| Karelian Karjala | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: |  Russia Finland | |
| Region: |  Karelia | |
| Total speakers: | 118,000 | |
| Language family: | Uralic Finno Ugric Finno-Lappic Baltic Finnic Karelian | |
| Writing system: | Latin alphabet | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | recognised as minority language in: Republic of Karelia[1] | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | fiu | |
| ISO 639-3: | krl | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Karelia ( Karelian and Finnish Karjala, Карелия ( Kareliya) Karelen the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The Baltic-Finnic languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people are a branch of Finnic languages belonging to the Finno-Ugric group A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Republic of Karelia (Респу́блика Каре́лия Respublika Kareliya; Karjalan tazavaldu Karjalan tasavalta Karjalan Tazovaldkund is a federal This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Karelian is a language closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand Karelian is spoken mainly in Republic of Karelia, Russia. The Republic of Karelia (Респу́блика Каре́лия Respublika Kareliya; Karjalan tazavaldu Karjalan tasavalta Karjalan Tazovaldkund is a federal Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Dialects spoken in Finnish Karelia (North Karelia and South Karelia) are not considered Karelian but dialects of Finnish. Karelia ( Karelian and Finnish Karjala, Карелия ( Kareliya) Karelen the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in The Region of North Karelia is a region ( maakunta / landskap) in eastern Finland. The Region of South Karelia is a region ( maakunta / landskap) of Finland.
Karelian belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages, and is distinguished from Finnish by some important extensions to the phonology and the lack of influence from modern 19th and 20th century Finnish. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on It cannot merely be classified as a Finnish dialect with Russian influences, because it has original innovations and it may differ considerably from Finnish. There is no standard Karelian language, although the Republic of Karelia's authorities have recently begun to attempt standardization. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that The Republic of Karelia (Респу́блика Каре́лия Respublika Kareliya; Karjalan tazavaldu Karjalan tasavalta Karjalan Tazovaldkund is a federal [2] Each writer writes in Karelian according to his own dialectal form. The script is the Latin alphabet as used for Finnish with letters added. The Finnish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, and especially its Swedish extension
In this article, Karelian denotes dialects from Russian Karelia. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of East Karelia, in Finnish Itä-Karjala also Eastern Karelia or Russian Karelia, is a name for the part of Karelia that since the Treaty In Finnish usage, however, Karelian mostly denotes the dialects of the 420,000 refugees from the Karelian isthmus and other parts of Finnish Karelia that were re-settled in what remains of Finland after World War II. See Karelia (disambiguation for other meanings of the name Karelia. Historical province of Karelia in Finlandpng|right|150px|thumb|Historical province of Karelia in modern Finland(the borders of modern provinces with pink colour and the modern border of Finland World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These dialects were influenced by massive immigration, chiefly from Savonia, following the 17th century expansion of the Lutheran Swedish realm extending as far as to Ingria. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Realm of Sweden or Svenska väldet is a term that historically was used to comprise all the territories under the control of the Swedish monarchs For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. Thus the linguistic border between (Orthodox) Russian Karelia and (Lutheran) Finnish Karelia was probably more pronounced than that between Finnish Karelia and Savonia. [3] Today, these dialects are concentrated to the towns of the South Karelian region of Finland, where many refugees ended up. The Region of South Karelia is a region ( maakunta / landskap) of Finland. Finland is divided into 20 regions ( maakunta in Finnish, landskap in Swedish)
Karelian is spoken in the Russian Republic of Karelia, and also by some 5,000 speakers in Finland. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Republic of Karelia (Респу́блика Каре́лия Respublika Kareliya; Karjalan tazavaldu Karjalan tasavalta Karjalan Tazovaldkund is a federal Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.
The Karelian variety has three main branches:
- Karelian Proper
- North Karelian
- South Karelian
- Olonets Karelian (or Livvi)
- Lude
The Ludic language or dialect (Luudi, Lyydi, or lüüdi in their own tongue) is sometimes classified as a dialect of Veps. Olonets Karelian (East Karelian Livvi is the variety of Karelian language spoken by Olonets Karelians, traditionally inhabiting the area between Ludic or Ludian or Ludic Karelian is a Baltic Finnic language in the Uralic language family Ludic or Ludian or Ludic Karelian is a Baltic Finnic language in the Uralic language family The Veps language (also known as Vepsian) spoken by the Vepsians (also known as Veps) belongs to the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric
Finnish and Karelian were suppressed and outlawed during Stalin's Great Purges. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution Karelian was considered a dialect of Finnish and thus wasn't written as is before the Soviet times. The Soviets created several Cyrillic standardizations, which all failed, in the end due to Stalin's persecution of Karelians as "undesirables".
Today the Karelian republic (of the Russian federation) considers Karelian a dialect of Finnish. The Republic of Karelia (Респу́блика Каре́лия Respublika Kareliya; Karjalan tazavaldu Karjalan tasavalta Karjalan Tazovaldkund is a federal Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Finnish, and not Karelian, was the second official language of Karelia from the Winter War 1940 up until the 1980s[4], when perestroika began. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Since the late 1990s there have been moves to pass special language legislation, which would give Karelian an official status. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Finnish has also again been proposed as a second official language for the republic, but the proposal has never been implemented.
Contents |
Language or dialect?
Earlier, by some Finnish linguists, Karelian may be classified as a dialect of Finnish. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Today, however, the variety spoken in East Karelia is usually seen as a proper language. The phonological and lexical differences often disallow mutual intelligibility in exact terms. [5]
The dialects spoken in the South Karelian Region of Finland, where many World War II refugees were re-settled, are considered to be part of the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The Region of South Karelia is a region ( maakunta / landskap) of Finland. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian language are also seen as part of this dialect group, in Finland sometimes denoted as Karelian dialect. See Karelia (disambiguation for other meanings of the name Karelia. The Ingrian language (also called Izhorian) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the (mainly orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. [6]
As it could also be argued Karelian should be considered separate from Finnish because of its geopolitical location within the boundaries of another state, a conclusion might be that Karelian has a similar relation to Finnish as has English to the Scots language. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern
Script
The modern script is based on the Finnish alphabet and is written with Finnish orthography. The Finnish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, and especially its Swedish extension However, some features of the Karelian language and thus orthography are different from Finnish:
- The Karelian system of fricatives and affricates is extensive — in Finnish, there is only one 's'. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into
- Phonemic voicing occurs.
- Karelian retains palatalization, usually denoted with an apostrophe (e. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process g. d'uuri)
- The letter 'ü' may replace 'y' in some texts.
- The letter 'c' denotes /ts/, although 'ts' is used also. 'c' is more likely in Russian loan words.
These differences are not merely a Russian influence, since they are found in native words.
Notice that 'c' and 'č' have length levels, which is not found in standard Finnish. For example, in Kalevala, Lönnrot's orthography metsä : metsän hides the fact that the pronunciation of the original material is actually /mettšä : metšän/, with palatalization of the affricate. Elias Lönnrot ( ( April 9, 1802 – March 19, 1884) was a Finnish Philologist and collector of traditional Finnish The exact details depend on the dialect, though. See Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet.
| Fricatives | ||||
| Letter | Alt. | IPA | Karelian | Finnish |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| c | c | /ʦ/ | kuču | kutsu |
| č | ch | /ʧ/ | šoma, seiččemän | soma, seitsemän |
| s | s | /s/ | se | se |
| š | sh | /ʃ/ | niškoi | niskoihin |
| z | z | /z/ | tazavalda | tasavalta |
| ž | zh | /ʒ/ | kiža, liedžu | kisa, lietsu |
Karelian actually uses /z/ as a voiced alveolar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The voiced alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a Sibilant (In Finnish, z is a foreign spelling for /ts/. ) The plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ may be voiced. (Most Finnish speakers don't differentiate these from /p/, /t/, and /k/. )
The letters č, š and ž are postalveolars. Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the They are replaceable with the digraphs ch, sh and zh — even so that ruočči becomes ruochchi. The sounds represented by č, š and ž are native to Karelian, but not Finland Finnish. Finnish speakers do not distinguish /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ from /s/, nor /tʃ/ from /ts/ (medial) or /s/ (initial). For example, the native Karelian words kiža, kuču, šoma, liedžu and seiččemän are kisa, kutsu, soma, lietsu and seitsemän in standard Finnish.
Modern Karelian alphabet (2007)
| A a [aa] | B b [bee] | Č č [čee] | D d [dee] | E e [ee] | F f [ef] | G g [gee] |
| H h [haa] | I i [ii] | J j [jii] | K k [kaa] | L l [el] | M m [em] | N n [en] |
| O o [oo] | P p [pee] | R r [er] | S s [es] | Š š [šee] | Z z [zee] | Ž ž [žee] |
| T t [tee] | U u [uu] | V v [vee] | Y y [yy] | Ä ä [ää] | Ö ö [öö] | ' |
See also
External links
- The Peoples of the Red Book: THE KARELIANS
- Karjalaine lehüt - Karelian page
- Karjalan kirjakielestä (in Finnish)
- Ethnologue on Karelian
References
- ^ Гюйнмндюрекэмше Юйрш
- ^ 26.12.2006 - Decision of creating uniform Karelian alphabet is made
- ^ http://www.kotus.fi/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjalat_kartta1.shtml
- ^ http://www.helsinki-hs.net/news.asp?id=20020129IE17
- ^ http://www.kotus.fi/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjalat_kartta1.shtml
- ^ Kaakkoismurteiden alue
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