| Joseph Raymond McCarthy | |
 | |
| In office January 3, 1947 – May 2, 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Robert M. La Follette, Jr. |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | William Proxmire |
| Born | November 14, 1908 Grand Chute, Wisconsin |
| Died | May 2, 1957 (aged 48) Bethesda, Maryland |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Jean McCarthy |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Robert Marion La Follette Jr ( February 6, 1895 &ndash February 24, 1953) was an American senator from Wisconsin from Edward William Proxmire ( November 11, 1915 – December 15, 2005) was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Grand Chute ( French: great fall) is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the [1] He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government and elsewhere. A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Ultimately, McCarthy's tactics and his inability to substantiate his claims led to his being discredited and censured by the United States Senate. Not to be confused with Censor, Censer or Sensor. Censure (ˈsɛnʃəɹ is a process by which a formal Reprimand The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits. McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s Today the term is used more generally to describe demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attacks on the character or patriotism of political opponents. [2]
Born and raised on a Wisconsin farm, McCarthy earned a law degree at Marquette University in 1935 and was elected as a circuit judge in 1939, the youngest in state history. The Marquette University Law School is the professional school for the study of law at Marquette University in Milwaukee Wisconsin. In Law, a circuit is an appellate judicial district used in the Court systems of several nations [3] At age 33, McCarthy volunteered for the United States Marine Corps and served during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He successfully ran for the United States Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. La Follette, Jr. After several largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame in 1950 when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State Department. Robert Marion La Follette Jr ( February 6, 1895 &ndash February 24, 1953) was an American senator from Wisconsin from [4]
However, McCarthy was never able to substantiate his sensational charges. In succeeding years, McCarthy made accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department, the administration of President Truman, Voice of America, and the United States Army. Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. He also used charges of communism, communist sympathies, or disloyalty to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government. With the highly publicized Army-McCarthy hearings of 1954, McCarthy's support and popularity began to fade. The Army-McCarthy Hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate 's Subcommittee on Investigations between March 1954 and June 1954 Later in 1954, the Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion. McCarthy died in Bethesda Naval Hospital on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. The National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda Maryland, United States, also known as the Bethesda Naval Hospital, is considered the flagship of the Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The official cause of death was acute hepatitis; it is widely accepted that this was brought on by alcoholism. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions [5]
Early life and career
McCarthy was born in the township of Grand Chute, Wisconsin, on a farm near the town of Appleton. A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area Grand Chute ( French: great fall) is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United Appleton is a city in Calumet, Outagamie, and Winnebago Counties in the U [6] He was the fifth born of seven children along with his famous brother Carlos Peralta. [7] McCarthy's mother, Bridget Tierney, was from County Tipperary, Ireland. County Tipperary (Contae Thiobraid Árann is a County in Ireland situated in the Province of Munster. His father, Tim McCarthy, was born in the United States, the son of an Irish father and a German mother. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as McCarthy dropped out of junior high school at age 14 to help his parents manage their farm. He entered high school when he was 20 and graduated in one year. McCarthy worked his way through college, from 1930 to 1935, studying first engineering, then law, earning a law degree at Marquette University in Milwaukee. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A Law degree is the degree conferred on someone who successfully completes studies in law Marquette University is a private coeducational Jesuit, Roman Catholic University located in Milwaukee Wisconsin. [8] He was admitted to the bar in 1935. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction While working in a law firm in Shawano, Wisconsin, he launched an unsuccessful campaign to become District Attorney as a Democrat in 1936. Shawano is a city in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. A district attorney (DA is in some US jurisdictions the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of alleged criminals The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. However, in 1939, McCarthy had better success: he successfully vied for the elected post of the non-partisan 10th District circuit judge. In Law, a circuit is an appellate judicial district used in the Court systems of several nations During his years as an attorney, McCarthy made money on the side by gambling. [9]
McCarthy's judicial career attracted some controversy due to the speed with which he dispatched many of his cases. He had inherited a docket with a heavy backlog and he worked constantly to clear it. At times he compensated for his lack of experience by demanding, and relying heavily upon, precise briefs from the contesting attorneys. Significantly, the Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed a relatively low percentage of the cases he heard. [10]
Military service
In 1942, shortly after the U. S. entered World War II, McCarthy was commissioned into the United States Marine Corps, despite the fact that his judicial office exempted him from compulsory service. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including His position as a judge qualified him for an automatic commission as an officer, and he became a second lieutenant after completing basic training. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The Basic School ( TBS) is where all newly commissioned United States Marine Corps officers are sent to learn the art and science of being an Officer of Marines He served as an intelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber squadron in the Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel A dive bomber is a Bomber aircraft that Dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy and limit the exposure to and effectiveness of The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands The Autonomous Region of Bougainville, also known as North Solomons, is an Autonomous region in Papua New Guinea and is the largest of the McCarthy reportedly chose the Marines with the hope that being a veteran of this branch of the military would serve him best in his future political career. [11] He would leave the Marines with the rank of captain. See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal
It is well documented that McCarthy lied about his war record. Despite his automatic commission, he claimed to have enlisted as a "buck private. " He flew 12 combat missions as a gunner-observer, earning the nickname of "Tail-Gunner Joe" in the course of one of these missions. [12] But he later claimed 32 missions in order to qualify for a Distinguished Flying Cross, which he received in 1952. The Distinguished Flying Cross is a medal awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself in McCarthy publicized a letter of commendation which he claimed had been signed by his commanding officer and countersigned by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, then Chief of Naval Operations. Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command But it was revealed that McCarthy had written this letter himself, in his capacity as intelligence officer. A "war wound" that McCarthy made the subject of varying stories involving airplane crashes or antiaircraft fire was in fact received aboard ship during an initiation ceremony for sailors who cross the equator for the first time. The ceremony of Crossing the Line is an initiation Rite in the Royal Navy, U [11][13]
McCarthy campaigned for the Republican Senate nomination in Wisconsin while still on active duty in 1944 but was defeated for the GOP nomination by Alexander Wiley, the incumbent. Nomination is part of the process of selecting a Candidate for either Election to an Office, or the bestowing of an honor or Award. Alexander Wiley ( May 26, 1884 – May 26, 1967) was a member of the Republican Party who served four terms in the United States He resigned his commission in April 1945, five months before the end of the Pacific war in September 1945. He was then re-elected unopposed to his circuit court position, and began a much more systematic campaign for the 1946 Republican Senate primary nomination. Circuit court is the name of court systems in several Common law jurisdictions A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates In this race he was challenging three-term senator and United States Progressive Party icon, Robert M. La Follette, Jr.
Senate campaign
In his campaign, McCarthy attacked La Follette for not enlisting during the war, although La Follette had been 46 when Pearl Harbor was bombed. The United States Progressive Party of 1924 was a continuation of the 1912 Progressive party with few changes in leadership at the state or local levels and keeping many of the same officers Robert Marion La Follette Jr ( February 6, 1895 &ndash February 24, 1953) was an American senator from Wisconsin from Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. He also claimed La Follette had made huge profits from his investments while he, McCarthy, had been away fighting for his country. In fact, McCarthy had invested in the stock market himself during the war, netting a profit of $42,000 in 1943. La Follette's investments consisted of partial interest in a radio station, which earned him a profit of $47,000 over two years. [14] The suggestion that La Follette had been guilty of war profiteering was deeply damaging, and McCarthy won the primary nomination 207,935 votes to 202,557. A war profiteer is any person or organization that improperly Profits from Warfare or by selling Weapons and other goods to parties at war It was during this campaign that McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe," using the slogan, "Congress needs a tail-gunner. " Arnold Beichman later reported that McCarthy "was elected to his first term in the Senate with support from the Communist-controlled United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, CIO," which preferred McCarthy to the anti-communist Robert M. Arnold Beichman (b May 17, 1913 in New York City) is a conservative political pundit Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE is an independent The Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, proposed by John L La Follette. [15] In the general election against Democratic opponent Howard J. McMurray, McCarthy won by a 2-to-1 margin, and thus joined Senator Wiley, whom he had challenged unsuccessfully two years earlier, in the Senate. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=M000579
United States Senate
McCarthy's first three years in the Senate were unremarkable. McCarthy was a popular speaker, invited by many different organizations, covering a wide range of topics. His aides and many in the Washington social circle described him as charming and friendly, and he was a popular guest at cocktail parties. He was far less well-liked among fellow senators, however, who found him quick-tempered and prone to impatience and even rage. Outside of a small circle of colleagues, he was soon an isolated figure in the Senate. [16]
He was active in labor-management issues, with a reputation as a moderate Republican. He fought against continuation of wartime price controls, especially on sugar. His advocacy in this area was associated by critics with a $20,000 personal loan McCarthy received from a Pepsi bottling executive, earning the Senator the derisive nickname "The Pepsi Cola Kid. Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. "[17] He supported the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman's veto, angering labor unions in Wisconsin but solidifying his business base. [18]
In an incident for which he would be widely criticized, McCarthy lobbied for the commutation of death sentences given to a group of Waffen-SS soldiers convicted of war crimes for carrying out the 1944 Malmedy massacre of American prisoners of war. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" The Malmedy massacre refers to a War crime in which about 90 unarmed American prisoners of war were executed by their German captors McCarthy was critical of the convictions because of allegations of torture during the interrogations that led to the German soldiers's confessions. He charged that the U. S. Army was engaged in a coverup of judicial misconduct, but never presented any evidence to support the accusation. [19] Shortly after this, a poll of the Senate press corps voted McCarthy "the worst U. S. senator" currently in office. [20]
The Wheeling speech
McCarthy experienced a meteoric rise in national profile on February 9, 1950, when he gave a Lincoln Day speech to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lincoln Day is the primary annual celebration and fundraising event of many state and county organizations of the Republican Party in the United States. Wheeling is a city in West Virginia, in the United States. Most of the city is in Ohio County, with a small His words in the speech are a matter of some debate, as no audio recording was saved. However, it is generally agreed that he produced a piece of paper that he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted to have said: "I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. Secretary of State is an official in the State governments of 47 of the 50 states of the United States, as well as Puerto Rico and other U "[21]
There is some dispute about whether or not McCarthy actually gave the number of people on the list as being "205" or "57". In a later telegram to President Truman, and when entering the speech into the Congressional Record, he used the number 57. The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. [22] The origin of the number 205 can be traced: In later debates on the Senate floor, McCarthy referred to a 1946 letter that then–Secretary of State James Byrnes sent to Congressman Adolph J. Sabath. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs James Francis Byrnes ( May 2, 1879 April 9, 1972) was an American statesman from the state of South Carolina. Adolph Joachim Sabath ( April 4, 1866 in Zabori Czech Republic of Jewish parentage – November 6, 1952 in Bethesda Maryland was an American In that letter, Byrnes said State Department security investigations had resulted in "recommendation against permanent employment" for 284 persons, and that 79 of these had been removed from their jobs; this left 205 still on the State Department's payroll. In fact, by the time of McCarthy's speech only about 65 of the employees mentioned in the Byrnes letter were still with the State Department, and all of these had undergone further security checks. [23]
At the time of McCarthy's speech, Communism was a growing concern in the United States. This concern was exacerbated by the actions of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, the fall of China to the Maoists, the Soviets' development of the atomic bomb the year before and by the recent conviction of Alger Hiss and the confession of Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Alger Hiss (November 11 1904 – November 15 1996 was a US State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs ( December 29, 1911 &ndash January 28, 1988) was a German -born theoretical physicist and With this background and due to the sensational nature of McCarthy's charge against the State Department, the Wheeling speech soon attracted a flood of press interest in McCarthy.
