| Khwarezmian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Khwarezm | |
| Language extinction: | ca. Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken 13th c. AD | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Northeastern Khwarezmian | |
| Writing system: | Aramaic alphabet, Sogdian alphabet, Pahlavi script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | xco | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, which belongs to the Iranian family ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Khwarezmian, also known as Khwarazmian or Chorasmian, is the name of an extinct northeastern Iranian language [1][2][3] closely related to Sogdian. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The language was spoken in the area of Khwarezm (Chorasmia) on the northern banks of the river Syr Darya (Jaxartes) in Transoxiana (part of the modern Republic of Uzbekistan). Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly
Our knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and much like Sogdian, we are not sure of its ancient form. Before the advancement of Islam in Transoxiana (early 8th century AD), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and Pahlavi with its roots in the Aramaic script. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. From the few remaining pieces of this script (from coins and artifacts), it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic logograms or ideograms, that is, Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones. A logogram, or logograph, is a Grapheme which represents a word or a Morpheme (a meaningful unit of language An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea
After the advancement of Islam, Khwareazmian adapted a version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet with a few extra signs to reflect the specific Khwarezmian sounds such as 'ts' and 'dz'. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. A version of this script survives and is used by modern speakers of Pashtu. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as
From the writings of the great Khwarezmian scholars, Biruni and Zamakhshari, we know that the language was in use at least until the 13th century AD, when it was gradually replaced by various dialects of Turkish as well as by Persian. Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari also called Jar Allah ( Arabic for "God's neighbour" and known widely as al-Zamakhshari (1074 or 1075 The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the
Other than the astronomical terms used by Biruni, our other sources of Khwarezmian include Zamakhshari's Arabic-Persian-Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms to explain certain legal concepts. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari also called Jar Allah ( Arabic for "God's neighbour" and known widely as al-Zamakhshari (1074 or 1075 Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
The noted scholar W.B. Henning was preparing a dictionary of Khwarezmian when he died, leaving it unfinished. Walter Bruno Henning ( August 26, 1908 &mdash January 8, 1967) was a scholar of Middle Iranian languages and literature especially
Notes
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian Language", D.N.Mackenzie
- ^ Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278
- ^ MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244-1249
See also
External links
- Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian language" by D.N. Mackenzie
- http://www.iranianlanguages.com
- http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html
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