Updated Köppen-Geiger climate map^[1]

Af      Am      Aw

BWh      BWk      BSh      BSk

Csa      Csb

Cwa      Cwb      Cwc

Cfa      Cfb      Cfc

Dsa      Dsb      Dsc      Dsd

Dwa      Dwb      Dwc      Dwd

Dfa      Dfb      Dfc      Dfd

ET      EF

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. An equatorial climate is a type of Tropical climate in which there is no Dry season – all months have mean Precipitation values of at least 60 mm A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of Climate that corresponds to the categories Aw and As of the Köppen A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers Regions with a polar climate are characterized by a lack of warm summers (specifically no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher Regions with a polar climate are characterized by a lack of warm summers (specifically no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher Climate classification systems are ways of classifying the world's Climates A climate classification may correlate closely with a Biome category as climate is a major It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by Köppen himself, notably in 1918 and 1936). Wladimir Peter Köppen (Владимир Петрович Кёппен (born September 25, 1846 in Saint Petersburg, Russia &mdash died Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate; thus, climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind. It combines average annual and monthly temperatures and precipitation, and the seasonality of precipitation. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric ^[2]

The scheme

Köppen climate classification scheme divides the climates into five main groups and several types and subtypes. Each particular climate type is represented by a 2 to 4 letter symbol.

GROUP A: Tropical/megathermal climates

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperature (at sea level and low elevations) — all twelve months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64. A tropical climate is a kind of Climate typical in the Tropics. 4 °F) or higher. They are subdivided as follows:

• Tropical rain forest climate (Af):^[3] All twelve months have average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches 36 inches). These climates usually occur within 5-10° latitude of the equator. In some eastern-coast areas, they may extend to as much as 25° away from the equator. This climate is dominated by the Doldrums Low Pressure System all year round, and therefore has no natural seasons. The Doldrums (often capitalized when referring to the geographic region is an area of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean affected by the Intertropical
  Examples:
  Singapore
  Belém, Brazil. Singapore Belém is city of Amazonia, in the northern part of Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Pará. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
  • Some of the places that have this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e. g. , the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica, see for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia). The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Andagoya is a village in west-central Colombia whose chief claim to fame is its spectacularly monotonous Climate, in terms of both Temperature and Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Sitiawan (alternate spelling Setiawan; origin from Malay, a portmanteau of Setia Kawan, meaning "Loyal Friend" is a For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and
  • A few places with this climate are found at the outer edge of the tropics, almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere; one example is Santos, Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
    Note. The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in day light hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. There are annual cyclic changes in the tropics, not as predictable as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or ground water. Plant response (e. g. , phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, et cetera), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, et cetera) are tuned to this seasonality. Phenology is the study of the times of recurring natural phenomena Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the rainy season (and the high water season) is called Invierno or Inverno, even though it could occur in the northern hemisphere summer; likewise, the dry season (and low water season) is called Verano or Verão and can occur in the northern hemisphere winter. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics.

• Tropical monsoon climate (Am):^[4] This type of climate, most common in southern Asia and West Africa, results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm, but more than (100 − [total annual precipitation {mm}/25]).
  Examples:
  Conakry, Guinea
  Chittagong, Bangladesh
  . Conakry or Konakry ( Malinké: Kɔnakiri) is the Capital and largest city of Guinea. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially
  • There is also another scenario under which some places fit into this category; this is referred to as the trade-wind littoral climate because easterly winds bring enough precipitation during the "winter" months to prevent the climate from becoming a tropical wet-and-dry climate. Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary Jakarta, Indonesia and Nassau, Bahamas are included among these locations. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Nassau is the Capital, largest city and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.

• Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw):^[5] These climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm and also less than (100 − [total annual precipitation {mm}/25]). A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem.
  Examples:
  Bangalore, India
  Veracruz, Mexico
  Townsville, Australia. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Townsville is a city on the north-eastern coast of Australia, in the state of Queensland. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
  • Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 g. , San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. San Marcos is a town in Antioquia department in Colombia. It is approximately 175 miles (282 km north of Medellín, in the heart of Colombia's Coffee Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Actually, the Caribbean coast, eastward from Urabá gulf on the Colombia–Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta, on the Atlantic ocean (ca. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterised by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). The Coro region is the hilly and semi-mountainous area in northwest Venezuela, north of the Mérida Andes and east of the Maracaibo Basin, extending north Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the The Greater Antilles is one of three island groups in the Caribbean. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river — which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line — the climate is Af. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco river' Llanos or Savannas, from where this climate takes its name. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem.
  • Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days. This is the case in parts of Hawaii (Honolulu), East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya) and Sri Lanka (Trincomalee), for instance. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Trincomalee (திருகோணமலை Tirukōṇamalai තිරිකුණාමළය Tirikūṇamaḷaya is a district a bay and a port city on the northeast coast of In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of rainshadow effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year. For the Australian television series see Rain Shadow (TV series.

GROUP B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climates

These climates are characterized by the fact that precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET is a term used to describe the sum of Evaporation and Plant Transpiration from the earth's land surface to Atmosphere ^[6] The threshold is determined as follows:

• To find the precipitation threshold (in millimeters), multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30%-70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.

• If the annual precipitation is less than half the threshold for Group B, it is classified as BW (desert climate); if it is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold, it is classified as BS (steppe climate). A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced

• A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, h signified low latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C [64. 4 °F]), but the more common practice today (especially in the United States) is to use h to mean that the coldest month has an average temperature that is above 0 °C (32 °F), with k denoting that at least one month averages below 0 °C. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

• Examples:
  Yuma, Arizona (BWh)
  Almería, Spain (BWk)
  Cobar, New South Wales, Australia (BSh)
  Murcia, Spain (BSh)
  Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada (BSk),
  Enna, Italy (BSh)
  desert areas, situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations, are characterized by cooler temperatures than encountered elsewhere at comparable latitudes (due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents) and frequent fog and low clouds, despite the fact that these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received. Yuma is a city in and the County seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Cobar is a town in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. It is located 711 km (442 miles northwest of Sydney. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Medicine Hat, known to locals as "The Hat" is a city of 60000 people located in the southeastern part of the province of Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Enna is also a genus of spiders ( Trechaleidae) Enna ( Sicilian: Castrugiuvanni; Greek Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This climate is sometimes labelled BWn and examples can be found at Lima, Peru and Walvis Bay, Namibia. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Walvis Bay ( Dutch / Afrikaans Walvisbaai, German Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast

• On occasion, a fourth letter is added to indicate if either the winter or summer is "wetter" than the other half of the year. To qualify, the wettest month must have at least 60 mm of average precipitation if all twelve months are above 18 °C, or 30 mm (1. 18 inches) if not; plus at least 70% of the total precipitation must be in the same half of the year as the wettest month — but the letter used indicates when the dry season occurs, not the "wet" one. This would result in Khartoum, Sudan being reckoned as BWhw, Niamey, Niger as BShw, El Arish, Egypt as BWhs, Asbi'ah, Libya as BShs, Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia as BWkw, and Xining, China as BSkw (BWks and BSks do not exist if 0 °C in the coldest month is recognized as the h/k boundary). Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Niamey, Population 674950 (2002 census is the Capital of Niger. Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Arish or el-Arīsh (العريش is the Capital and largest city (with 114900 inhabitants As of 2002) of the Egyptian governorate of Shamal This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Asbi'ah (إسبيعةis a town in Libya located approximately 28 miles (45 kilometers south of Tripoli, the country's capital Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Ömnögovi (Өмнөговь South Gobi) is an aimag (province of Mongolia, located in the south of the country in the Gobi Desert. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Xining ( Simplified Chinese: 西宁 Traditional Chinese: 西寧 Tibetan: ཟི་ནིང་ Pinyin: Xīníng Wylie: Zi-ning China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National If the standards for neither w nor s are met, no fourth letter is added.

GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climates

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average between −3 °C (27° F) and 18 °C (64 °F).

Some climatologists, particularly in the United States, however, prefer to observe 0 °C (32 °F) rather than −3 °C (27 °F) in the coldest month as the boundary between this group and Group D; this is done to prevent certain headland locations in New England — principally Cape Cod — and such nearby islands as Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, from fitting into the Maritime Temperate category noted below; this category is alternately known as the Marine West Coast climate, and eliminating the aforementioned locations indeed confines it exclusively to places found along the western margins of the continents, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Cape Cod (or simply the Cape to most New Englanders is a Peninsula nearly coextensive with Barnstable County Massachusetts and forming the easternmost Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both This also moves some mid-latitude areas - such as parts of the Ohio Valley and some areas in the Mid-Atlantic States - from humid subtropical to humid continental. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The Mid-Atlantic States (also called Middle Atlantic States or simply Mid Atlantic) form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that

• The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern — w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation; one variation also requires that the driest winter month have less than 30 mm average precipitation), s indicates dry summers (driest summer month less than 30 mm average precipitation and less than one-third wettest winter month precipitation) and f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).

• The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat — a indicates warmest month average temperature above 22 °C (71. 6 °F) with at least 4 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C, but with at least 4 months averaging above 10°C, while c means 3 or fewer months with mean temperatures above 10 °C.

• The order of these two letters is sometimes reversed, especially by climatologists in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

• Group C climates are subdivided as follows:

• Mediterranean climates (Csa, Csb):^[7] These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°, though on the west coast of North America, they occur in small patches as far north as 48°. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain. Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground Stratus clouds are usually the only clouds that touch the ground
  Examples:
  Split, Croatia (Csa)
  Gaziantep, Turkey (Csa)
  Madrid, Spain (Csa)
  Marseille, France (Csa)
  Yalta, Ukraine (Csa)
  Los Angeles, California (Csa)
  Barcelona, Spain (Csa)
  Santiago, Chile(Csb)
  Perth, Australia(Csa)
  Risan, Montenegro (Csb)
  Porto, Portugal (Csb)
  San Francisco, California (Csb)
  Victoria, British Columbia (Csb)

• Humid subtropical climates (Cfa, Cwa):^[8] These climates usually occur in the interiors of continents, or on their east coasts, between the latitudes of 25° and 40° (46°N in Europe). Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. History The earliest mention of Rhizon dates back to the 4th century BCE Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Victoria (vɪkˈtɔɹiə is the capital city of British Columbia. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters Unlike the Mediterranean climates, the summers are humid due to unstable tropical air masses, or onshore Trade Winds. In eastern Asia, winters can be dry (and colder than other places at a corresponding latitude) because of the Siberian high pressure system, and summers very wet due to monsoonal influence. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months
  Examples:
  New York City, New York (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Dallas, Texas (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Milan, Italy (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Buenos Aires, Argentina (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Atlanta, Georgia (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Porto Alegre, Brazil (Cfa — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Luodian, Guizhou, China (Cwa — summer wetter than winter). The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Porto Alegre ( is the 10th largest city in Brazil, and the capital city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Luodian County is a county-level administrative district in southwestern China, part of the Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture within the ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

• Maritime Temperate climates or Oceanic climates (Cfb, Cwb):^[9] Cfb climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 45° and 55°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates, although in Australia this climate is found immediately poleward of the Humid Subtropical climate, and at a somewhat lower latitude. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes In western Europe, this climate occur in coastal areas up to 63° latitude. These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are cool due to cloud cover, but winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes.
  Examples:
  Limoges, France (Cfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Langebaanweg, South Africa (Cfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Curitiba, Brazil (Cfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Bergen, Norway (Cfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rain forest if not for the altitude. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Langebaanweg is a town on the southwest Coast of South Africa, in Western Cape Province. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Prince Rupert is a port city in the province of British Columbia, Canada. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional These climates are called "Highlands" Bogotá, Colombia and Crkvice, Montenegro (Cfsb —perhumid Mediterranean mountain climate without summer dryness, Crkvice on Orjen holds also Europe's precipitation record - averaging 4927 mm/m² 1931-1960) are perhaps the best examples. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Orjen ( Serbian Cyrilic: Орјен is a Dinaric Mediterranean Limestone Mountain range in Montenegro - Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Orjen ( Serbian Cyrilic: Орјен is a Dinaric Mediterranean Limestone Mountain range in Montenegro -
  Cwb is found only at higher altitudes, without which the climate would be tropical wet and dry.
  Examples:
  Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  Mexico City, Mexico
  Campos do Jordão, Brazil)
  In parts of the Pacific Northwest of North America and parts of south-western South America, Cfb climates are also sometimes similar to Mediterranean climates in that summers are relatively dry. Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Campos do Jordão is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Examples include:
  Seattle, Washington (Cfb, sometimes Csb)
  Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, sometimes Csb)
  Puerto Montt, Chile (Cfb, sometimes Csb). Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Victoria (vɪkˈtɔɹiə is the capital city of British Columbia. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Puerto Montt is a port city and commune in southern Chile, located at the northern end of the Reloncaví Sound in the Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the

• Maritime Subarctic climates or Subpolar Oceanic climates (Cfc):^[10]} These climates occur poleward of the Maritime Temperate climates, and are confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts.
  Examples:
  Punta Arenas, Chile (Cfc — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Monte Dinero, Argentina (Cfc — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Reykjavík, Iceland (Cfc — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Cfc — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Harstad, Norway (Cfc — uniform precipitation distribution). Punta Arenas (literally in Spanish: "Sandy Point" is the most prominent settlement on the Strait of Magellan and the capital of the Magallanes y la Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Monte Dinero (literally "Mount Money" is a town on the southeastern tip of Patagonia, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For the Greater Reykjavík Area see the Greater Reykjavík Area. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Tórshavn (ˈtʰɔuʂhaun is the Capital of the Faroe Islands. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse is a city and municipality in Norway, and it is located approximately 250 km (150 mi north of the Arctic Circle. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional

GROUP D: Continental/microthermal climate

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average below −3 °C (or 0 °C in some versions, as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents, or on their east coasts, north of 40° North latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere, Group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land south of 40° South latitude, existing only in some highland locations in New Zealand that have heavy winter snows. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

• The second and third letters are used as for Group C climates, while a third letter of d indicates 3 or fewer months with mean temperatures above 10 °C and a coldest month temperature below −38 °C (−36. 4 °F).

• Group D climates are subdivided as follows:

• Hot Summer Continental climates (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa):^[11] Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s in latitude, and in eastern Asia Dwa climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high pressure system, which also causes winters here to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation. The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months
  Examples:
  Chicago, Illinois (Dfa — summer wetter than winter)
  Santaquin, Utah (Dfa — summer drier than winter)
  Seoul, South Korea (Dwa). Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Santaquin is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Provo &ndash Orem, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
  Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates, such as Cambridge, Idaho and Saqqez in Iranian Kurdistan. Cambridge is a city in Washington County, Idaho, United States. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Saqqez or Saghez (in Persian: سقز in Kurdish: Seqiz is a city located at, in Kurdistan Province of Iran. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes

• Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climates (Dfb, Dwb, Dsb): ^[10] Dfb and Dwb climates are immediately north of Hot Summer Continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s in latitude in North America and Asia, and also in central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the Maritime Temperate and Continental Subarctic climates, where it extends up to high 50s and even lowest 60 degrees latitude. Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or Boreal) zones Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
  Examples:
  Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada (Dfb — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Minsk, Belarus (Dfb — summer wetter than winter)
  Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada (Dfb — summer drier than winter)
  Fargo, North Dakota, (Dfb — winter drier than summer)
  Vladivostok, Russia (Dwb). Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Revelstoke ('rɛvəlstoʊk (population 7500 municipal est 2005 is a city in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Fargo is a city in Cass County, North Dakota in the United States. North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
  Stockholm, Sweden (Dfb — winter somewhat drier than summer)
  Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or higher latitudes, and chiefly in North America since here the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia; Mazama, Washington is one such location. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Mazama (population 230 is a small village nestled in the Methow Valley of the Methow River in the eastern part of Washington. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

• Continental Subarctic or Boreal (taiga) climates (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc):^[12] Dfc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other Group D climates, mostly in the 50s and low 60s North latitude, although it might occur as far north as 70° latitude. Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests
  Examples:
  Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada (Dfc — uniform precipitation distribution)
  Anchorage, Alaska (Dfc — summer wetter than winter)
  Mount Robson, British Columbia, Canada (Dfc — summer drier than winter)
  Irkutsk, Russia (Dwc). Sept-Îles ( pronounced, French for "Seven Islands" is a city in the Côte-Nord region of eastern Quebec, Canada Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Mount Robson is the highest point in the Canadian Rockies. Mount Robson is located entirely within Mount Robson Provincial Park of British Columbia, and British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Irkutsk (Ирку́тск Эрхүү Erkhüü; Эрхүү Erkhüü) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
  Kirkenes, Finnmark, Norway (Dfc - summer wetter than winter)
  Dsc, like Dsa and Dsb, is confined exclusively to highland locations near areas that have Mediterranean climates, and is the rarest of the three as a still higher altitude is needed to produce this climate. ( Finnish: Kirkkoniemi, Sámi: Girkonjárga) is the centre of the municipality of Sør-Varanger in Finnmark county Norway or Finnmárku ( Sami language) is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Two examples are Zubački kabao, Montenegro (Dfsc perhumid Mediterranean snow climate) and Galena Summit, Idaho. Zubački kabao (Зубачки кабао is at 1894 m (6225 ft Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Galena Summit (altitude 8701 feet meters a highway summit in the Boulder Mountains is located 29 miles (47 km north of Ketchum Idaho. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America.

• Continental Subarctic climates with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd):^[10] These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The names of some of the places that have this climate — most notably Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon — have become veritable synonyms for extreme, severe winter cold. Verkhoyansk (Верхоя́нск is a town in the Sakha Republic, Russia, situated on the Yana River, near the Arctic Circle Oymyakon (Оймяко́н is a village ( selo) in Oymyakonsky Ulus of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located along the

GROUP E: Polar climates

These climates are characterized by average temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in all twelve months of the year:

• Tundra climate (ET):^[13] Warmest month has an average temperature between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian landmasses, and on nearby islands; they also exist along the outer fringes of Antarctica (especially the Palmer Peninsula) and on nearby islands. The Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica, and almost the only part of that continent that extends outside the Antarctic Circle
  Examples:
  Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
  Provideniya, Russia
  Deception Island, Antarctica. Iqaluit (iqaluit ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ in Inuktitut syllabics; often pronounced ɨˈkæljuːɨt in English is the territorial Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Provideniya (Провиде́ния is an Urban-type settlement situated in the Provideniya Bay in the northeastern part of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Deception Island is an Island in the South Shetland Islands off the Antarctic Peninsula which has one of the safest harbours in Antarctica
  Longyearbyen, Svalbard
  ET is also found at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line — as at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Longyearbyen is the Administrative centre of Svalbard and is located on Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago. Svalbard is an Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

• Ice Cap climate (EF):^[14] All twelve months have average temperatures below 0 °C (32° F). This climate is dominant in Antarctica (e. g. , Scott Base) and in inner Greenland (e. Scott Base may also refer to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. g. , Eismitte or North Ice). Eismitte was the site of an Arctic expedition in the interior of Greenland that took place from July 1930 through August 1931 and claimed the life of noted German North Ice was the name of a research station of the British North Greenland Expedition (1952 to 1954 on the inland ice of Greenland.

• Occasionally, a third, lower-case letter is added to ET climates if either the summer or winter is clearly drier than the other half of the year; thus Herschel Island ('Qikiqtaruk', in Inuvialuit) off the coast of Canada's Yukon Territory, becomes ETw, with Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyrenees acquiring an ETs designation. Herschel Island is an island in the Beaufort Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean) which lies 5 km (3 The Inuvialuit (in Inuvialuktun: the real people are Inuit people who live in the western Canadian Arctic region Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Another Pic du Midi is the Pic du Midi d'Ossau. The Pic du Midi de Bigorre or simply Pic du Midi (altitude) is a mountain in the The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés If the precipitation is more or less evenly spread throughout the year, ETf may be used, such as for Hebron, Labrador. Hebron is the name of a former Moravian mission that was the northernmost settlement in Labrador. When the option to include this letter is exercised, the same standards that are used for Groups C and D apply, with the additional requirement that the wettest month must have an average of at least 30 mm precipitation (Group E climates can be as dry or even drier than Group B climates based on actual precipitation received, but their rate of evaporation is much lower). Seasonal precipitation letters are almost never attached to EF climates, mainly due to the difficulty in distinguishing between falling and blowing snow, as snow is the sole source of moisture in these climates.

Trewartha climate classification scheme

The Trewartha climate classification scheme is a modified version of the Köppen system. It attempts to redefine the broad climatic groups in such a way as to be closer to vegetational zoning, especially in the United States. Under the standard Köppen system western Washington and Oregon are classed into the same climate as southern California, even though the two regions have strikingly different vegetation. It also classes southern New England into the same climate as the Gulf Coast. Trewartha's modifications sought to reclass the Pacific Northwest seaboard as a different climate from California, and New England from the Gulf Coast. ^[15]

• Group A: This the tropical climate group, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i. e. , all 12 months average 18 °C or above). Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than 60 mm average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified Ar (instead of Köppen's Af), while others are classified Aw if the dry season is at the time of low sun/short days or As if the dry season is at the time of high sun/long days. There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but Am was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation).
• Group B: BW and BS mean the same as in the Köppen scheme, with the Köppen BWn climate sometimes being designated BM (the M standing for "marine"). However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10 X (T − 10) + 3P, with T equalling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and P denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere and October through March in the Southern). If the precipition for a given location is less than the above formula, its climate is said to be that of a desert (BW); if it is equal to or greater than the above formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as steppe (BS); and if the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula the climate is not in Group B. Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used.
• Group C: In the Trewartha scheme this category encompasses subtropical climates only (8 or more months above 10 °C). Cs and Cw have the same meanings as they do in Köppen's scheme, but the subtropical climate with no distinct dry season is designated Cr instead of Köppen's Cf (and for Cs the average annual precipitation must be less than 890 mm [35 inches] in addition to the driest summer month having less than 30 mm precipitation and being less than one-third as wet as the wettest winter month).
• Group D: This group represents temperate climates (4 to 7 months above 10 °C). Maritime temperate climates (most of Köppen's Cfb and Cwb climates, though some of these would fit into Trewartha's Cr and Cw respectively) are denoted DO in the Trewartha classification (although some places near the east coasts of both North America and Asia actually qualify as DO climates in Trewartha's scheme when they fit into Cfa/Cwa rather than Cfb/Cwb in Köppen's), while continental climates are represented as DCa (Köppen Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) and DCb (Köppen Dfb, Dwb, Dsb). For the continental climates, sometimes the third letter (a or b) is omitted and DC is simply used instead, and occasionally a precipitational seasonality letter is added to both the maritime and continental climates (r, w, or s, as applicable). The dividing point between the maritime and continental climates is 0 °C in the coldest month, rather than the Köppen value of −3 °C (as noted in the section on the Köppen scheme, however, some climatologists — particularly in the United States — now observe 0 °C in the coldest month as the equatorward limit of the continental climates in that scheme as well). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
• Group E: This represents subarctic climates, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (1 to 3 months with average temperatures of 10 °C or above; Köppen Cfc, Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd). In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations EO and EC were created, with EO (maritime subarctic) signifying that the coldest month averages above −10 °C, while EC (continental subarctic or "boreal") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below. As in Group D, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There is no separate counterpart to the Köppen Dfd/Dwd climate in Trewartha's scheme.
• Group F: This is the polar climate group, split into FT (Köppen ET) and FI (Köppen EF).
• Group H: Highland climates, in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification. ^[16] Specifically, this would apply if correcting the average temperature of each month to a sea-level value using the formula of adding 5. 6 °C for each 1,000 meters of elevation would result in the climate fitting into a different thermal group than that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it. Sometimes G is used instead of H if the above is true and the altitude is 500 meters or higher but lower than 2,500 meters; but the G or H is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it — and the second letter used reflects the corrected monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures.
• Universal Thermal Scale: An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter, respectively. The letters used conform to the following scale:
  i — severely hot: Mean monthly temperature 35 °C (95 °F) or higher
  h — very hot: 28 to 34. 9 °C (82 to 95 °F)
  a — hot: 23 to 27. 9 °C (73 to 82 °F)
  b — warm: 18 to 22. 9 °C (64 to 73 °F)
  l — mild: 10 to 17. 9 °C (50 to 64 °F)
  k — cool: 0. 1 to 9. 9 °C (32 to 50 °F)
  o — cold: −9. 9 to 0 °C (14 to 32 °F)
  c — very cold: −24. 9 to −10 °C (−13 to 14 °F)
  d — severely cold: −39. 9 to −25 °C (−39. 9 to −13 °F)
  e — excessively cold: −40 °C (−40 °F) or below.
  Examples of the resulting designations include Afaa for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, BWhl for Aswan, Egypt, Crhk for Dallas, Texas, DOlk for London, EClc for Arkhangelsk, Russia, and FTkd for Barrow, Alaska. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Aswan (formerly spelled Assuan (in standard أسوان Aswān) Egyptian: Swenet ( trade) Coptic: Swān; Greek This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Barrow is a city in and the borough seat of the North Slope Borough of the state of Alaska, United States. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent

Criticisms of the Köppen scheme

Some climatologists have argued that Köppen's system could be improved upon. One of the most frequently-raised objections concerns the temperate Group C category, regarded by many as overbroad (it includes both Tampa, Florida and Cape May, New Jersey, for example). Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the This article is about the body of land between Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. In Applied Climatology (first edition published in 1966), John Griffiths proposed a new subtropical zone, encompassing those areas with a coldest month of between 6 °C (42. John Griffiths (born December 19, 1956, Newport, Monmouthshire) is a Labour and Co-operative politician and Member of the The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of 8 °F) and 18 °C (64. 4 °F), effectively subdividing Group C into two nearly equal parts (his scheme assigns the letter B to the new zone, and identifies dry climates with an additional letter immediately following the temperature-based letter).

Another point of contention involves the dry B climates; the argument here is that their separation by Köppen into only two thermal subsets is inadequate. Those who hold this view (including Griffiths) have suggested that the dry climates be placed on the same temperature continuum as other climates, with the thermal letter being followed by an additional capital letter — S for steppe or W (or D) for desert — as applicable (Griffiths also advances an alternate formula for use as an aridity threshold: R = 160 + 9T, with R equalling the threshold, in millimeters of mean annual precipitation, and T denoting the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius). In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation.

A third idea is to create a maritime polar or EM zone within Group E to separate relatively mild marine locations (such as Ushuaia, Argentina and the outer Aleutian Islands) from the colder, continental tundra climates. Ushuaia (u'swaia is the capital of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego and is sometimes considered to be the southernmost city in the world For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, " Island " are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a Volcanic Specific proposals vary; some advocate setting a coldest-month parameter, such as −7 °C (19. 4 °F), while others support assigning the new designation to areas with an average annual temperature of above 0 °C.

The accuracy of the 10 °C warmest-month line as the start of the polar climates has also been questioned; Otto Nordenskiöld, for example, devised an alternate formula: W = 9 − 0. Dr Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskiöld (also spelled Nordenskjöld) (December 6 1869-1928 was a Swedish geologist geographer and polar explorer 1 C, with W representing the average temperature of the warmest month and C that of the coldest month, both in degrees Celsius (for instance, if the coldest month averaged −20 °C, a warmest-month average of 11 °C or higher would be necessary to prevent the climate from being polar). This boundary does appear to more closely follow the tree line, or the latitude poleward of which trees cannot grow, than the 10 °C warmest-month isotherm; the former tends to run poleward of the latter near the western margins of the continents, but at a lower latitide in the landmass interiors, the two lines crossing at or near the east coasts of both Asia and North America. The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing

World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification for the period 1951-2000

Based on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service, a new digital Köppen-Geiger world map on climate classification for the second half of the 20th century has been compiled. ^[17]

Köppen-Geiger world map

Other maps

Australia, climate over 30 years (1961–1990). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

References

External links

• World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification for the period 1951-2000
• Köppen climate classification - world map
• World climate map - after Köppen-Geiger
• (Portuguese) Köppen Climate Classification - overview map, description and municipality data of São Paulo State

Climate records

• WorldClimate
• Weather Base