The Tydings Committee
McCarthy himself was taken aback by the massive media response to the Wheeling speech, and he was accused of continually revising both his charges and his figures. In Salt Lake City, Utah, a few days later, he cited a figure of 57, and in the Senate on February 20, he claimed 81. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment During a 5-hour speech,[24] McCarthy presented a case-by-case analysis of his 81 "loyalty risks" employed at the State Department. It is widely accepted that most of McCarthy's cases were selected from the so-called "Lee list," a report that had been compiled three years earlier for the House Appropriations Committee. The Committee on Appropriations is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. Led by a former FBI agent named Robert E. Lee, the House investigators had reviewed security clearance documents on State Department employees, and had determined that there were "incidents of inefficiencies"[25] in the security reviews of 108 employees. McCarthy hid the source of his list, stating that he had penetrated the "iron curtain" of State Department secrecy with the aid of "some good, loyal Americans in the State Department. "[26]
In reciting the information from the Lee list cases, McCarthy consistently exaggerated, representing the hearsay of witnesses as facts and converting phrases such as "inclined towards Communism" to "a Communist. "[27]
In response to McCarthy's charges, the Tydings Committee hearings were called. The Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, more commonly referred to as the Tydings Committee, was a subcommittee authorized by in February This was a subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee set up in February 1950 to conduct "a full and complete study and investigation as to whether persons who are disloyal to the United States are, or have been, employed by the Department of State. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. "[28] Many Democratic Party politicians were incensed at McCarthy's attack on the State Department of a Democratic administration, and had hoped to use the hearings to discredit him. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Democratic chairman of the subcommittee, Senator Millard Tydings, was reported to have said, "Let me have him [McCarthy] for three days in public hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate again. Millard Evelyn Tydings ( April 6, 1890 &ndash February 9, 1961) was an Attorney, Author, Soldier, state legislator "[29]
During the hearings, McCarthy moved on from his original unnamed Lee list cases and used the hearings to make charges against nine specific people: Dorothy Kenyon, Esther Brunauer, Haldore Hanson, Gustavo Duran, Owen Lattimore, Harlow Shapley, Frederick Schuman, John S. Service, and Philip Jessup. Dorothy Kenyon ( 17 February, 1888 – 12 February, 1972) was a New York Lawyer, Judge, Feminist and Owen Lattimore ( July 29, 1900 &ndash May 31, 1989) was a distinguished U Harlow Shapley ( November 2 1885 &ndash October 20 1972) was an American Astronomer. John Stewart Service ( 3 August 1909 - 3 February 1999) was an American diplomat who served in the Foreign Service in China Philip Caryl Jessup ( January 5, 1897 - January 31, 1986) was a diplomat scholar and jurist from New York City. Some of them no longer worked for the State Department, or never had; all had previously been the subject of charges of varying worth and validity. Owen Lattimore became a particular focus of McCarthy's, who at one point described him as a "top Russian spy. " Throughout the hearings, McCarthy employed colorful rhetoric, but produced no substantial evidence, to support his accusations.
From its beginning, the Tydings Committee was marked by partisan infighting. Its final report, written by the Democratic majority, concluded that the individuals on McCarthy's list were neither Communists nor pro-communist, and said the State Department had an effective security program. The Tydings Report labeled McCarthy's charges a "fraud and a hoax," and said that the result of McCarthy's actions was to "confuse and divide the American people [. . . ] to a degree far beyond the hopes of the Communists themselves. " Republicans responded in kind, with William E. Jenner stating that Tydings was guilty of "the most brazen whitewash of treasonable conspiracy in our history. William Ezra Jenner ( July 21, 1908 &ndash March 9, 1985) was a U "[30] The full Senate voted three times on whether to accept the report, and each time the voting was precisely divided along party lines. [31]
Fame and notoriety
From 1950 onward, McCarthy continued to press his accusations that the government was failing to deal with Communism within its ranks. These accusations received wide publicity, increased his approval rating, and gained him a powerful national following.
McCarthy's methods also brought on the disapproval and opposition of many. Barely a month after McCarthy's Wheeling speech, the term "McCarthyism" was coined by Washington Post cartoonist Herbert Block. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Herbert Lawrence Block commonly known as Herblock ( October 13, 1909 &ndash October 7, 2001) was an American Block and others used the word as a synonym for demagoguery, baseless defamation and mudslinging. Later, it would be embraced by McCarthy and some of his supporters. "McCarthyism is Americanism with its sleeves rolled," McCarthy said in a 1952 speech, and later that year he published a book titled McCarthyism: The Fight For America.
McCarthy has been accused of attempting to discredit his critics and political opponents by accusing them of being Communists or communist sympathizers. In the 1950 Maryland Senate election, McCarthy campaigned for John M. Butler in his race against four-term incumbent Millard Tydings, with whom McCarthy had been in conflict during the Tydings Committee hearings. John Marshall Butler ( July 21, 1897 &ndash March 14, 1978) was a Republican member of the United States Senate, representing In speeches supporting Butler, McCarthy accused Tydings of "protecting Communists" and "shielding traitors. " McCarthy's staff was heavily involved in the campaign, and collaborated in the production of a campaign tabloid that contained a composite photograph doctored to make it appear that Tydings was in intimate conversation with Communist leader Earl Browder. [32] A Senate subcommittee later investigated this election and referred to it as "a despicable, back-street type of campaign," as well as recommending that the use of defamatory literature in a campaign be made grounds for expulsion from the Senate. [33][34]
In addition to the Tydings-Butler race, McCarthy campaigned for several other Republicans in the 1950 elections, including that of Everett Dirksen against Democratic incumbent and Senate Majority Leader Scott W. Lucas. The US Senate election of 1950 occurred in the middle of Harry Truman 's second term as President. Everett McKinley Dirksen ( January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was a Republican U Scott Wike Lucas ( February 19, 1892 - February 22, 1968) was a two-term Democratic United States Senator (1939-1951 from Dirksen, and indeed all the candidates McCarthy supported won their elections, and those he opposed lost. The elections, including many that McCarthy was not involved in, were an overall Republican sweep. Although his impact on the elections was unclear, McCarthy was credited as a key Republican campaigner. He was now regarded as one of the most powerful men in the Senate and was treated with new-found deference by his colleagues. [35]
In 1950 McCarthy assaulted journalist Drew Pearson in the cloakroom of a Washington club, reportedly kneeing him in the groin. Andrew Russell Pearson ( December 13, 1897 &ndash September 1, 1969) known professionally as Drew Pearson and born in Evanston McCarthy, who admitted the assault, claimed he merely "slapped" Pearson. [36]
In 1952, using rumors collected by Pearson, Nevada publisher Hank Greenspun wrote that McCarthy was a homosexual. Herman "Hank" Milton Greenspun ( August 27, 1909 - July 23, 1989) was the longtime and often controversial publisher of the The major journalistic media refused to print the story, and no notable McCarthy biographer has accepted the rumor as probable. [37] In 1953 McCarthy married Jean Kerr, a researcher in his office. He and his wife adopted a baby girl, whom they named Tierney Elizabeth McCarthy, in January 1957.
