Bundles of jute, showing the fibres of Corchorus olitorius (tossa jute fibre) and Corchorus capsularis (white jute fibre)

Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Fiber crops are field crops grown for their Fibers which are used to make Paper, Cloth, or Rope. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae. Corchorus is a genus plant of about 40-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout Tiliaceae is a Botanical name for a family of Flowering plants.

Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Fibers or fibres (see spelling differences) is a class of hair-like Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fibre) and lignin (major components wood fibre). Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants It is thus a ligno-cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. It falls into the bast fibre category (fibre collected from bast or skin of the plant) along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. Bast fibre ( fiber) or skin fibre is Plant fibre collected from the Phloem (the "inner bark" or the skin or bast surrounding Kenaf Persian Hibiscus cannabinus, is a plant in the Malvaceae family This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea) is a Flowering plant in the Nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. The industrial term for jute fibre is raw jute. The fibres are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long.

Jute plants (Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis)

Jute fibre is often called hessian; jute fabrics are also called hessian cloth and jute sacks are called gunny bags in some European countries. The fabric made from jute is popularly known as burlap in North America.

Cultivation

Main article: Jute cultivation

Jute needs a plain alluvial soil and standing water. Jute is one of the most important Natural fibers after Cotton in terms of cultivation and usage The suitable climate for growing jute (warm and wet climate) is offered by the monsoon climate during the monsoon season. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months Temperatures ranging 20˚ C to 40˚ C and relative humidity of 70%–80% are favourable for successful cultivation. Jute requries 5–8 cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period.

White jute (Corchorus capsularis)

In several historical documents (especially, Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal in 1590) during the era of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605) states that the poor villagers of India used to wear clothes made of jute. The Ain-i-Akbari or the "Institutes of Akbar" is a 16th century detailed document recording the administration of emperor Akbar 's empire written by his Vizier Shaikh Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak ( Persian:ابو الفضل also known as Abu'l-Fazl, Abu'l Fadl and Abu'l-Fadl 'Allami ( January 14 The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the end of the 17th century Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Simple handlooms and hand spinning wheels were used by the weavers, who used to spin cotton yarns as well. History also states that Indians, especially Bengalis, used ropes and twines made of white jute from ancient times for household and other uses. The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating

Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius)

Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) is an Afro-Arabian variety and a member of the mallow family. Jute is a long soft shiny Vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse strong threads It is quite popular for its leaves that are used as an ingredient in an okra slimy Arabian potherb called molokhiya (ملوخية a word of doubtful etymology). Okra ( American English:, British English,) also known as lady's finger, bhindi ( Hindustani) and gumbo, is a The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied Corchorus is a genus plant of about 40-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout The Jewish Book of Job mentions this vegetable potherb as Jew's mallow. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible.

Tossa jute fibre is softer, silkier, and stronger than white jute. This variety astonishingly showed good sustainability in the climate of the Ganges Delta. The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a River delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh Along with white jute, tossa jute has also been cultivated in the soil of Bengal from the start of the 19th century. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Currently, the Bengal region (West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh) is the largest global producer of the tossa jute variety. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially

History

For centuries, jute has been an integral part of Bengali culture, which is shared by both Bangladesh and West Bengal of India. The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, much of the raw jute fibre of Bengal were exported to the United Kingdom, where it was then processed in mills concentrated in Dundee ("jute weaver" was a recognised trade occupation in the 1901 UK census), but this trade had largely ceased by about 1970 due to the entrance of synthetic fibres. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Margaret Donnelly I was a jute mill landowner in Dundee in the 1800s. She set up the first jute mills in India. In the 1950s and 1960s when nylon and polythene were rarely used, the United Pakistan (then the world leader in jute products) was earning money through jute of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially It was called the "Golden Fibre of Bangladesh", when it used to bring major portion of the foreign currency reserve for Bangladesh. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially But, as the use of polythene and other synthetic materials as a substitute for jute started to capture the market, most economists said that jute industry is experiencing a decline.

For several years, farmers in Bangladesh burnt their crops as they did not get an adequate price. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Many exporters that were dealing with jute found other commodities in which to deal. The jute-related organisations and government bodies also experienced closures, change, and fund cutting. The long decline in demand forced the largest jute mill in the world (Adamjee Jute Mills) to close. Adamjee Jute Mill was established in Narayanganj, Bangladesh in 1951 by Adamjee Group, immediately after Bawa Jute Mills (the first jute mill in Bangladesh Latif Bawany Jute Mills, the second largest, is still running but was nationalized by the government from prominent businessman, Yahya Bawany. But the farmers of Bangladesh surprisingly did not stop growing jute, mainly due to demand in the internal market. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Recently (2004–2007), the jute market turned back again and the price of raw jute increased more than 50% due to high demand of jute products worldwide.

