IBM 029 keypunch.

A key punch is a device for entering data into punched cards by precisely punching holes at locations designated by the keys struck by the operator. Early keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were mechanized, often resembled a small desk, with a keyboard similar to a typewriter, and with hoppers for blank and punched cards. Alphanumeric keyboards include Typewriters and Computer keyboards. Some key punch models could print at the top of columns, the character punched in each of those columns. The small pieces punched out by a keypunch fell into a chad box, or (at IBM) chip box, or bit bucket. Chad refers to paper fragments created when holes are made in a paper card or similar synthetic materials typically computer Punched tape or Punch cards The bit bucket is Jargon for where lost Computerized data has gone by any means any Data which does not end up where it is supposed to being lost in

In many data processing facilities the punched cards were sent to a second machine, called a verifier, that looked similar to a key punch. The verifier operator entered the exact same data as the keypunch operator and the verifier machine then checked to see if the punched data was the same. Two pass verification, also called double data entry, is a data entry quality control method that was originally employed when data records were entered onto sequential 80 column Successfully verified cards had a small notch punched on the right hand edge. There was a great demand for key punch operators, usually women^[1], who worked full-time on key punch and verifier machines.

Some IBM keypunches provided for the mounting of a program (or drum) card that controlled various functions, such as tabbing and automatic duplication of fields from the previous card. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology

Hollerith and IBM Keypunches, 1890 through 1930s

Herman Hollerith's first device for punching cards from the 1890s used a pantograph to link a punch mechanism to a guide pointer that an operator would place over the appropriate mark in a 12 by 20 matrix to line up a manual punch over correct hole in one of 20 columns, In 1901, Hollerith patented a mechanism where an operator pressed one of 12 keys to punch a hole, with the card automatically advancing to the next column. Herman Hollerith ( February 29, 1860 &ndash November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that A pantograph (from Greek roots παντ- 'all every' and γραφ- 'to write' from their original use for copying writing is a mechanical linkage connected in a U.S. Patent 682,197  This first generation Type 001 key punch used 45 columns and round holes. In 1923 CTR (renamed IBM in 1924) introduced the first electric keypunch^[2], a similar looking device where each key closed an electrical contact that activated a solenoid which punched the hole. The Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR was incorporated on June 15 1911 in Endicott New York a few miles west of Binghamton A solenoid is a three-dimensional Coil. In Physics, the term solenoid refers to a loop of wire often wrapped around a Metallic core which Later IBM key punches included the Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Key Punch (1929), the Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch (1933) ,and the Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch (1933). See Early Card Punch Machines at Columbia University Computing History^[3].

Post-WW II IBM Key punches and verifiers for 80-column cards

IBM 024, 026

Metal plate character generator ROM from IBM 026 keypunch

The IBM 024 Card Punch (photo) and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949. They were almost identical, with the exception of the printing mechanism.

The heart of the 024 and 026 keypunches was a set of twelve precision punches, one per card row, each with an actuator of relatively high power. Punch cards were stepped across the punch one column at a time, and the appropriate punches were activated to create the holes, resulting in a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as columns were punched.

The 026 could print the punched character above each column. There were two popular versions with slightly different character sets. The scientific version printed parentheses, equal sign and plus sign in place of four less frequently used characters in the commercial character set: percent, lozenge, pound, and ampersand. The character was printed using a 5x7 dot matrix array of wires; the ROM from which it derived the shape of the character was a metal plate with space for 2240 pins (if the dot was not to be printed in a given character, the pin was machined off). A dot matrix is a 2-dimensional Array of dots used to generate characters symbols and images By correctly positioning the plate and pressing it against one end of the array of printing wires, only the correct wires were pressed against the ribbon and then the punched card. A ribbon or riband is a thin band of flexible material typically Cloth but also Plastic or sometimes Metal, used primarily for binding and tying (This printer mechanism was generally considered by IBM Customer Engineers to be unreliable and difficult to repair. One of the most common problems was wires breaking in the tightly curved narrow tube between the ROM plate and the ribbon - extracting the fragments and replacing the bundle of 35 wires was very tedious!)

Logic consisted of diodes, 25L6 vacuum tubes and relays. Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes The 25L6 is an octal-based Vacuum tube of the beam-power Tetrode type This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. A relay is an electrical Switch that opens and closes under the control of another Electrical circuit. The circuits used 150VDC, which was present in the keyboard, creating an electrical hazard for anyone who might spill a liquid onto it.

Raymond Loewy, industrial designer of "streamlined" motifs who also designed railway passenger cars of the 1930s and 1940s, did the award winning external design of the 026/024 series for IBM. Raymond Fernand Loewy ( 5 November, 1893 - 14 July, 1986) was one of the best known Industrial designers of the 20th century Their heavy steel construction and rounded corners (photos) indeed echo the industrial Art Deco style. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial

IBM 056 Card Verifier

Verifier companion to the IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch. Physically, the IBM 056 verifier was visually similar to the 026 keypunch except for the presence of a red error lens located in the machine cover lower center.

The IBM 056 verifier utilized most of the same mechanical and electrical components as the 024/026 keypunch machines with the exception of the punch unit and print head. The punch unit had sensing pins in place of the punches which were driven through the holes where present, and prevented from full travel where there was no hole present as each card column was stepped by. The holes sensed or not sensed would trip a contact bail when the configuration was other than that entered by the verifier operator. This stopped the forward motion of the card, and presented a red error light on the lower center of the machine cover. The notching mechanism was physically located in the area occupied by the print mechanism on a 026 printing keypunch. It had a solenoid which drove the notching mechanism, and another that selected the top notch punch or end of card punch.

When an operator keying data to be verifed encounted an error the operator was given a second and third try to re-enter the data that was supposed to be in the field. If the third try was incorrect an error notch was put on the top of the card over the column with the error and the "OK" punch at the end of the card was not enabled. It should be noted that the data in the card could actually be correct upon occasion as the verifier operator was capable of making errors as well as the keypunch operator. However with three tries, the operator was less likely to repeatedly make the same error. Some verifier operators were able to guess the error on the card created by the previous keypunch operator defeating the purpose of the verify procedure, and thus some machines were altered to allow only one entry and error notched on the second try.

Cards with error notches were re-punched (using an 024 or 026) usually by "duplicating" to the column in error, then entering the correct data. The "duplicating function was accomplished by feeding the card through the punch station without punching it. At the next station sensing pins read the holes present in the original card and transferred the data to the punching station and into a blank card. Columns with errors were corrected instead of being duplicated. The corrected card was then verified to check the data again and be "OK notched"

IBM 824 Typewriter Card Punch

This was an IBM 024 where the 024 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter, permitting the same text to be typed and punched.

IBM 826 Typewriter Card Punch

This was an IBM 026 where the 026 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter, permitting the same text to be typed and punched.

IBM 029

IBM 029 keypunch

Introduced with System/360 in 1964, the 029 had new character codes for parentheses, equal and plus as well as other new symbols used in the EBCDIC code. The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating The IBM 029 was mechanically similar to the IBM 026 and printed the punched character on the top of the card using the same kind of mechanism as the 026. The use of tubes (and high voltages) was dropped with the 029.

The 029's logic consisted of wire contact relays on earlier models and reed relays and diodes on SMS cards for later models. Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes The Standard Modular System (SMS was a system of standard Transistorized circuit boards and mounting racks developed by IBM in the late 1950s originally for the All ran on 48VDC. A common additional feature made available (at addional cost) was the leading zeros feature. This was delivered by an additional set of four SMS cards. The field was programmed for leading zeros using the program card on the drum. If it was (say) a six digit field, the operator only had to key in the actual value (for example 73). The feature would then fill the field by punching the leading four zeros, followed by the 73, in effect right justifying the field. Thus: 000073.

IBM 059 Card Verifier

Verifier companion to the IBM 029 Card Punch.

IBM 129 Card Data Recorder

Introduced with the System/370 in 1971, the transistorized IBM 129 Card Data Recorder's primary advantage over the 029 was that it featured an electronic 80 column buffer to hold the card image. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 When using earlier keypunches a keystroke error required the card to be ejected by pressing the Release and Register keys, the error corrected by pressing the Duplicate key until the wrong column was reached, typing the correct data for the rest of that card, then pressing the Release key and manually removing the bad card from the output card stacker before it was placed in the deck (this required some practice, but quickly became an automatic action that you no longer had to think about). With the 129 a keystroke error could be erased by pressing the Backspace key and re-keyed. Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the Typewriter carriage one position backwards and in modern computer displays moves the cursor one position backwards The entire 80 column card was punched automatically, as fast as the mechanism could go, when the Release key was pressed.

Logic was in SLT modules. Solid Logic Technology (SLT was IBM 's method for packaging electronic circuitry introduced in 1964 with the IBM System/360 series and related machines

A secondary advantage of the 129 was that the speed of the keying operation was not limited by punching each column at the time of the keystroke.

The 129 could store six programs in its memory, selectable by a rotary switch (no drum card required).

IBM 129 Verifier

The IBM 129 was capable of both punching and verifying. A switch on the keyboard unit provided the ability to toggle between the two modes.

Program card

IBM 024, 026, and 029 keypunches, with the optional Program Drum feature installed, and their companion verifiers, the 056 and 059, could be programmed (using another punched card, of course) to automatically advance to the beginning of each field, only accept certain character types within the field, duplicate a field from the previous card, and so on. A switch permitted selection of one of two programs, if the optional Second Program feature was installed, with program 1 in the top six rows [12,11,0,1,2,3] and program 2 in the bottom six rows [4,5,6,7,8,9].

The program card was also called the drum card because it was mounted on a small metal drum that was as high as the card and whose circumference was equal to the length of the card. The drum is visible in the above image behind the window in the upper/center section of the machine. The central cover would be tilted toward the operator, a locking lever released, and the drum then removed/replaced. The holes in the drum card were sensed by an array of starwheels that would cause levers to rise and fall as the holes in the drum card passed beneath the starwheels, activating electrical contacts. The drum card was punched with characters that controlled its function as follows:

Many programming languages, such as Fortran, the RPG programming language or the IBM Conditional assembly language, coded operations in specific card columns, such as 1, 10, 16, 36, and 72. Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative Programming language that is especially suited to RPG is a Programming language for business applications Originally an initialism for Report Program Generator, it officially no longer stands for anything A Conditional Assembly Language is that part of an Assembly Language used to write macros. The drum card for such a setup would be coded as:

1. . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . 20. . . . . . . . 30. . . . . . . . 40. . . . . . . . 50. . . . . . . . 60. . . . . . . . 70. . . . . . . . 801AAAAAAAA1AAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA &&&&&&&&

Note: "Field Definition" (12) and "Alphabetic Shift" (1) prints as an A. If Program #2 codes were punched, invalid characters could be generated that the printer did not know how to print, some of which could even damage the printer! Thus it was usually a good idea to turn off printing when duplicating a drum card on the 026 or 029.

Drum card programs could automate certain tasks, such as "gang punching", the insertion of a constant field into each card of a deck of cards. For amusement, drum cards could even be set up to play music by gang-punching "noisy" characters (characters represented by many holes, usually special characters) and "quiet" numbers and letters in rhythmic patterns.

Other keypunches

UNIVAC made key punches for their 90-column cards and similar machines for the IBM 80-column card. UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name which through mergers and acquisitions underwent Their 90-column key punches used a mechanical system developed by Remington Rand, to avoid IBM patent issues (long before the acquisition of Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation), that stored the entire card image and punched all holes on the entire card simultaneously. Remington Rand (1927–1955 was an early American Computer manufacturer best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys

A System 3 punch card.

IBM, in the early 1970s, introduced the System/3 family of low-end business computers which featured a new, smaller sized, punch card format with 96 columns. The IBM System/3 (introduced 1969 discontinued 1985 was a low-end business computer aimed at new customers and organizations that still used IBM 1400 series computers or Key punches and verifiers were made for these 96-column cards.

References

• IBM (n. d. ). IBM Accounting Machines, Electric Punch Type 011, Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction.  
• IBM (December, 1964). Reference Manual: IBM 24 Card Punch, IBM 26 Printing Card Punch. A24-0520-2.  
• IBM (1969). IBM Field Engineering Maintenance Manual - 29 Card Punch. S225-3357-3.  
• IBM (December, 1962). Reference Manual: IBM 056 Card Verifer. A24-1018-1.  

1. ^ IBM Archive: Keypunch operators, 1934, Stockholm
2. ^ IBM Archive: 1923
3. ^ Columbia University Computing History: Early Card Punch Machines

External links

• Columbia University Computing History: IBM Keypunches
• IBM Archives: IBM 029 — Card Punch
• IBM Archives: Working for the railroad (001 keypunch)