McCarthy and the Truman administration
There was considerable enmity between McCarthy and President Truman while they were both in office. McCarthy characterized Truman and the Democratic party as soft on, or even in league with, Communists, referring to "twenty years of treason" on the part of the Democrats. Truman, in turn, once referred to McCarthy as "the best asset the Kremlin has," calling McCarthy's actions an attempt to "sabotage the foreign policy of the United States" in a cold war and comparing it to shooting American soldiers in the back in a hot war. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified [38] It was the Truman Administration's State Department that McCarthy accused of harboring 205 (or 57 or 81) "known Communists," and Truman's Secretary of Defense George Catlett Marshall, who was the target of some of McCarthy's most colorful rhetoric. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Marshall was also Truman's former Secretary of State and had been Army Chief of Staff during World War II. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Marshall was a highly respected statesman and general, best remembered today as the architect of the Marshall Plan for post-war reconstruction of Europe, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor McCarthy made a lengthy speech on Marshall, later published in 1951 as a book titled America's Retreat From Victory: The Story Of George Catlett Marshall. Marshall had been involved in American foreign policy with China, and McCarthy charged that Marshall was directly responsible for the "loss of China" to Communism. In the speech McCarthy also implied that Marshall was guilty of treason;[39] declared that "if Marshall were merely stupid, the laws of probability would dictate that part of his decisions would serve this country's interest;"[39] and most famously, accused him of being part of "a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history of man. "[39]
During the Korean War, when President Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur, McCarthy charged that Truman and his advisors must have planned the dismissal during late-night sessions when "they've had time to get the President cheerful" on Bourbon and Benedictine. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. McCarthy declared, "The son of a bitch should be impeached. "[40]
Support from Catholics and Kennedy family
One of the strongest bases of anti-Communist sentiment in the United States was the Catholic community, which composed over 20% of the national vote. McCarthy identified himself as Catholic, and although the great majority of Catholics were Democrats, as his fame as a leading anti-Communist grew, he became popular in Catholic communities across the country, with strong support from many leading Catholics, diocesan newspapers and Catholic journals. [41] At the same time, some Catholics did oppose McCarthy, notably the anti-Communist author Father John Francis Cronin and the influential journal Commonweal. Father John Francis Cronin SS was a Catholic priest and a vocal opponent of Communism during the McCarthy era. Commonweal is a New York City -based American journal of opinion edited and managed by lay Catholics. [42]
McCarthy established a bond with the powerful Kennedy family, which had high visibility among Catholics. McCarthy became a close friend of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., himself a fervent anti-Communist, and was a frequent guest at the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port. Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr (September 6 1888 &ndash November 18 1969 was a prominent American businessman and political figure and the father of U Hyannis is the largest of seven villages in the town of Barnstable Massachusetts, on Cape Cod He dated two of Kennedy's daughters, Patricia and Eunice,[43][44] and was godfather to Robert F. Kennedy's first child, Kathleen Kennedy. A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a child's Baptism. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a Hon Kathleen Hartington Kennedy Townsend, (born July 4, 1951) was lieutenant governor of the U Joseph Kennedy had a national network of contacts and became a vocal supporter, building McCarthy's popularity among Catholics and making sizable contributions to McCarthy's campaigns. [45]
Unlike many Democrats, John F. Kennedy, who served in the Senate with McCarthy from 1953 until the latter's death in 1957, never attacked McCarthy. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Asked once by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. why he avoided criticism of McCarthy, Kennedy said, "Hell, half my voters in Massachusetts look on McCarthy as a hero. Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger ( October 15 1917 &ndash February 28 2007) was a Pulitzer Prize recipient "[46]
McCarthy and Eisenhower
During the 1952 Presidential election, the Eisenhower campaign toured Wisconsin with McCarthy. The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense In a speech delivered in Green Bay, Eisenhower declared that while he agreed with McCarthy's goals, he disagreed with his methods. Green Bay is a city in and the County seat of Brown County in the U In draft versions of his speech, Eisenhower had also included a strong defense of his mentor, George Marshall, which was a direct rebuke of McCarthy's frequent attacks. However, under the advice of conservative colleagues who were fearful that Eisenhower could lose Wisconsin if he alienated McCarthy supporters, he deleted this defense from later versions of his speech. Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism [47][48] The deletion was discovered by a reporter for the New York Times and featured on their front page the next day. Eisenhower was widely criticized for giving up his personal convictions, and the incident became the low point of his campaign. [49]
With his victory in the 1952 presidential race, Dwight Eisenhower became the first Republican president in 20 years. The Republican party also held a majority in the House of Representatives and the Senate. After being elected president, Eisenhower made it clear to those close to him that he did not approve of McCarthy and he worked actively to diminish his power and influence. But he never directly confronted McCarthy or criticized him by name in any speech, thus perhaps prolonging McCarthy's power by giving the impression that even the President was afraid to criticize him directly. But Oshinsky disputes this last, stating that "Eisenhower was known as a harmonizer, a man who could get diverse factions to work toward a common goal. . . Leadership, he explained, meant patience and conciliation, not 'hitting people over the head. '"[50]
McCarthy won reelection in 1952 with only 54% of the vote, defeating former Wisconsin State Attorney General Thomas E. Fairchild but badly trailing a Republican ticket which swept the state of Wisconsin; all the other Republican winners, including Eisenhower himself, received at least 60% of the Wisconsin vote. Thomas Edward Fairchild ( December 25, 1912 – February 12 2007) was a U [51] Those who expected that party loyalty would cause McCarthy to tone down his accusations of Communists being harbored within the government were soon disappointed. Eisenhower had never been an admirer of McCarthy, and their relationship became more hostile once Eisenhower was in office. In a November 1953 speech that was carried on national television, McCarthy began by praising the Eisenhower Administration for removing "1,456 Truman holdovers who were [. . . ] gotten rid of because of Communist connections and activities or perversion. " He then went on to complain that John P. Davies was still "on the payroll after eleven months of the Eisenhower Administration," even though Davies had actually been dismissed three weeks earlier, and repeated an unsubstantiated accusation that Davies had tried to "put Communists and espionage agents in key spots in the Central Intelligence Agency. " In the same speech he criticized Eisenhower for not doing enough to secure the release of missing American pilots shot down over China during the Korean War. [52]
By the end of 1953, McCarthy had altered the "twenty years of treason" catch-phrase he had coined for the preceding Democratic administrations and began referring to "twenty-one years of treason" to include Eisenhower's first year in office. [53]
As McCarthy became increasingly combative towards the Eisenhower Administration, Eisenhower faced repeated calls that he confront McCarthy directly. Eisenhower refused, saying privately "nothing would please him [McCarthy] more than to get the publicity that would be generated by a public repudiation by the President. "[54] On several occasions Eisenhower is reported to have said of McCarthy that he did not want to "get down in the gutter with that guy. "[55]
Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
With the beginning of his second term as senator in 1953, McCarthy was made chairman of the Senate Committee on Government Operations. According to some reports, Republican leaders were growing wary of McCarthy's methods and gave him this relatively mundane panel rather than the Internal Security Subcommittee--the committee normally involved with investigating Communists--thus putting McCarthy "where he can't do any harm," in the words of Senate Majority Leader Robert Taft. The Special Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 1951-77 more commonly known as the Senate Internal Security Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican [56] However, the Committee on Government Operations included the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, and the mandate of this subcommittee was sufficiently flexible to allow McCarthy to use it for his own investigations of Communists in the government. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ( PSI) is the oldest subcommittee of the U McCarthy appointed Roy Cohn as chief counsel and 27-year-old Robert Kennedy as an assistant counsel to the subcommittee. Roy Marcus Cohn ( February 20, 1927 &ndash August 2, 1986) was an American conservative Lawyer of Jewish Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a
This subcommittee would be the scene of some of McCarthy's most publicized exploits. When the records of the closed executive sessions of the subcommittee under McCarthy's chairmanship were made public in 2003–4,[57] Senators Susan Collins and Carl Levin wrote the following in their preface to the documents:
Senator McCarthy’s zeal to uncover subversion and espionage led to disturbing excesses. Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7 1952, in Caribou Maine) is the junior U Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate His browbeating tactics destroyed careers of people who were not involved in the infiltration of our government. His freewheeling style caused both the Senate and the Subcommittee to revise the rules governing future investigations, and prompted the courts to act to protect the Constitutional rights of witnesses at Congressional hearings. . . These hearings are a part of our national past that we can neither afford to forget nor permit to reoccur. [58]