During 1941, Henry Ford tested the strength of a car trunk made from soybean fibre. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Ford ( July 30, 1863 &ndash April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of The trunk was made of soy-protein plastic reinforced with glass, which was stronger, lighter, and more flexible than conventional car panels. Soy protein is generally regarded as the storage Protein held in discrete particles called protein bodies which are estimated to contain at least 60–70% of the total soybean Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. This experiment revolutionised the use of natural fibres in the automobile industry and made cars lighter, which in turn made them more fuel efficient. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of Fuel required to move the Automobile over a given Distance. The previously used glass fibre proved to be very heavy and emitted poisonous gas when burnt. Therefore, most people died of poisonous gas inhalation, not by wounds during car accidents. This fact has driven the European Union to ban the use of glass fibre in automobiles. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in When Henry Ford's experiment gained huge response, the automobile companies started to search for other bast fibres, as soybean fibre had problems in moulding. They found that flax was the best bast fibre for the automobile interior production. Bast fibre ( fiber) or skin fibre is Plant fibre collected from the Phloem (the "inner bark" or the skin or bast surrounding

It has been shown that flax, jute, and hemp fibres contain characteristics such as ductile structure and stiffness per unit of weight that result in benefits during side impacts. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without But, jute was recognised as the next to the best at a quite late time. In some cases, jute has become the better option over flax in producing car interiors. Moreover, jute proved to be the most cost effective fibre in this sector, as jute is the cheapest vegetable fibre with very high tensile strength. Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms However, there are contrasting information regarding this history.

Other uses for natural fibres now includes composite production of sheet moulding compound, resin transfer moulding, and vacuum pressing techniques and injection. Sheet moulding compound (SMC or sheet moulding composite is a ready to mould fibre-reinforced Polyester material primarily used in Compression moulding

Jute has entered various diversified sectors, where natural fibres are gradually becoming better substitution. Among these industries are paper, celluloid products (films), non-woven textiles, composites (pseudo-wood), and geotextiles. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Nonwovens are Textiles which are neither woven nor Knit, such as Felt. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Geotextiles are permeable Fabrics which when used in association with Soil, have the ability to separate filter reinforce protect or drain

Description

Jute matting being used to prevent flood erosion while natural vegetation becomes established. For this purpose, a natural and biodegradable fibre is essential.

Top Ten Jute and Jute-like Fibers Producers — 2006 (thousand metric tonne)
India	2,041
Bangladesh	801
People's Republic of China	87
Côte d'Ivoire	40
Thailand	31
Myanmar	26
Brazil	26
Uzbekistan	20
Nepal	17
Vietnam	11
World Total	3,111
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)[1]

Major fibre properties

Jute is one of the strongest natural fibers. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The long staple fiber has high tensile strength and low extensibility. Its luster determines quality; the more it shines, the better the quality. It also has some heat and fire resistance. The biodegradable features of jute are becoming increasingly important. ^[2]

Production

Jute is a rain-fed crop with little need for fertilizer or pesticides. The production is concentrated in India and Bangladesh. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The jute fibre comes from the stem and ribbon (outer skin) of the jute plant. The fibres are first extracted by retting. The retting process consists of bundling jute stems together and immersing them in low, running water. There are two types of retting: stem and ribbon. After the retting process, stripping begins. Women and children usually do this job. In the stripping process, non-fibrous matter is scraped off, then the workers dig in and grab the fibres from within the jute stem. ^[3]

Uses

Jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton; not only for cultivation, but also for various uses. Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, and to make sacks and coarse cloth. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. A bag (also known as a Sack) is a non- rigid or semi-rigid container made of Paper, Cloth, Plastic, Leather, The fibres are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs, hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum. A curtain (in the US also known as a drape or drapery) is a piece of Cloth intended to block or obscure Light, or Drafts, or A chair is a kind of Furniture for Sitting, consisting of a back and sometimes arm rests commonly for use by one person A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering Linoleum is a Floor covering made from solidified Linseed oil (linoxyn in combination with Wood flour or cork dust over a Burlap or Canvas

While jute is being replaced by synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take advantage of jute's biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be unsuitable. Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms Examples of such uses include containers for planting young trees which can be planted directly with the container without disturbing the roots, and land restoration where jute cloth prevents erosion occurring while natural vegetation becomes established.

