After his death, the Lutheran church declined and was absorbed by the Anglican church, whose reach became significant after the rise of British power in India in the 19th century. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches ^[83]

Society

Main article: Society of the Kingdom of Mysore

The Crawford Hall on Mysore University campus, houses the university offices

Mysore painting depicting the Hindu Goddess Lakshmi

Mural of Battle of Pollilur in Tipu's summer palace

Prior to the 18th century, the society of the kingdom followed age-old and deeply established norms of social interaction between people. The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (1399 - 1947 CE was a kingdom of Southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya University of Mysore is a Public university in India. It has its main campus in the city of Mysore and extension campuses in the neighbouring districts A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Lakshmi or Mahalakshmi (pronunciation; Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी lakṣmī) is the Hindu Goddess of Wealth A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface Accounts by contemporaneous travellers indicate the widespread practice of the Hindu caste system and of animal sacrifices during the Mahanavami nine day celebrations. Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group ^[84] Later, fundamental changes occurred due to the struggle between native and foreign powers. Though wars between the Hindu kingdoms and the Sultanates continued, the battles between native rulers (including Muslims) and the newly arrived British, took centre stage. ^[85] The spread of English education, the introduction of the printing press and the criticism of the prevailing social system by Christian missionaries helped make the society more flexible. The rise of modern nationalism throughout India also had its impact on Mysore. ^[86]

With the advent of British power, English education gained prominence in addition to traditional education in local languages. These changes were orchestrated by Lord Elphinstone, the governor of the Madras Presidency. Lord Elphinstone, of Elphinstone in the County of Stirling is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St His plan became the constitution of the central collegiate institution or University Board in 1841. ^[87] Accordingly, a high school department of the university was established. For imparting education in the interior regions, schools were raised in principal towns which eventually were elevated to college level, with each college becoming central to many zilla schools (local schools). ^[88] The earliest English-medium schools appeared in 1833 in Mysore and spread across the region. In 1858, the department of education was founded in Mysore and by 1881, there were an estimated 2,087 English medium schools in the state of Mysore. Higher education became available with the formation of Bangalore Central College in Bangalore (1870), Maharaja's college (1879), Maharani's college (1901) and the Mysore University (1916) in Mysore and the St. University of Mysore is a Public university in India. It has its main campus in the city of Mysore and extension campuses in the neighbouring districts Agnes college in Mangalore (1921). ^[89]

Social reforms aimed at removing practices such as sati and at social discrimination based upon untouchability, as well as demands for the emancipation of the lower classes, swept across India and influenced Mysore territory. Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. ^[90] In 1894, the kingdom passed laws to abolish the marriage of girls below the age of eight. Remarriage of widowed women and marriage of destitute women was encouraged, and in 1923, women were granted the permission to exercise their franchise in elections. ^[91] There were, however, uprisings against British authority in the Mysore territory, notably the Kodagu uprising in 1835 (after the British dethroned the local ruler Chikkaviraraja) and the Kanara uprising of 1837. Kodagu ( Kannada:ಕೊಡಗು is a district of Karnataka State in Southern India. The Kanara or Canara region (called Karavali) that comprises three coastal districts of Karnataka, a southern state of India. ^[92] The era of printing heralded by Christian missionaries resulted in the founding of printing presses across the kingdom. The publication of ancient and contemporary Kannada books (such as the Pampa Bharata and the Jaimini Bharata), a Kannada-language Bible, a bilingual dictionary and a Kannada newspaper (called Kannada Samachara) began in the early 19th century. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin ^[93] Aluru Venkata Rao published a consolidated Kannada history glorifying the achievements of Kannadigas in his book Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava. Aluru Venkata Rao (ಆಲೂರು ವೆಂಕಟರಾವ್ (12th July 1880 - 25th Feb 1964 was one of the most eminent leaders of the ''Karnataka Ekikarana'' movement Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations ^[94]

Native Yakshagana as well as classical English and Sanskrit plays influenced the Kannada stage and produced famous dramatists like Gubbi Veeranna. Yakshagana ( Kannada:ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ pronounced as yaksha-gaana) is a classical Folk art form of the state of Karnataka in India Gubbi Veeranna (ಗುಬ್ಬಿ ವೀರಣ್ಣ was an Indian Theatre director, one of the pioneers and most prolific contributors to Kannada ^[95] The public began to enjoy Carnatic music through its broadcast via public address systems set up on the palace grounds. ^[96] Mysore paintings, which were inspired by the Bengal Renaissance, were created by artists such as Sundarayya, Ala Singarayya, and B. The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the region of Bengal in Undivided India during the Venkatappa. ^[97]

Literature

Main article: Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore

Opening page of the musical treatise Sritattvanidhi proclaiming Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as the author

A Yakshagana artist dressed as a Rakshasa or demon

The era of the Kingdom of Mysore is considered an important age of Kannada literature, especially in the field of musical treatises, compositions and dramas. The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ 1399-1947 was founded by Yaduraya in 1399 as a feudatory Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India The Sritattvanidhi (Śrītattvanidhi ("The Illustrious Treasure of Realities" is an iconographic treatise written in the 19th century in Karnataka by order of the Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling Yakshagana ( Kannada:ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ pronounced as yaksha-gaana) is a classical Folk art form of the state of Karnataka in India A rakshasa ( Sanskrit: राक्षसः rākṣasaḥ; alternately rakshas, Malay: raksasa, Bengali: rakshosh Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the Not only was the Mysore court adorned by famous Brahmin and Virashaiva writers and composers,^[98][99] but the kings themselves were accomplished in the fine arts and made important contributions. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. ^[100] Though traditional literature in philosophy and religion was written, a wave of writings in such new genres as chronicles (vamshavali), biographies, histories, encyclopedias, novels, dramas, and treatises on music and musical compositions became popular. ^[101] A unique and native form of poetic literature with dramatic representation called Yakshagana gained popularity in the 18th century. Yakshagana ( Kannada:ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ pronounced as yaksha-gaana) is a classical Folk art form of the state of Karnataka in India ^[102][103] Another remarkable development of the later period was the influence of English literature and classical Sanskrit literature on Kannada literature. The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from Literature in Sanskrit begins with the Vedas, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India; the golden age of Classical ^[104]

Govinda Vaidya, a native of Srirangapatna, wrote a eulogy of his patron King Narasaraja Wodeyar called Kanteerava Narasaraja Vijayam. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna Written in sangatya metre (a composition meant to be rendered to the accompaniment of a musical instrument) and melodious Kannada, the book describes the lifestyle of the kingdom, the king's court, the popular music and the types of musical compositions of the age in twenty-six chapters (sandhis). ^[105] King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, the earliest composer of the dynasty, received the honorific Sahitya Vidyanikasha Prastharam for his interest in the fine arts. ^[106][17] To him is ascribed the famous treatise on music in Kannada called Geetha Gopala. Though inspired by Jayadeva's Sanskrit writing Geetha Govinda, it had an originality of its own and was written in saptapadi metre (seven beats per line). This is the first writing that propagates the Vaishnava faith in the Kannada language. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and ^[107] Famous names in Kannada literature during the 17th century include the brahmin poet Lakshmisa, the Jain grammarian Bhattakalanka and the Virashaiva poet Sarvajna. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. Sarvajña ( Sanskrit for "all-knowing" Kannada: kn ಸರ್ವಜ್ಞ was a poet in the Kannada language Female poets also played a role in the development of Kannada literature, with Cheluvambe (the queen of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I), Haridasa Helavanakatte Giriyamma, Sri Rangamma (1685) and Sanchi Honnamma (author of Hadibadeya Dharma) writing notable Kannada-language works. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. ^[108]

The rule of King Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II is considered the age of Yakshagana compositions. A polyglot, he authored fourteen Yakshaganas in various languages though all are written in Kannada script. ^[109] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was a prolific writer in Kannada for which he was called Abhinava Bhoja. ^[110] Over forty writings are attributed to him of which a poetical romance called Saugandika Parinaya written in two versions, a sangatya and a drama, are popular. ^[111] In this writing, the author imaginatively narrates the story of the sage Durvasa who curses Devendra (the Hindu god Indra) to be born as Sucharitra, the son of Sugandharaya, the king of Ratnapuri. In Hinduism, Durvasa (दुर्वास is an ancient sage, son of Atri and Anasuya. Indra ( Sanskrit: इन्द्र or इंद्र Indra, Malay: Indera, Thai: พระอินทร์ Phra-Intra Devendra's wife Shachidevi takes birth as Sougandhika and marries Sucharitra. ^[112] He has written three landmark musical treatises called Sri Tatwanidhi (with iconography), Swara Chudamani and Sara Sangraha Bharata. The Sritattvanidhi (Śrītattvanidhi ("The Illustrious Treasure of Realities" is an iconographic treatise written in the 19th century in Karnataka by order of the ^[113]

Basavappa Shastry, a native of Mysore and a luminary in the court of maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III and Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, is known as Kannada Nataka Pitamaha ("the father of Kannada theatre"). Shastri composed the first state anthem of the Mysore Kingdom called Kayou Sri Gowri for the coronation of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX. ^[114] Because of his proficiency in Kannada and Sanskrit and his knowledge of the fine arts, he was appointed the head of Chamaraja Nataka Sabha (a drama consortium) in 1882. Basavappa Shastry authored dramas in Kannada and translated William Shakespeare's "Othello" to Shurasena Charite with the help of D. William Shakespeare ( baptised C. Subba Rao. Among his translations from Sanskrit to Kannada are Kalidasa, Abhignyana Shakuntala, Vikramorvasheeya, Malavikagnimitra, Uttara Rama Charite, Chanda Koushika Nataka, Malathi Madhava and Ratnavali. ^[115]

Music

Main article: Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore

Legendary Vainikas – Veene Subbanna and Veene Sheshanna (photographed in 1902)

T. Chowdiah – the renowned seven-stringed violin exponent

Though most Mysore kings and rulers patronised music and many were noted musicians themselves, the golden age of Carnatic music in the Kingdom started from the reign of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. The Kingdom of Mysore (1399-1947 was founded by Yaduraya in 1399 as a feudatory of the Vijayanagara Empire and became an independent kingdom in the early 17th century Veena (also spelled 'vina' Kannada: ವೀಣ Malayalam: വീണ Tamil: வீணா Telugu: వీణ is a Plucked stringed Veene Sheshanna ( Kannada: ವೀಣೆ ಶೇಷಣ್ಣ (1852-1926 was a famous exponent of the Veena, an Indian string instrument which he played Tirumakudalu Chowdiah ( Kannada: ಸಂಗೀತ ರತ್ನ ತಿರುಮಕೂಡಲು ಚೌಡಯ್ಯ) ( 1895 - 19 January, 1967 The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India In particular, the reign of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV is considered a high point. ^[116][117] During this time Mysore developed a distinct school of music which gave importance to raga and bhava and became a seat of Carnatic music. Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used Bhava is the Sanskrit and Pāli word for "becoming" in the sense of 'ongoing worldly existence' from the root bhū "to become" ^[97]

Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was a musician, musicologist and composer of merit. His compositions bear the mudra (nom de plume) '"Chamundi'" or '"Chamundeshwari'", the name of the Wodeyar family deity. A mudrā ( Sanskrit: मुद्रा lit "seal" is a symbolic or ritual gesture in Hinduism and Buddhism. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity He composed javali (light lyrics) and devotional songs based on a philosophical theme in the Kannada language under the title Anubhava pancharatna. Javali in Carnatic music have their roots in Mysore and are first mentioned in the king's writings as javadi. ^[118] Veena Sheshanna, considered one of the greatest exponents of the veena, was born in Mysore in 1852. Veene Sheshanna ( Kannada: ವೀಣೆ ಶೇಷಣ್ಣ (1852-1926 was a famous exponent of the Veena, an Indian string instrument which he played Veena (also spelled 'vina' Kannada: ವೀಣ Malayalam: വീണ Tamil: வீணா Telugu: వీణ is a Plucked stringed ^[119] He was appointed court musician during the rule of Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX. ^[109] His achievements in classical music won Mysore a premier place in the art of instrumental Carnatic music and he was given the title "Vainika Shikhamani" by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. ^{[120] [121]}