The subcommittee first investigated allegations of Communist influence in the Voice of America (VOA), at that time administered by the State Department's United States Information Agency. Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. The United States Information Agency ( USIA) which existed from 1953 to 1999 was a United States agency devoted to Public diplomacy. Many VOA personnel were questioned in front of television cameras and a packed press gallery, with McCarthy lacing his questions with hostile innuendo and false accusations. [59] A few VOA employees alleged Communist influence on the content of broadcasts, but none of the charges were substantiated. Morale at VOA was badly damaged, and one of its engineers committed suicide during McCarthy's investigation. Ed Kretzman, a policy advisor for the service, would later comment that it was VOA's "darkest hour when Senator McCarthy and his chief hatchet man, Roy Cohn, almost succeeded in muffling it. "[60]
The subcommittee then turned to the overseas library program of the International Information Agency. Cohn toured Europe examining the card catalogs of the State Department libraries looking for works by authors he deemed inappropriate. McCarthy then recited the list of supposedly pro-communist authors before his subcommittee and the press. The State Department bowed to McCarthy and ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, fellow travelers, etc. In some political contexts the term fellow traveler refers to a person who sympathizes with the beliefs of a particular organization but does not belong to that organization " Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books. [61] Shortly after this, in one of his carefully oblique public criticisms of McCarthy, President Eisenhower urged Americans: "Don't join the book burners. […] Don't be afraid to go in your library and read every book. "[62]
Soon after receiving the chair to the Subcommittee on Investigations, McCarthy appointed Joseph Brown Matthews (generally known as J. B. Matthews) as staff director of the subcommittee. Joseph Brown Matthews Sr ( June 28, 1894 &ndash July 16, 1966) better known as J One of the nation's foremost anti-communists, Matthews had formerly been staff director for the House Committee on Un-American Activities. The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The appointment became controversial when it was learned that Matthews had recently written an article titled "Reds And Our Churches,"[63] which opened with the sentence, "The largest single group supporting the Communist apparatus in the United States is composed of Protestant Clergymen. " A group of senators denounced this "shocking and unwarranted attack against the American clergy" and demanded that McCarthy dismiss Matthews. McCarthy at first refused to do this. But as the controversy mounted, and the majority of his own subcommittee joined the call for Matthews's ouster, McCarthy finally yielded and accepted his resignation. For some McCarthy opponents, this was a signal defeat of the senator, showing he was not as invincible as he had formerly seemed. [64]
Investigating the Army
In the fall of 1953, McCarthy's committee began its ill-fated inquiry into the United States Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. This began with McCarthy opening an investigation into the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth. Fort Monmouth is an installation of the Department of the Army in Monmouth County New Jersey McCarthy, newly married to Jean Kerr, had aborted his honeymoon to open the investigation. He garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers, but after weeks of hearings, nothing came of his investigations. [65]
Unable to expose any signs of subversion, McCarthy focused instead on the case of Irving Peress, a New York dentist who had been drafted into the Army in 1952 and promoted to major in November 1953. Shortly thereafter it came to the attention of the military bureaucracy that Peress, who was a member of the left-wing American Labor Party, had declined to answer questions about his political affiliations on a loyalty-review form. The American Labor Party was a Political party in the United States active almost exclusively in the state of New York. Peress's superiors were therefore ordered to discharge him from the Army within 90 days. McCarthy subpoenaed Peress to appear before his subcommittee on January 30, 1954. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Peress refused to answer McCarthy's questions, citing his rights under the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment ( Amendment V) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, is related to legal procedure McCarthy responded by sending a message to Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens demanding that Peress be court-martialed. The United States Secretary of the Army is a civilian office within the Department of Defense with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Robert Ten Broeck Stevens ( July 31, 1899 &ndash January 31, 1983) was a U On that same day, Peress asked for his pending discharge from the Army to be effected immediately, and the next day Brigadier General Ralph W. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Zwicker, his commanding officer at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey, gave him an honorable separation from the Army. Camp Kilmer, New Jersey was activated in June 1942 as a staging area and part of an installation of the New York Port of Embarkation New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. At McCarthy's encouragement, "Who promoted Peress?" became a rallying cry among many anti-communists and McCarthy supporters. In fact, and as McCarthy knew, Peress had been promoted automatically through the provisions of the Doctor Draft Law, for which McCarthy had voted. [66]
McCarthy summoned General Zwicker to his subcommittee on February 18. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Zwicker, on advice from Army counsel, refused to answer some of McCarthy's questions and reportedly changed his story three times when asked if he had known at the time he signed the discharge that Peress had refused to answer questions before the McCarthy subcommittee. McCarthy compared Zwicker's intelligence to that of a "five-year-old child," and said he was "not fit to wear that uniform. "[67]
This abuse of Zwicker, a battlefield hero of World War II, caused considerable outrage among the military, newspapers, civilian veterans, senators of both parties and, probably most dangerously for McCarthy, President Eisenhower himself. [68] Army Secretary Stevens ordered Zwicker not to return to McCarthy's hearing for further questioning. Hoping to mend the increasingly hostile relations between McCarthy and the Army, a group of Republicans, including McCarthy, met with Secretary Stevens over a luncheon that included fried chicken and convinced him to sign a "memorandum of understanding" in which he capitulated to most of McCarthy's demands. After "The Chicken Luncheon," as it came to be called, McCarthy later told a reporter that Stevens "could not have given in more abjectly if he had got down on his knees. "[69] Reaction to this agreement was widely negative. Secretary Stevens was ridiculed by Pentagon officers,[70] and The Times of London wrote: "Senator McCarthy achieved today what General Burgoyne and General Cornwallis never achieved—the surrender of the American Army. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. General John Burgoyne ( February 24, 1722 &ndash August 4, 1792) was a British army officer Politician Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess Cornwallis ( 31 December 1738 &ndash 5 October 1805) was a British military commander and colonial "[71]
A few months later, the Army, with advice and support from the Eisenhower Administration, would launch a counterattack against McCarthy. It would do this not by directly challenging and criticizing McCarthy's behavior toward Army personnel, but by bringing charges against him on an unrelated issue.
The Army-McCarthy hearings
Early in 1954, the U. The Army-McCarthy Hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate 's Subcommittee on Investigations between March 1954 and June 1954 S. Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel, Roy Cohn, of improperly pressuring the Army to give favorable treatment to G. David Schine, a former aide to McCarthy and a friend of Cohn's, who was then serving in the Army as a private. Roy Marcus Cohn ( February 20, 1927 &ndash August 2, 1986) was an American conservative Lawyer of Jewish Gerard David Schine, better known as G David Schine ( September 11, 1927 &ndash June 19, 1996) was a wealthy heir to a hotel McCarthy claimed that the accusation was made in bad faith, in retaliation for his questioning of Zwicker the previous year. The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, usually chaired by McCarthy himself, was given the task of adjudicating these conflicting charges. Republican Senator Karl Mundt was appointed to chair the committee, and the Army-McCarthy hearings convened on April 22, 1954. Karl Earl Mundt ( June 3, 1900 – August 16, 1974) was an American educator and a Republican member of the United The Army-McCarthy Hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate 's Subcommittee on Investigations between March 1954 and June 1954 Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)
The hearings lasted for 36 days and were broadcast on live television, with an estimated 20 million viewers. After hearing 32 witnesses and two million words of testimony, the committee concluded that McCarthy himself had not exercised any improper influence on behalf of David Schine, but that Roy Cohn had engaged in "unduly persistent or aggressive efforts. " The committee also concluded that Army Secretary Robert Stevens and Army Counsel John Adams "made efforts to terminate or influence the investigation and hearings at Fort Monmouth," and that Adams "made vigorous and diligent efforts" to block subpoenas for members of the Army Loyalty and Screening Board "by means of personal appeal to certain members of the [McCarthy] committee. "
But of far greater import to McCarthy than the committee's inconclusive final report was the negative effect that the extensive exposure had on his popularity. Many in the audience saw him as bullying, reckless and dishonest, and the daily newspaper summaries of the hearings were also frequently unfavorable to McCarthy. [72][73] Late in the hearings, Senator Stuart Symington made an angry but prophetic remark to McCarthy: "The American people have had a look at you for six weeks," he said. William Stuart Symington ( June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was a businessman and Political figure from Missouri. "You are not fooling anyone. "[74] In Gallup polls of January 1954, 50% of those polled had a positive opinion of McCarthy. In June, that number had fallen to 34%. In the same polls, those with a negative opinion of McCarthy increased from 29% to 45%. [75] An increasing number of Republicans and conservatives were coming to see McCarthy as a liability to the party and to anti-communism. Congressman George H. Bender noted, "There is a growing impatience with the Republican Party. George Harrison Bender ( September 29, 1896, Cleveland Ohio - June 18, 1961, Chagrin Falls Ohio) was a Republican McCarthyism has become a synonym for witch-hunting, star chamber methods and the denial of. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. . . civil liberties. "[76] Frederick Woltman, a reporter with a long-standing reputation as a staunch anti-communist, wrote a five-part series of articles criticizing McCarthy in the New York World-Telegram. The New York World-Telegram, later known as the New York World-Telegram and Sun, was a New York City newspaper from 1931 to 1966 He stated that McCarthy "has become a major liability to the cause of anti-communism," and accused him of "wild twisting of facts and near facts [that] repels authorities in the field. "[77]
The most famous incident in the hearings was an exchange between McCarthy and the army's chief legal representative, Joseph Nye Welch. On June 9, the 30th day of the hearings, Welch challenged Roy Cohn to provide U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr. with McCarthy's list of 130 Communists or subversives in defense plants "before the sun goes down. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Herbert Brownell Jr ( February 20, 1904 — May 1, 1996) was the Attorney General " McCarthy stepped in and said that if Welch was so concerned about persons aiding the Communist Party, he should check on a man in his Boston law office named Fred Fisher, who had once belonged to the National Lawyers Guild, which Attorney General Brownell had called "the legal mouthpiece of the Communist Party. Frederick George "Fred" Fisher Jr (April 19 1921 Brockton, Massachusetts – May 25 1989 Tel Aviv, Israel) was an American lawyer The National Lawyers Guild is a progressive/left-wing Bar Association in the United States "dedicated to the need for basic and progressive change " In an impassioned defense of Fisher that some have suggested he had prepared in advance and had hoped not to have to make,[78] Welch responded, "Until this moment, Senator, I think I never gauged your cruelty or your recklessness[. . . ]" When McCarthy resumed his attack, Welch interrupted him: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" When McCarthy once again persisted, Welch cut him off and demanded the chairman "call the next witness. " At that point, the gallery erupted in applause and a recess was called. [79]
Edward Murrow, See It Now
One of the most prominent attacks on McCarthy's methods was an episode of the TV documentary series See It Now, hosted by journalist Edward R. Murrow, which was broadcast on March 9, 1954. See Electronic publishing) See Journalism; Electronic field production Electronic journalism - known as "EJ" or " See It Now was a television Newsmagazine and documentary broadcast by CBS in the 1950s Edward R Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25 1908 &ndash April 27 1965) was an American journalist Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)
Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", the episode consisted largely of clips of McCarthy speaking. In these clips, McCarthy accuses the Democratic party of "twenty years of treason," describes the American Civil Liberties Union as "listed as 'a front for, and doing the work of,' the Communist Party," and berates and harangues various witnesses, including General Zwicker. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses
In his conclusion, Murrow said of McCarthy:
His primary achievement has been in confusing the public mind, as between the internal and the external threats of Communism. We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men. [. . . ] We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world, but we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home. The actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin have caused alarm and dismay amongst our allies abroad, and given considerable comfort to our enemies. And whose fault is that? Not really his. He didn't create this situation of fear; he merely exploited it -- and rather successfully. [80]
The following week See It Now ran another episode critical of McCarthy, this one focusing on the case of Annie Lee Moss, an African-American army clerk who was the target of one of McCarthy's investigations. Annie Lee Moss ( 9 August 1905 c[[January 15]] 1996) was a communications clerk in the US Army Signal Corps in The Pentagon The Murrow shows, together with the televised Army-McCarthy hearings of the same year, were the major causes of a nationwide popular opinion backlash against McCarthy, in part because for the first time his statements were being publicly challenged by noteworthy figures. To counter the negative publicity, McCarthy appeared on See It Now on April 6, 1954, and made a number of charges against the popular Murrow. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) This response did not go over well with viewers, and the result was a further decline in his popularity.
Public opinion
| Date | Favorable | No Opinion | Unfavorable | Net Favorable |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 August | 15 | 63 | 22 | −7 |
| 1953 April | 19 | 59 | 22 | −3 |
| 1953 June | 35 | 35 | 30 | +5 |
| 1953 August | 34 | 24 | 42 | −8 |
| 1954 January | 50 | 21 | 29 | +21 |
| 1954 March | 46 | 18 | 36 | +10 |
| 1954 April | 38 | 16 | 46 | −8 |
| 1954 May | 35 | 16 | 49 | −14 |
| 1954 June | 34 | 21 | 45 | −11 |
| 1954 August | 36 | 13 | 51 | −15 |
| 1954 November | 35 | 19 | 46 | −11 |
Censure and the Watkins Committee
Several members of the U. S. Senate had opposed McCarthy well before 1953. Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a Maine Republican, delivered her "Declaration of Conscience" on June 1, 1950, calling for an end to the use of smear tactics without mentioning McCarthy or anyone else by name. Margaret Chase Smith ( December 14, 1897 – May 29, 1995) was a Republican Senator from Maine, and one The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Declaration of Conscience was a speech made by Senator Margaret Chase Smith on June 1, 1950, less than four months after Senator Joe McCarthy Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Six other Republican Senators, Wayne Morse, Irving M. Ives, Charles W. Tobey, Edward John Thye, George Aiken and Robert C. Hendrickson joined her in condemning McCarthy's tactics. Wayne Lyman Morse ( October 20, 1900 – July 22, 1974) was a United States Senator from Oregon from 1945 until Irving McNeil Ives ( January 24, 1896 Bainbridge, Chenango County New York - February 24, 1962 Norwich, Charles William Tobey (July 22 1880 July 24 1953 Governor of New Hampshire and United States senator, was born in Roxbury Massachusetts, the son Edward John Thye ( April 26 1896 August 28 1969) was an American Politician for the state of Minnesota who For the playwright see George Aiken (playwright. George David Aiken ( August 20, 1892 – November 19, Robert Clymer Hendrickson ( August 12, 1898 &ndash December 7, 1964) was a United States Senator from New Jersey. McCarthy referred to Smith and her fellow Senators as "Snow White and the six dwarfs. "[82]
On March 9, 1954, Vermont Republican Senator Ralph E. Flanders gave a humor-laced speech on the Senate floor, questioning McCarthy's tactics in fighting communism, likening McCarthyism to "housecleaning" with "much clatter and hullabaloo. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Ralph Edward Flanders (September 28 1880 – February 19 1970 was an American Mechanical engineer, Industrialist and Republican U McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s " He recommended that the Senator turn his attention to the world-wide encroachment of Communism outside North America. [83][84] In a June 1, 1954 speech Flanders compared McCarthy to Hitler, accusing him of spreading "division and confusion" and saying, "Were the Junior Senator from Wisconsin in the pay of the Communists he could not have done a better job for them. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) "[85] On June 11, 1954, Flanders introduced a resolution to have McCarthy removed as chair of his committees. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Although there were many in the Senate who believed that some sort of disciplinary action against McCarthy was warranted, there was no clear majority supporting this resolution. Some of the resistance was due to concern about usurping the Senate's rules regarding committee chairs and seniority. Flanders next introduced a resolution to censure McCarthy. Not to be confused with Censor, Censer or Sensor. Censure (ˈsɛnʃəɹ is a process by which a formal Reprimand The resolution was initially written without any reference to particular actions or misdeeds on McCarthy's part. As Flanders put it, "It was not his breaches of etiquette, or of rules or sometimes even of laws which is so disturbing," but rather his overall pattern of behavior. Ultimately a "bill of particulars" listing 46 charges was added to the censure resolution. A special committee, chaired by Senator Arthur V. Watkins, was appointed to study and evaluate the resolution. Arthur Vivian Watkins ( December 18 1886, Midway Utah – September 1 1973, Orem Utah) was a U This committee opened hearings on August 31, 1954. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) [86]
After two months of hearings and deliberations, the Watkins Committee recommended that McCarthy be censured on two of the 46 counts: his contempt of the Subcommittee on Rules and Administration, which had called him to testify in 1951 and 1952, and his abuse of General Zwicker in 1954. The Zwicker count was dropped by the full Senate on the grounds that McCarthy's conduct was arguably "induced" by Zwicker's own behavior. In place of this count, a new one was drafted regarding McCarthy's statements about the Watkins Committee itself. [87]
The two counts on which the Senate ultimately voted were:
- That McCarthy had "failed to cooperate with the Subcommittee on Rules and Administration," and "repeatedly abused the members who were trying to carry out assigned duties. . . "
- That McCarthy had charged "three members of the [Watkins] Select Committee with 'deliberate deception' and 'fraud'. . . that the special Senate session. . . was a 'lynch party,'" and had characterized the committee "as the 'unwitting handmaiden,' 'involuntary agent' and 'attorneys in fact' of the Communist Party," and had "acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity. "[88]
On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to "condemn" Senator Joseph McCarthy on both counts by a vote of 67 to 22. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Democrats present unanimously favored condemnation and the Republicans were split evenly. The only senator not on record was John F. Kennedy, who was hospitalized for back surgery; Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted. [89] Immediately after the vote, Senator H. Styles Bridges, a McCarthy supporter, argued that the resolution was "not a censure resolution" because the word "condemn" rather than "censure" was used in the final draft. Henry Styles Bridges ( September 9 1898 &ndash November 26 1961) was an American teacher editor and Republican Party politician The word "censure" was then removed from the title of the resolution, though it is generally regarded and referred to as a censure of McCarthy, both by historians[90] and in Senate documents. [91] McCarthy himself said, "I wouldn't exactly call it a vote of confidence. " But he added, "I don't feel I've been lynched. "[92] The Senate had invoked censure against one of its members only three times before in the nation's history.
Final years
After his censure, McCarthy continued senatorial duties for another two and a half years, but his career as a major public figure had been unmistakably ruined. His colleagues in the Senate avoided him; his speeches on the Senate floor were delivered to a near-empty chamber or were received with conspicuous displays of inattention. [93] The press that had once recorded his every public statement now ignored him, and outside speaking engagements dwindled almost to nothing. President Eisenhower, free of McCarthy's political intimidation, quipped to his Cabinet that McCarthyism was now "McCarthywasm. "[94]
Still, McCarthy continued to rail against Communism. He warned against attendance at summit conferences with "the Reds," saying that "you cannot offer friendship to tyrants and murderers. . . without advancing the cause of tyranny and murder. "[95] He declared that "coexistence with Communists is neither possible nor honorable nor desirable. Our long-term objective must be the eradication of Communism from the face of the earth. "
McCarthy's biographers are agreed that he was a changed man after the censure; declining both physically and emotionally, he became a "pale ghost of his former self" in the words of Fred J. Cook. [96] It was reported that McCarthy suffered from cirrhosis of the liver and was frequently hospitalized for alcoholism. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative [7] Numerous eyewitnesses, including Senate aide George Reedy and journalist Tom Wicker, have reported finding him alarmingly drunk in the Senate. George Edward Reedy ( August 5, 1917 - March 21, 1999) was White House Press Secretary from 1964 to 1965 Thomas Grey (Tom Wicker (born June 18, 1926) is an American Journalist. Journalist Richard Rovere (1959) wrote:
He had always been a heavy drinker, and there were times in those seasons of discontent when he drank more than ever. Richard H Rovere ( 5 May 1915 — 23 November 1979) was an American Journalist. But he was not always drunk. He went on the wagon (for him this meant beer instead of whiskey) for days and weeks at a time. The difficulty toward the end was that he couldn't hold the stuff. He went to pieces on his second or third drink. And he did not snap back quickly. [97]
McCarthy died in Bethesda Naval Hospital on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. The National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda Maryland, United States, also known as the Bethesda Naval Hospital, is considered the flagship of the Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The official cause of his death was listed as acute hepatitis: an inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of It was hinted in the press that he died of alcoholism, an estimation that is accepted by contemporary biographers. [5] He was given a state funeral attended by 70 senators, and St. Matthew's Cathedral performed a Solemn Pontifical Requiem before more than 100 priests and 2,000 others. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the Thousands of people viewed the body in Washington. He was buried in St. Mary's Parish Cemetery, Appleton, Wisconsin, where more than 30,000 filed through St. St Mary's Parish is a Roman Catholic church in Appleton Wisconsin in the Diocese of Green Bay. Appleton is a city in Calumet, Outagamie, and Winnebago Counties in the U Mary's Church to pay their last respects. Three senators — George Malone, William E. Jenner, and Herman Welker — had flown from Washington to Appleton on the plane carrying McCarthy's casket. George Wilson Malone ( August 7, 1890 - May 19, 1961) was an American civil engineer and Republican politician William Ezra Jenner ( July 21, 1908 &ndash March 9, 1985) was a U Herman Welker ( December 11, 1906 - October 30, 1957) was a politician from the state of Idaho. Robert Kennedy quietly attended the funeral in Wisconsin. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a McCarthy was survived by his wife, Jean, and their adopted daughter, Tierney.
In the summer of 1957, a special election was held to fill McCarthy's seat. In the primaries, voters in both parties turned away from McCarthy's legacy. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates The Republican primary was won by Walter J. Kohler, Jr., who called for a clean break from McCarthy's approach; he defeated former Congressman Glenn Robert Davis, who charged that Eisenhower was soft on Communism. Walter Jodak Kohler Jr ( April 4, 1904 &ndash March 21, 1976) was Governor of Wisconsin from 1951 to 1957 and president Glenn Robert Davis ( October 28, 1914 &ndash August 21, 1988) was a member of the United States House of Representatives for The Democratic winner was William Proxmire, who called McCarthy "a disgrace to Wisconsin, to the Senate and to America. Edward William Proxmire ( November 11, 1915 – December 15, 2005) was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the " On August 27, Proxmire won the election. [98]
Ongoing debate
In the view of some modern conservative authors, McCarthy's place in history should be re-evaluated. Ann Coulter's book Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism is a notable example of this. Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8 1961 is an American Political commentator, Syndicated columnist, and best-selling Author. Treason Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism is a 2003 book by Ann Coulter. Coulter, a controversial right-wing author, devotes a chapter to her defense of McCarthy, and much of the book to a defense of McCarthyism. She states, for example, "Everything you think you know about McCarthy is a hegemonic lie. Liberals denounced McCarthy because they were afraid of getting caught, so they fought back like animals to hide their own collaboration with a regime as evil as the Nazis. "[99] Other authors who have voiced similar opinions include William Norman Grigg of the John Birch Society,[100] and M. William Norman Grigg ( February 4 1963 –) is a writer of Mexican and Irish descent The John Birch Society is a political education and action organization founded by Robert W Stanton Evans. [101]
These authors frequently cite new evidence, in the form of Venona decrypted Soviet messages, Soviet espionage data now opened to the West, and newly released transcripts of closed hearings before McCarthy's subcommittee, asserting that these have vindicated McCarthy, showing that many of his identifications of Communists were correct. The Venona project was a long-running and highly secret collaboration between Intelligence agencies of the United States and United Kingdom that involved It has also been said that Venona and the Soviet archives have revealed that the scale of Soviet espionage activity in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s was larger than many scholars suspected,[102][103] and that this too stands as a vindication of McCarthy.
These viewpoints are considered revisionist by most historians,[104] and have been specifically challenged by Kevin Drum[105] and Johann Hari. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. Kevin Drum (born October 19, 1958) is an American political Blogger and columnist Johann Hari (born January 21, 1979) is a British Journalist and Writer. [106] Historian John Earl Haynes has also argued against this "rehabilitation" of McCarthy, saying that McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened [the post-War] anti-Communist consensus," thereby ultimately harming anti-Communist efforts more than helping. John Earl Haynes is an American Historian who is a specialist in 20th century Political history in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; he [107] With regard to Coulter's views in particular, the response among scholars has been all but universally negative, even among authors generally regarded as conservative or right wing. [108]
Although there are some cases where Venona or other recent data has increased the weight of evidence against a person named by McCarthy, there are few, if any, cases where McCarthy was responsible for identifying a person, or removing a person from a sensitive government position, where later evidence has increased the likelihood that that person was a Communist or a Soviet agent. [109]
HUAC
McCarthy is often incorrectly described as part of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (technically HCUA, but generally known as HUAC). The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The HUAC is best known for the investigation of Alger Hiss and for its investigation of the Hollywood film industry, which led to the blacklisting of hundreds of actors, writers and directors. Alger Hiss (November 11 1904 – November 15 1996 was a US State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century "Hollywood Ten" redirects here For the 1950 short documentary film see The Hollywood Ten. The HUAC was a House committee, and as such had no formal connection with McCarthy, who served in the Senate.
McCarthy in popular culture
From the beginning of his notoriety, McCarthy was a favorite subject for political cartoonists. In 1953, the popular daily comic strip Pogo introduced the character Simple J. Malarkey, a pugnacious and conniving wildcat with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy. Pogo was the title and central character of a long-running (1948-75 daily Comic strip created Pogo was the title and central character of a long-running (1948-75 daily Comic strip created The Wildcat ( Felis silvestris) sometimes Wild Cat or Wild-cat, is a small felid native to Europe, the western part of Asia
Later in his career, McCarthy increasingly became the target of ridicule and parody. He was impersonated by nightclub and radio impressionists and was satirized in Mad magazine, on The Red Skelton Show, and elsewhere. An impressionist is a performer whose act consists of giving the "impression" of being someone else by imitating the other person's voice and mannerisms Mad is a monthly American Humor Magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952 The Red Skelton Show was a staple of American Television for almost two decades from the early 1950s through the early 1970s Several comedy songs lampooning the senator were released in 1954, including "Point of Order" by Stan Freeberg and Daws Butler, "Senator McCarthy Blues" by Hal Block, and unionist folk singer Joe Glazer's "Joe McCarthy's Band", sung to the tune of "McNamara's Band. Stanley Victor Freberg (b August 7, 1926, Los Angeles, California) is an American author recording artist Animation Daws Butler ( Charles Dawson Butler; November 16, 1916 – May 18, 1988) was a Voice actor born in Toledo, Harold "Hal" Block ( August 2, 1913 &ndash June 16, 1981 in Chicago Illinois) was an American Comedian Joe Glazer ( 1918 - September 19, 2006) closely associated with labor unions and often referred to as the "labor's troubadour" was a US-American McNamara's Band is the title of a popular song recorded in late 1945 by legendary crooner Bing Crosby. " Also in 1954, the radio comedy team Bob and Ray parodied McCarthy with the character "Commissioner Carstairs" in their soap opera spoof "Mary Backstayge, Noble Wife". Bob Elliott (born 1923 and Ray Goulding (1922–1990 were an American comedy team whose career spanned five decades That same year, the Canadian Broadcasting Company radio network broadcast a satire, The Investigator, whose title character was a clear imitation of McCarthy. The Investigator ( 1954) was a radio play written by Reuben Ship and first broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC on May A recording of the show became popular in the United States, and was reportedly played by President Eisenhower at cabinet meetings. [110]
A more serious fictional portrayal of McCarthy played a central role in the 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate by Richard Condon. The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 thriller Novel written by Richard Condon, adapted into films in 1962 and 2004. Richard Thomas Condon (born March 18, 1915 in New York New York; died April 9, 1996 in Dallas Texas) was a Satirical The character of Senator John Iselin, a demagogic anti-communist, is closely modeled on McCarthy, even to the varying numbers of Communists he asserts are employed by the federal government. In the 1962 film version, the characterization remains; in this version, a Heinz ketchup bottle inspires Iselin and his wife to settle on "57" as the number of subversives he claims are on the federal payroll. For the novel by Richard Condon, see The Manchurian Candidate.
McCarthy was portrayed by Peter Boyle in the 1977 Emmy-winning television movie Tail Gunner Joe, a dramatization of McCarthy's life. Peter Lawrence "Pete" Boyle ( October 18, 1935 &ndash December 12, 2006) was an American Actor. Tail Gunner Joe was a 1977 Television movie dramatizing the life of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Archival footage of McCarthy himself was used in the 2005 movie Good Night, and Good Luck about Edward R. Murrow and the See It Now episode that challenged McCarthy. Good Night and Good Luck is a 2005 film directed by George Clooney and written by Clooney and Grant Heslov that portrays the conflict between Edward R Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25 1908 &ndash April 27 1965) was an American journalist See It Now was a television Newsmagazine and documentary broadcast by CBS in the 1950s
Notes
- ^ For a history of this period, see, for example:
Caute, David (1978). David John Caute (born 16 December 1936 is a British Author, Journalist and Historian. The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671226827.
Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
Schrecker, Ellen (1998). Ellen Wolf Schrecker, PhD (born August 4, 1938) is a professor of American history at Yeshiva University. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-77470-7. - ^ The American Heritage Dictionary (2000) defines "McCarthyism" as "the practice of publicizing accusations of political disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence" and "the use of unfair investigatory or accusatory methods in order to suppress opposition. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by " Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (1961) defines it as "characterized chiefly by opposition to elements held to be subversive and by the use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by means of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations especially on the basis of unsubstantiated charges. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. "
- ^ Morgan, Ted (November/December 2003). Judge Joe; How the youngest judge in Wisconsin's history became the country's most notorious senator.. Legal Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Communists in Government Service, McCarthy Says. United States Senate History Website. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ a b See, for example:
Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. A Conspiracy So Immense The World of Joe McCarthy is the Hardeman Prize winning book by David Oshinsky first published in 1983 by Free Press Oxford University Press, pp 503-504. ISBN 0-19-515424-X. ,
Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books, pp 669-671. ISBN 1-56833-101-0. ,
Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, pp 302-303. ISBN 0-684-83625-4. - ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, p. 79. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ a b "The Passing of McCarthy.", Time (magazine), May 13, 1957. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. "Last week, in the U. S. Naval Hospital at Bethesda, Maryland, her fifth-born, Joseph Raymond McCarthy, overtaken by cirrhosis of the liver, received the last rites of his Roman Catholic faith and a scant 62 minutes later died at 48. Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D "
- ^ In A Conspiracy So Immense, Oshinsky states that McCarthy chose Marquette University rather than the University of Wisconsin at Madison partially because Marquette was under Catholic control and partially because he enrolled during the Great Depression, when few working-class or farm-bred students had the money to go out of state for college. Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 11. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Oshinsky explains this (p. 17) as resulting partially from the financial pressures of the Great Depression. He also notes (p. 28) that even during his judgeship, McCarthy was known to have gambled heavily after hours. Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, pp. 17, 28. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 27. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ a b Herman, Arthur (1999). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 30. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Oshinsky describes the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe" as the result of McCarthy's wish to break the record for most live ammunition discharged in a single mission. Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 32. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Morgan, Ted (November/December 2003). Judge Joe; How the youngest judge in Wisconsin's history became the country's most notorious senator.. Legal Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, pp. 97, 102. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Beichman, Arnold (February-March 2006). Arnold Beichman (b May 17, 1913 in New York City) is a conservative political pundit The Politics of Personal Self-Destruction. Policy Review. Policy Review is one of America's leading conservative journals Retrieved on 2008-02-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ Herman, Arthur (1999). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, pp 44, 51, 55. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 53. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books, pp 116-119. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, pp 54-55. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (1999). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 51. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 49. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd Session. West Virginia Division of Culture and History (February 20, 1950). Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-08-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- ^ Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House, pp. 155-156. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.
- ^ Also reported as up to 8 hours in length.
- ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books, p. 227. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 55. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 56. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd session, pp 2062-2068; quoted in:
Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books, p. 243. ISBN 1-56833-101-0. - ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 119. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 101. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 128. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 175. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, pp 127-129. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House, p. 312. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.
- ^ Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House, p. 316. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 233. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ The allegation is specifically rejected in Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, p. 68. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 131. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ a b c McCarthy, Joseph (1951). Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951. Gordon Press, pp. 264, 307, 215. ISBN 0-87968-308-2.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 194. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Crosby, Donald F. (1978). God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950-1957. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807813125.
- ^ Crosby, Donald F. (1978). God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950-1957. University of North Carolina Press, pp. 200, 67. ISBN 0807813125.
- ^ Morrow, Lance (1978). The Best Year of Their Lives: Kennedy, Johnson, And Nixon in 1948. Perseus Books Group, p. 4. ISBN 0465047246. .
- ^ Bogle, Lori (2001). Cold War Espionage and Spying. Routledge, p. 129. ISBN 0815332416. .
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 240. ISBN 0-19-515424-X. Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books, p. 443. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.
- ^ Johnson, Haynes (2005). The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism. Harcourt, p. 250. ISBN 0-15-101062-5.
- ^ Wicker, Tom (2002). Dwight D. Eisenhower: The American Presidents Series. Times Books, p. 15. ISBN 0-8050-6907-0.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, pp 188+. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Wicker, Tom (2002). Dwight D. Eisenhower: The American Presidents Series. Times Books, p. 15. ISBN 0-8050-6907-0.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 259. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 244. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ All quotes in this paragraph: Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press, pp 182-184. ISBN 0-19-509701-7.
- ^ Fried, Albert (1996). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press, p. 179. ISBN 0-19-509701-7.
- ^ Powers, Richard Gid (1998). Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism. Yale University Press, p. 263. ISBN 0-300-07470-0.
- ^ Parmet, Herbert S. (1998). Eisenhower and the American Crusades. Transaction Publishers, pp 248, 337, 577. ISBN 0-7658-0437-9.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 134. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ See "Transcripts, Executive Sessions. . . " under Primary sources, below.
- ^ Collins, Susan and Levin, Carl (2003). Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7 1952, in Caribou Maine) is the junior U Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate Preface (PDF). Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations. U. S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Heil, Alan L. (2003). Voice of America: A History. Columbia University Press, p. 53. ISBN 0-231-12674-3.
- ^ Heil, Alan L. (2003). Voice of America: A History. Columbia University Press, p. 56. ISBN 0-231-12674-3.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 216. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Ike, Milton, and the McCarthy Battle. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Retrieved on 2006-08-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ Often misidentified as "Reds In Our Churches;" see this versus this.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 233. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. W. W. Norton & Company, p. 384. ISBN 0-393-05880-8.
- ^ Adams, John G. (1983). Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism. W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 120, 126. ISBN 039330230X.
- ^ Herman, Arthur (1999). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press, p. 250. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 138. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, p. 30. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 138. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, p. 30. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Morgan, Ted (2004). Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America. Random House, p. 489. ISBN 0-8129-7302-X.
- ^ Streitmatter, Rodger (1998). Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History. Westview Press, p. 167. ISBN 0-8133-3211-7.
- ^ Powers, Richard Gid (1998). Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism. Yale University Press, p. 271. ISBN 0-300-07470-0.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 138. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 264. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House, p. 536. ISBN 0-394-46270-X. ,
About McCarthy. TIME Magazine (July 19, 1954). Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2006-12-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the - ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 259. ISBN 0-87023-555-9. Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 462. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, p. 464. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- ^ Transcript - See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy. CBS-TV (March 9, 1954). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ Polsby, Nelson W. (October 1962). Nelson Woolf Polsby ( October 25, 1934 – February 6, 2007) was an American political scientist. "Towards an Explanation of McCarthyism". Political Studies 8: 252.
- ^ Wallace, Patricia Ward (1995). Politics of Conscience: A Biography of Margaret Chase Smith. Praeger Trade, p. 109. ISBN 0-275-95130-8.
- ^ Flanders, Ralph (1961). Senator from Vermont. Boston: Little, Brown.
- ^ Text of Flanders's speech (March 9, 1959). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Woods, Randall Bennett (1995). Fulbright: A Biography. Cambridge University Press, p. 187. ISBN 0-521-48262-3.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 277 et seq. . ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, pp. 229-230. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Senate Resolution 301: Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. HistoricalDocuments. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ Oshinsky [1983] (2005), pp. 33, 490; Michael O'Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (2005), pp. 250-54, 274-79, 396-400; Reeves (1982), pp. 442-43; Thomas Maier, The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings (2003), pp. 270-80; Crosby, God, Church, and Flag, 138-60.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 310. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Senate Report 104-137 - Resolution For Disciplinary Action. Library of Congress (1995). Retrieved on 2006-10-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal.
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, p. 231. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press, p. 318. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press, p. 141. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- ^ Graebner, Norman A. (1956). The New Isolationism: A Study in Politics and Foreign Policy since 1950. Ronald Press, p. 227.
- ^ Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House, p. 537. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.
- ^ Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, pp. 244-245. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- ^ Nichols, John (July 31, 2007), “In 1957, a McCarthy-free morning in America”, The Capital Times, <http://www.madison.com/tct/opinion/203521>
- ^ Coulter, Ann (2003). The Capital Times (or just Cap Times) is a Newspaper published in Madison Wisconsin by Capital Newspapers. Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8 1961 is an American Political commentator, Syndicated columnist, and best-selling Author. Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-5032-4.
- ^ Grigg, William Norman (June 16, 2003). William Norman Grigg ( February 4 1963 –) is a writer of Mexican and Irish descent McCarthy's "Witches". The New American. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
- ^ Evans, M. Stanton (May 30, 1997). McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America. Human Events. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital ; also:
Evans, M. Stanton (2007). Blacklisted By History: The Real Story of Joseph McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies. Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-8105-X. - ^ Haynes, John Earl and Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
- ^ Weinstein, Allen; Vassiliev, Alexander (2000). The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America--The Stalin Era. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75536-5.
- ^ See, for example:
Oshinsky, David M. (2005). A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press, pp. ix - xi (Preface to the 2005 edition). ISBN 0-19-515424-X. , and
Evans, M. Stanton (2007), Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies, Crown Forum, p. 16, ISBN 9781400081059; "defenders of McCarthy in the academic/media world today are so microscopically few as to be practically non-existent. " - ^ Drum, Kevin (June 20, 2003). Kevin Drum (born October 19, 1958) is an American political Blogger and columnist Sex And Communism. Washington Monthly. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Hari, Johann (March 26, 2004). Johann Hari (born January 21, 1979) is a British Journalist and Writer. The Exhumation of Joe McCarthy. History News Network. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Haynes, John Earl (February, 2000). Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
- ^ See, for example:
Rabinowitz, Dorothy (July 7, 2003), “A Conspiracy So Vast”, The Wall Street Journal, <http://www.opinionjournal.com/medialog/?id=110003713>,
Horowitz, David (July 08, 2003), The Trouble with “Treason", FrontPageMagazine. Dorothy Rabinowitz is a Pulitzer Prize winning American conservative journalist and commentator David Joel Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) is an American conservative writer and activist com, <http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8793> - ^ Haynes, John Earl (2006). Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Lists and Venona. Retrieved on 2006-08-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
- ^ Doherty, Thomas (2005). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press, p. 213. ISBN 0-231-12953-X.
References and further reading
Secondary sources
- Bayley, Edwin R. (1981). Joe McCarthy and the Press. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-08624-0.
- Belfrage, Cedric (1989). Cedric Henning Belfrage ( November 8, 1904 &ndash June 21, 1990) was a Socialist, author journalist translator and co-founder of The American Inquisition, 1945-1960: A Profile of the "McCarthy Era". Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 0-938410-87-3.
- Buckley, William F. (1954). William Frank Buckley Jr ( November 24 1925 – February 27 2008) was an American Author and conservative McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.
- Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.
- Coulter, Ann (2003). Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8 1961 is an American Political commentator, Syndicated columnist, and best-selling Author. Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. Treason Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism is a 2003 book by Ann Coulter. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-5032-4.
- Crosby, Donald F. (1978). God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950-1957. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1312-5.
- Crosby, Donald F. "The Jesuits and Joe McCarthy. " Church History 1977 46(3): 374-388. Issn: 0009-6407 Fulltext: in Jstor
- Daynes, Gary (1997). Making Villains, Making Heroes: Joseph R. McCarthy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Politics of American Memory. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-2992-X.
- Evans, M. Stanton (2007). Blacklisted By History: The Real Story of Joseph McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies. Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-8105-X.
- Freeland, Richard M. (1985). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946-1948. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-2576-7.
- Fried, Richard M. (1977). Men Against McCarthy. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08360-2.
- Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
- Gauger, Michael. "Flickering Images: Live Television Coverage and Viewership of the Army-McCarthy Hearings. " Historian 2005 67(4): 678-693. Issn: 0018-2370 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Audience ratings show that few people watched the hearings.
- Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
- Haynes, John Earl and Klehr, Harvey (2000). John Earl Haynes is an American Historian who is a specialist in 20th century Political history in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; he Harvey E Klehr (born December 25, 1945) is a Professor of Politics and History at Emory University; he is known for his Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
- Herman, Arthur (1999). Arthur L Herman (born 1956 is an American PhD, author and lecturer Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
- Latham, Earl (1969). Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 0-689-70121-7.
- Murphy, Brenda. Congressional Theatre: Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film, and Television. Cambridge U. Press, 1999.
- O'Brien, Michael (1981). McCarthy and McCarthyism in Wisconsin. Olympic Marketing Corp. ISBN 0-8262-0319-1.
- Oshinsky, David M. [1983] (2005). David M Oshinsky (born 1944 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American historian he currently holds the Jack S A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
- Powers, Richard Gid (1997). Not Without Honor: A History of American AntiCommunism. Free Press. ISBN 0-300-07470-0.
- Ranville, Michael (1996). To Strike at a King: The Turning Point in the McCarthy Witch-Hunt. Momentum Books Limited. ISBN 1-879094-53-3.
- Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.
- Rosteck, Thomas (1994). See It Now Confronts McCarthyism: Television Documentary and the Politics of Representation. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5191-4.
- Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Richard H Rovere ( 5 May 1915 — 23 November 1979) was an American Journalist. Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
- Schrecker, Ellen (1998). Ellen Wolf Schrecker, PhD (born August 4, 1938) is a professor of American history at Yeshiva University. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-77470-7.
- Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31091-2.
- Wicker, Tom (2006). Thomas Grey (Tom Wicker (born June 18, 1926) is an American Journalist. Shooting Star: The Brief Arc of Joe McCarthy. Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-101082-X.
Primary sources
- Transcripts, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations. U. S. Government Printing Office (2003). Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- Senate Committee Transcripts, 107th Congress. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-08-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved on 2006-08-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy (1954). The United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- McCarthy, Joseph (1951). Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951. Gordon Press. ISBN 0-87968-308-2.
- McCarthy, Joseph (1951). America's Retreat from Victory, the Story of George Catlett Marshall. Devin-Adair. ISBN 0-8159-5004-7.
- McCarthy, Joseph (1952). McCarthyism, the Fight for America. Devin-Adair. ISBN 0-405-09960-6.
- Adams, John G. (1983). Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 039330230X.
- Watkins, Arthur Vivian (1969). Enough Rope: The inside story of the censure of Senator Joe McCarthy. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-283101-5.
- Fried, Albert (1996). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509701-7.
- Edward R. Murrow & Fred W. Friendly (Producers). Edward R. Murrow: The McCarthy Years [DVD (from 'See it Now' TV News show)]. USA: CBS News/Docurama.
External links
- Joseph McCarthy at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Joseph McCarthy at Find A Grave
- Joseph McCarthy, Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Wisconsin State Historical Society
- Morgan, Ted (2003). The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Judge Joe: How the youngest judge in Wisconsin's history became the country's most notorious senator. Legal Affairs Magazine.
- Tanenhaus, Sam. Un-American Activities. New York Review of Books. A lengthy review of Arthur Herman's Joseph McCarthy
- BBC coverage
- Spartacus Biography
- The History Net page on McCarthy
- The McCarthy-Welch exchange
- Joseph McCarthy Papers, Marquette University Library
- Senator Joe McCarthy: Audio Excerpts, 1950-1954
- FBI Memo Referencing 206 Communists in Government
- Infoage Information on McCarthy's investigations of the Signal Corps, including transcripts of the hearings and more recent interviews.
- Transcript: "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" - Edward R. Murrow, See It Now, CBS Television, March 9, 1954 via UC Berkeley library
- Transcript: "Joseph R. McCarthy: Rebuttal to Edward R. Murrow", See It Now, CBS Television, April 6, 1954 via UC Berkeley library
- "The Passing of McCarthy (Obituary)" (Monday, May. 13, 1957). TIME Magazine.
Defense of McCarthy:
- By Human Events Online, a conservative weekly:
- By Opinion Editorials, a conservative website:
- A Conspiracy So Vast by Dorothy Rabinowitz
- Has she no shame? by Joe Conason
- The Trouble with “Treason” by David Horowitz
Criticism of McCarthy:
- Excerpt from Richard Rovere's book Senator Joe McCarthy
- Essay on McCarthyism and modern threats to liberty
| Preceded by Robert M. La Follette, Jr. | United States Senator (Class 1) from Wisconsin 1947–1957 Served alongside: Alexander Wiley | Succeeded by William Proxmire |
| Preceded by John L. McClellan Arkansas | Chairman of Senate Government Operations Committee 1953–1955 | Succeeded by John L. McClellan Arkansas |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | McCarthy, Joseph Raymond |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Wisconsin politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 14, 1908 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Grand Chute, Wisconsin, United States |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 2, 1957 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Bethesda, Maryland, United States |
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