The fibres are used alone or blended with other types of fibres to make twine and rope. Twine is a strong Thread or String composed of two or more smaller strands or Yarns twisted together A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. Jute butts, the coarse ends of the plants, are used to make inexpensive cloth. Conversely, very fine threads of jute can be separated out and made into imitation silk. As jute fibres are also being used to make pulp and paper, and with increasing concern over forest destruction for the wood pulp used to make most paper, the importance of jute for this purpose may increase. Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up Wood. Jute has a long history of use in the sackings, carpets, wrapping fabrics (cotton bale), and construction fabric manufacturing industry.

Traditionally jute was used in traditional textile machineries as textile fibres having cellulose (vegetable fibre content) and lignin (wood fibre content). Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants But, the major breakthrough came when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding industries started to use jute and its allied fibres with their non-woven and composite technology to manufacture nonwovens, technical textiles, and composites. Technical textiles is the term given to Textile products manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes where function is the primary criterion Therefore, jute has changed its textile fibre outlook and steadily heading towards its newer identity, i. e. wood fibre. As a textile fibre, jute has reached its peak from where there is no hope of progress, but as a wood fibre jute has many promising features. ^[4]

Jute can be used to create a number of fabrics such as Hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth (CBC), and canvas. Hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings. Sacking, a fabric made of heavy jute fibres, has its use in the name. CBC made of jute comes in two types. Primary CBC provides a tufting surface, while secondary CBC is bonded onto the primary backing for an overlay. Jute packaging is used as an eco-friendly substitute.

Diversified jute products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles, composites, and more. Espadrilles are casual flat or high-heel fashion sandals originating from the Pyrenees.

Jute floor coverings consist of woven and tufted and piled carpets. The traditional Satranji mat is becoming very popular in home décor. Jute non-wovens and composites can be used for underlay, linoleum substrate, and more.

Jute has many advantages as a home textile, either replacing cotton or blending with it. It is a strong, durable, color and light-fast fibre. Its UV protection, sound and heat insulation, low thermal conduction and anti-static properties make it a wise choice in home décor. Also, fabrics made of jute fibres are carbon-dioxide neutral and naturally decomposable. These properties are also why jute can be used in high performance technical textiles ^[5].

Jute is also used in the making of ghilie suits. Which are used as camoflauge and resemble grasses or brush.

Another diversified jute product is Geotextiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the agricultural sector. It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibres that is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land including but not limited to living elements, such as The Geotextiles can be used more than a year and the bio-degradable jute Geotextile left to rot on the ground keeps the ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile. Methods such as this could be used to transfer the fertility of the [Ganges Delta to the deserts of Sahara or Australia. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Moreover, jute can be grown in 4–6 months with a huge amount of cellulose being produced from the jute hurd (inner woody core or parenchyma of the jute stem) that can meet most of the wood needs of the world. Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance It is used in different ways in Animals and in Plants. Jute is the major crop among others that is able to protect deforestation by industrialisation.

Thus, jute is the most environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the expired fibres can be recycled more than once.

Food

Jute leaves are consumed in various parts of the world. It is a popular vegetable in West Africa. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Yoruba of Nigeria call it "ewedu" and the Songhay of Mali call it "fakohoy. The Yoruba (Yo•row•ba ( Yorùbá in Yoruba Orthography) are one of the largest ethno-linguistic or Ethnic groups in West Africa Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Songhai are an ethnic group from western Africa akin to the Mandé. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. " It is made into a common mucilaginous (somewhat "slimy") soup or sauce in some West African cooking traditions. Mucilage is a gooey polar Glycoprotein; an exopolysaccharide; a Polymer produced by most plants and some microorganisms It is also a popular dish in the northern provinces of the Philippines, also known as saluyot. Corchorus is a genus plant of about 40-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout The leaves are rich in betacarotene, iron, calcium, and Vitamin C. Beta-carotene is an Organic compound - a Terpenoid, a red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian The plant has an antioxidant activity with a significant α-tocopherol equivalent Vitamin E. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Tocopherol, a class of chemical compounds of which many have Vitamin E activity describes a series of Organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble

Other

Diversified byproducts which can be cultivated from jute include uses in cosmetics, medicine, paints, and other products.