Mysore Vasudevacharya was a musician and composer born on 28 May 1865 in Mysore. Mysore Vasudevachar ( May 28, 1865 - May 17, 1961) was a composer of Carnatic music and a famous singer Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He holds the unique distinction of being patronised by four generations of Mysore kings and rulers and for being court musician to three of them. ^[122] A master of both Carnatic and Hindustani raga, he delivered the opening Sanskrit shloka at the Indian National Congress convention at Belagavi in 1924, represented Mysore in the "Akhila Bharateeya Sangeeta Parishat" concert held in Gwalior and earned the titles "Sangeeta Shastra Ratna" ("gem of music") and "Sangeeta Shastra Visharada". Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used A Sanskrit term shloka (श्लोक also spelt sloka specifically denotes a metered and often rhymed poetic verse or phrase Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Belgaum ( WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gwalior ( Hindi: ग्वालियर) is a city in Madhya Pradesh in India ^[123] Credited to him are compositions in Sanskrit and Telugu under the pen name Vasudeva and two books in Kannada. ^[124]

H.L. Muthiah Bhagavatar was a famous musician and composer of this period. Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavatar (November 15 1877 - June 30 1945 commonly known as Muthiah Bhagavatar, is one of Carnatic classical music's famous twentieth A native of Tirunelveli (in modern Tamil Nadu) and a student of Samabasiva Iyer in Tiruvayyar, he was appointed as a court musician at Mysore in 1927 and was honoured with the title "Gayaka Shikamani" by his patron Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. ^[125] Four hundred compositions in Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil under the pen name "Harikesha" are credited to him. In addition, he wrote an important treatise on music in Tamil called "Sangeeta Kalpadrumam" and a biography of Tyagaraja, "Srimat Tyagaraja Vijaya", in Sanskrit. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Thyāgarāja (శ్రీ త్యాగరాజ స్వామి May 4, 1767 - January 6, 1847) was a composer of Carnatic music ^[126] He is considered one of the most important composers of the post-Tyagaraja period. Thyāgarāja (శ్రీ త్యాగరాజ స్వామి May 4, 1767 - January 6, 1847) was a composer of Carnatic music ^[127]

T. Chowdiah, a noted personality in the field of Carnatic music, was born on 1 January 1894 in Tirumakudalu Narasipura, near Mysore. Tirumakudalu Chowdiah ( Kannada: ಸಂಗೀತ ರತ್ನ ತಿರುಮಕೂಡಲು ಚೌಡಯ್ಯ) ( 1895 - 19 January, 1967 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common As a student of the well-known musician Bidaram Krishnappa, Chowdiah emerged as an accomplished violinist. The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century ^[128] The ambidextrous Chowdiah is known to have played music with all the famous Carnatic musicians of his day. Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both right and left Appendages (such as the Hands) In 1939, he was appointed court musician by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and received such titles as "Sangeeta Ratna" and "Sangeeta Kalanidhi". He is credited with many compositions in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit under the pen name "Trimakuta". ^[129]

Architecture

The Gopura (tower) of the Chamundeshwari Temple atop the Chamundi Hills, dedicated to Mysore's patron deity

The architecture of the Kingdom of Mysore is most notably manifested in palaces and courtly buildings built in various styles and temples built in the Dravidian style. A Gopuram or gopura (also known as a vimanam) is a monumental tower usually ornate at the entrance of a temple especially in Southern India. In Hinduism, Durga ("the inaccessible" or "the invincible" or Maa Durga (Mother Durga is a form of Devi, the supreme Goddess The Chamundi Hills are located in India, close to the palace city of Mysore. Dravidian architecture was a style of architecture that emerged thousands of years ago in the Indian subcontinent When in power, Tipu Sultan constructed a palace and a mosque in Srirangapatna, his capital. However, it is the city of Mysore that is best known for its royal palaces, earning it the nickname "City of Palaces". The city's main palace, the Mysore Palace, was designed by the English architect Henry Irwin in 1897, though there is evidence that a royal structure had existed on the same site a few centuries earlier. The Palace of Mysore is a palace situated in the city of Mysore, southern India. The palace's exterior is Indo-Saracenic in style but the wealth of detail inside is distinctly Hoysala in nature. Hoysala architecture (ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire, in the region known today ^[130] Domes, arches, colonnades and carved pillars, as well as its size, add to this palace's notability. The octagonal Kalyana mantapa (Marriage Hall) on the ground floor has 26 canvas paintings on its walls depicting the Dasara procession. ^[131] On the first floor, a marble staircase leads to a grand colonnaded Durbar hall containing famous paintings, including one of the Hindu god Vishnu on the ceiling. The opulent Amba Vilas hall, with its carved teakwood ceiling, white marble floors, semi-precious inlay work in the Agra style, silver door with a depiction of the dashavatara and dikpalas (guardians), teak doors inlayed with ivory, Belgian stained glass, cast iron pillars from Glasgow, etched glass windows and chandeliers are worthy of mention. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom A chandelier is a branched decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture with two or more arms bearing lights ^[130][131]

The Jaganmohan Palace at Mysore – now an art gallery which is home to some of Raja Ravi Varma's masterpieces

Tipu Sultan's tomb at Srirangapatna

Lalitha Mahal at Mysore – now a five-star hotel, plays host to visiting dignitaries and VIPs

The Lalitha Mahal Palace was built in 1921 by E. Jaganmohan Palace is a palace in Mysore, in the state of Karnataka, India. Raja Ravi Varma ( April 29, 1848 - October 2, 1906) was an Indian painter who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna The Lalitha Mahal is the second largest palace in Mysore. It is located near the Chamundi Hills, east of the city Stars are often used as symbols for classification purposes They are used by reviewers for ranking things such as movies TV shows restaurants and hotels A Very Important Person, or VIP is a person who is accorded special privileges due to his or her status or importance The Lalitha Mahal is the second largest palace in Mysore. It is located near the Chamundi Hills, east of the city W. Fritchley under the commission of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. The architectural style is called "Renaissance" and exhibits concepts from English manor houses and Italian palazzos. A manor house or fortified manor-house is a Country house, which has historically formed the administrative centre of a manor (see Manorialism ^[132] The central dome is believed to be modelled on St. Paul's Cathedral in London. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. Other important features are the Italian marble staircase, the polished wooden flooring in the banquet and dance halls, and the Belgian cut glass lamps. ^[132] The Jaganmohan Palace was built mostly in the Hindu style in the middle of the 19th century by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. Jaganmohan Palace is a palace in Mysore, in the state of Karnataka, India. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling Noted for its ornamental pavilion (called the Wedding Pavilion), this palace was the marriage site of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. The palace has an elegant façade with three large entrances. The moulded and bracketed entablature supports miniature elaborate towers that look like temples and serve both as gables and as crest niches. The palace has spacious balconies, stained glass windows, shutters and ventilators. ^[133]

The Jayalakshmi Vilas Palace was built by maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1905 for the eldest daughter of Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, Kumari Jayalakshmammanni. Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion is a heritage building in Mysore. Description Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion is a building in of Mysore city, Built in the Corinthian style, it consists of a three-winged building with two Corinthian and Ionic columns, regal pediments on the first floor and above the north and east porches, plastered windows, and rich masonry and woodwork. The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure ( Entablature) typically supported by ^[134] The sculptures of the Hindu goddess Lakshmi on the north side and of the goddess Bhuvaneshwari on the south side are particularly notable. Lakshmi or Mahalakshmi (pronunciation; Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी lakṣmī) is the Hindu Goddess of Wealth ^[133] The Karanji Vilas mansion, an Indo-Greek style building, was commissioned in 1902 and completed in 1932. It was built for the second princess, Kumari Krishnarajammanni, and overlooks the Karanji Lake. Karanji Lake ( Kannada:ಕಾರಂಜಿ ಕೆರೆ is a Lake located in the city of Mysore in the state of Karnataka, India. The Cheluvamba Mansion was built for her sister, the youngest princess, in 1910. An imposing yet balanced structure, its main façade contains twin towers flanking semi-circular columned verandas on the ground and first floors. A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porchIt is also described as an open pillared gallery generally roofed built around a central structure ^[133] The maharaja's summer palace, built in 1880, is called the Lokaranjan Mahal, and initially served as a school for royalty. The Rajendra Vilas Palace, built in the Indo-British style atop the Chamundi Hill, was commissioned in 1922 and completed in 1938 by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. The Rajendra Vilas is a palace-hotel atop Chamundi Hills in Mysore. The Chamundi Hills are located in India, close to the palace city of Mysore. ^[132] Other royal mansions built by the Mysore rulers were the Chittaranjan Mahal in Mysore and the Bangalore Palace in Bangalore, a structure built on the lines of England's Windsor Castle. Bangalore Palace is a Palace located in the city of Bangalore, India and is built to look like a smaller replica of the Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of ^[135]

Famous among the kingdom's temples is the Chamundeshwari Temple atop the Chamundi Hill. The Chamundi Hills are located in India, close to the palace city of Mysore. The earliest structure here was consecrated in the 12th century and was later patronised by the Mysore rulers. Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III added a Dravidian-style gopuram in 1827. A Gopuram or gopura (also known as a vimanam) is a monumental tower usually ornate at the entrance of a temple especially in Southern India. The temple has silver-plated doors with images of deities. Other images include those of the Hindu god Ganesha and of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III with his three queens. Ganesha ( Sanskrit: sa गणेश Gaṇeśa) also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh and also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar ^[136] Surrounding the main palace in Mysore and inside the fort are five temples, built in various periods. The Prasanna Krishnaswamy Temple was commissioned in 1829 by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. It contains sculpted images of Hindu deities, a statue of the king and his queens and a shrine for Sage Atri, with whom the Wodeyar dynasty have a legendary association. ^[137] The Lakshmiramana Swamy Temple, the oldest of the fort temples, existed prior to 1499. Legend has it that King Raja Wodeyar survived after having been poisoned at the temple because of his faith in Vishnu, the temple's deity. ^[137] The Trinesvara Swamy Temple, built for the three-eyed god Shiva, has existed since the time of King Raja Wodeyar and was renovated by successive kings. Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva ^[137]

The Shweta Varaha Swamy Temple is unique in that it contains many aspects of Hoysala architecture. Hoysala architecture (ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire, in the region known today Built by Purniah, the Diwan of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, it is believed to contain structures taken from a then-existing Hoysala temple. ^[137] The Prasanna Venkataramana Swami Temple, a Vishnu temple containing 12 murals of the Wodeyar rulers, was built by Subbaraya Dasa, an officer of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, in 1836. ^[137] Tipu Sultan built the Dariya Daulat Palace in the Dariya Daulat Bhag (literally the "garden of the wealth of the sea") in 1784. Built in the Indo-Saracenic style, the palace is known for its intricate woodwork and paintings. The west wall of the palace is covered with murals depicting Tipu Sultan's victory over Colonel Baillie's army at Pollilur, near Kanchipuram in 1780. Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of One mural shows Tipu enjoying the fragrance of a bouquet of flowers while the battle is in progress. In that painting, the French soldiers' moustaches distinguish them from the cleanshaven British soldiers. For the Swedish heavy metal band see Mustasch. A moustache (or mustache) is Facial hair grown on the upper Lip. ^[138] The Masjid-e-Ala or Jama Masjid was built by Tipu Sultan in 1784 and has minarets mounted on a tall platform. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة It has two storeys and is octagonal in shape with pigeonholes surmounted by domes. The walls and ceilings are decorated with Persian scriptures in fine calligraphy. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 ^[139]

Notes

References