Features

Picture of cutting lower part of the long jute fibre. The lower part is hard fibre, which is called jute cuttings in Bangladesh and India (commonly called jute butts or jute tops elsewhere). Jute cuttings are lower in quality, but have commercial value for the paper, carded yarn, and other fibre processing indutries. Jute fibres are kept in bundles in the background in a warehouse in Bangladesh.

• Jute fibre is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
• It is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fibre.
• It is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem.
• It is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability.
• It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. In Software engineering, extensibility (sometimes confused with Forward compatibility) is a System design principle where the implementation takes into Waterproof fabrics are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated in some sort of permanently Waterproofing material such as Rubber, Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
• It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend. This article is about the fiber product For the type of joke see Shaggy dog story.
• Unlike the fiber known as hemp, jute is not a form of (Cannabis). Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp Therefore it can be much more easily distinguished from forms of Cannabis that produce a narcotic. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain
• The best source of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of which is occupied by Bangladesh.
• Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. For the science of static charges see Electrostatics Static electricity refers to the accumulation of excess Electric charge in a In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. Other advantages of jute include acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations. Soundproofing is any means of reducing the intensity of Sound with respect to a specified source and receptor Irritation or exacerbation, in Biology and Physiology, is a state of Inflammation or painful reaction to Allergy or cell-lining damage

• Jute has the ability to be blended with other fibres, both synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Vat dyes are an ancient class of Dyes based on the natural dye Indigo, which is now produced synthetically Sulfur dyes are the most commonly used Dyes manufactured for Cotton in terms of volume In a reactive dye a Chromophore contains a Substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react to the surface of the substrate As the demand for natural comfort fibres increases, the demand for jute and other natural fibres that can be blended with cotton will increase. To meet this demand, it has been suggested that the natural fibre industry adopt the Rieter's Elitex system, in order to modernize processing. Rieter is a producer of textile machinery and automobile components based in Winterthur, Switzerland. The resulting jute/cotton yarns will produce fabrics with a reduced cost of wet processing treatments. Jute can also be blended with wool. By treating jute with caustic soda, crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance is improved, aiding in its ability to be spun with wool. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Liquid ammonia has a similar effect on jute, as well as the added characteristic of improving flame resistance when treated with flameproofing agents. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor "Fireproof" redirects here For the album see Fireproof (album.

• Some noted disadvantages include poor drapability and crease resistance, brittleness, fibre shedding, and yellowing in sunlight. However, preparation of fabrics with castor oil lubricants result in less yellowing and less fabric weight loss, as well as increased dyeing brilliance. Castor oil is a Vegetable oil obtained from the Castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant Ricinus communis, is not a member of A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving Jute has a decreased strength when wet, and also becomes subject to microbial attack in humid climates. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Jute can be processed with an enzyme in order to reduce some of its brittleness and stiffness. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Once treated with an enzyme, jute shows an affinity to readily accept natural dyes, which can be made from marigold flower extract. The family Asteraceae or Compositae (known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of Flowering In one attempt to dye jute fabric with this extract, bleached fabric was mordanted with ferrous sulphate, increasing the fabric's dye uptake value. A mordant is a substance used to set Dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye Iron(II sulfate or ferrous sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula ( Fe[[Sulfur S]] O 4 Jute also responds well to reactive dyeing. In a reactive dye a Chromophore contains a Substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react to the surface of the substrate This process is used for bright and fast coloured value-added diversified products made from jute.

Notes

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Jute. (IJSG). Accessed 13 June 2007. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
3. ^ Jute. (IJSG). Accessed 13 June 2007. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
4. ^ The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited. (GFTCL) - Articles & Information on Jute, Kenaf, & Roselle Hemp. Accessed 22 March 2007. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
5. ^ Jute. (IJSG). Accessed 13 June 2007. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

References

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• Chattopadhyay, S. N. , N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)

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External links

Articles and resources related to jute

• International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about jute, kenaf and roselle plants.
• Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University Some chemistry and medicinal information on tossa jute.
• Jute fabric could be used for industrial applications as composites reinforcement in sandwich design for automotive or builting market. The sandwich technology using jute fabric could be viewed on http://daifa.fr/index.php?Page=71 at §4. DAIFA have reach a leading position to supply jute fabric on the european market.

Institutes related to jute

• [http://www.nirjaft.res.in/ National Institute of Research on Jute And Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
• International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of jute and kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District.
• Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute.
• Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI). The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated to jute research.
• Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres.