Citizendia

Sen. Joseph L. Bruno
Joseph Bruno
Incumbent
Assumed office 
1995
Preceded byRalph J. Marino
Member of the New York State Senate
from the 43rd district
Incumbent
Assumed office 
1976
BornApril 8, 1929 (1929-04-08) (age 79)
Glens Falls, New York
NationalityAmerican
Political partyRepublican
SpouseBarbara Frasier (deceased)
ChildrenJoseph, Susan, Kenneth, and Catherine
ResidenceBrunswick, New York
Alma materSkidmore College
Websitesenatorbruno.com

Joseph L. The Majority Leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate. Ralph John Marino ( January 2, 1928 - April 6, 2002) was Majority leader of the New York State Senate from 1988 The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Glens Falls is a City in Warren County, New York, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Brunswick is a Town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Skidmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States Bruno (born April 8, 1929) is an American businessman and Republican politician, the Temporary President of the New York State Senate and its majority leader. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms In US politics, the majority leader is a partisan position in a legislative body Under the New York State Constitution, the "temporary president of the senate" performs the duties of the lieutenant governor when that office is vacant, or its office-holder is out of state. On March 17, 2008 Lieutenant Governor David Paterson became governor, vacating the lieutenant governor's office. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. Bruno continues to hold the office of "temporary president of the senate" and majority leader while performing lieutenant governor duties. [1][2] He represents the 43rd New York State Senate District.

Contents

Personal life

Bruno was born in Glens Falls, New York, and graduated from of St. Glens Falls is a City in Warren County, New York, United States. Mary's Academy. He has a B.A. degree in Business Administration from Skidmore College and served in the Korean War as an infantry Sergeant. In Business, administration consists of the performance or management of business operations and thus the making or implementing of major decisions Skidmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries police forces and other uniformed organizations around the world Bruno served as president of the New York State Jaycees and in 1964 was named by them as one of the five "Outstanding Young Men of the State. Junior Chamber International ( JCI) is a worldwide federation of young leaders and Entrepreneurs. "[3]

Bruno and his wife Barbara Frasier (deceased) are parents of four children: Joseph, Susan, Kenneth and Catherine. Senator Bruno lives in Brunswick in Rensselaer County, New York. Brunswick is a Town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. Rensselaer County is a County in the US state of New York. As of the 2000 census, the population was 152538 New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

There is at least one building named for Bruno in each of the fourteen towns and two cities that comprise Rensselaer County, New York. Rensselaer County is a County in the US state of New York. As of the 2000 census, the population was 152538 In addition, the Houston Astros A short-season affiliate Tri-City ValleyCats play in Joseph L. Bruno Stadium situated on the Troy-North Greenbush border. The Houston Astros are a Professional baseball team based in Houston Texas. The Tri-City ValleyCats are a Minor league baseball team based in Troy New York. Joseph L Bruno Stadium is a Stadium in Troy New York. It is primarily used for Baseball and is the home field of the Tri-City Valley Cats

Political career

Bruno was first elected to the New York State Senate in 1976 from a district composed of the counties of Rensselaer and Saratoga. Saratoga County is a County located in the US state of New York. He was first elected Temporary President of the New York State Senate in January 1995 and re-elected to that position in 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005.

In 1966, Bruno was on the campaign staff of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and from 1969 to 1974 he served as Special Assistant to Speaker of the Assembly Perry B. Duryea. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth Perry Belmont Duryea Jr ( October 18, 1921 Montauk, Suffolk County New York - January 11, 2004 Southampton From 1968 to 1969, he was President of the New York State Association of Young Republicans. The oldest Young Republican club in the country is the New York Young Republican Club in New York City. He also served as Chairman of the Rensselaer County Republican Committee from 1974 to 1977.

Bruno, along with Governor George Pataki and Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, was instrumental in bringing the return of the death penalty to New York State in 1995. George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York serving three consecutive Sheldon Silver (born February 13, 1944) is a lawyer a Politician and a member of the Democratic Party, currently serving as Speaker Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The New York Court of Appeals (the highest state court) ruled the law they passed to be unconstitutional, because that law gave jurors deadlocked between life without parole and execution no choice but to give eligibility for parole after 25 years. New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the US state of New York. When faced between this possibility, the Court of Appeals feared that execution would seem unfairly preferable. In the 10 years since the law was passed, New York's crime rate plummeted without ever seeing an execution, perhaps weakening the public support for the death penalty. Silver let the law die in 2005 without much debate. [1] According to an editorial in The Buffalo News, Bruno forced a bill through the Senate on June 27, 1995 that would have forced girls under 16 to get consent from both parents for an abortion. The Buffalo News is the primary Newspaper of the Buffalo New York, Metropolitan area and its surrounding Suburbs It is wholly owned Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 It never passed the New York State Assembly. [2]

In 2005, Bruno proposed research into high speed rail development in New York State as part of a plan to boost Upstate New York's economy. Development of High-speed rail in the United States can be traced back to the Streamliners in the 1930s 1940s and 1950s Upstate New York is the region of New York State north of the core of the New York metropolitan area. [3]

As the Temporary President of the Senate, Bruno is Chairman of the Rules Committee and an ex officio member of all Senate standing committees and statutory commissions.

A minor league baseball stadium in Troy, New York, the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium, is named after the Senator. Troy is a City in New York, US, and the County seat of Rensselaer County. Joseph L Bruno Stadium is a Stadium in Troy New York. It is primarily used for Baseball and is the home field of the Tri-City Valley Cats

Bruno has dominated politics in the County, as well as the state, experiencing only two major defeats; when Democratic Judge Patrick McGrath won re-election as County Court Judge by 69 percent in 2003, and when East Greenbush Town Justice Bob Jacon defeated District Attorney Patricia DeAngelis for an additional County Judgeship that was created by the State Senate specifically for DeAngelis in 2005. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

In February 2005, Bruno stated that America, instead of battling insurgents in Iraq, should declare victory and "get the troops out of there. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. "[4]

2007 legislative session

At the start of the 2007 session, it appeared the highly popular incoming Governor Eliot Spitzer would be able to enact an ambitious reform agenda over the opposition of a weakened Bruno. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. However, the 2007 state budget was deemed by many as similar to the budgets approved during the Pataki years, which some dubbed a victory for Bruno.

In April Bruno also appeared to hold veto power over two other Spitzer initiatives: gay marriage[5] and campaign finance reform[6]. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Campaign finance reform is the common term for the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in Politics, primarily in Political He challenged Spitzer to restore the state's death penalty law. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. [7] He also has criticized the Governor's plan to issue driver's licenses to illegal immigrants, claiming it was aimed at stuffing the ballot box with Democratic voters. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country [8]

Police surveillance controversy

Main article: Eliot Spitzer political surveillance controversy

On July 23, 2007, New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo admonished Governor Eliot Spitzer's administration for ordering the State Police to track Bruno's travel records, particularly his use of a state helicopter. The Eliot Spitzer political surveillance scandal (also known as Troopergate) broke out on July 23, 2007 when New York State Attorney General Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The New York State Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the State of New York. Andrew Mark Cuomo (born December 6 1957 in Queens New York) is the New York State Attorney General. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. [9] At the direction of top officials of the Spitzer administration, the New York State Police created documents meant to cause political damage to Bruno. The New York State Police ( NYSP) is the State police force of 4600 sworn Troopers for the state of New York. [10] The governor's staff had stated they were responding to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA or FOIL) request from The Times-Union of Albany in late June. [9][11] On May 23, Spitzer's Communications Director Darren Dopp wrote Rich Baum, a senior Spitzer adviser, that "records exist going way back"[12] about Bruno's use of state aircraft, and that "Also, I think there is a new and different way to proceed re media. Will explain tomorrow. "[11] Dopp later wrote another e-mail to Baum after a story ran in the Times-Union about a federal grand jury investigation of Bruno's investments in thoroughbred racing horses, and wrote: "Think travel story would fit nicely in the mix. In the Common law, a grand jury is a type of Jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. "[12][11]

A 57-page report issued by the Attorney General's office concluded that Spitzer aides attempted to create negative media coverage concerning Bruno's travel before any FOIA request was made. [13] The investigation looked into both Bruno's travel and the senate leader's allegation that Spitzer used State Police to spy on him. [14] Cuomo concluded that "These e-mails show that persons in the governor's office did not merely produce records under a FOIL request, but were instead engaged in planning and producing media coverage concerning Senator Bruno's travel on state aircraft before any FOIL request was made. "[12][15] It noted that the Times-Union's initial FOIL request didn't even ask for the records involving Bruno that the paper was later given by aides to Spitzer. [16] The Times-Union's requests sought documents on use of state aircraft by seven officials, including Spitzer, Bruno and Lieutenant Governor David Paterson, yet Spitzer’s office released only Bruno's itinerary. David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. [17] The Spitzer administration and the State Police provided far more details about Bruno than about other officials to the Times-Union, including records to reply to a request under the state’s Freedom of Information laws, though no such request had even been made. [18] The report noted that the state acted outside the laws in what it released, such as documents that resembled official state travel records, “which they were not" according to Ellen Nachtigall Biben, a former prosecutor in the Manhattan district attorney’s office, who contributed to the report. [17] The report stated that the Times-Union request came after the story about Bruno’s travels was published, and was "not consistent" with Spitzer administration claims that all it did was respond to a FOIA request. [19] No other officials were subject to the same scrutiny as Bruno, and in some cases, the reports created by State Police were pieced together long after the trips, sometimes based on the memory of the police escorts involved. [20]

The report cleared Bruno of any legal violations in his use of the state's air fleet. [21][22][23][10] Spitzer also used the state aircraft during the first six months of his term as governor for political purposes, including a stop in Rochester to attend an event for the Monroe County Democratic Committee on a day in which he had a number of stops related to public business. [20] The report criticized Spitzer's office for using State Police resources to gather information about Bruno's travel and releasing the information to the media. [22]

Spitzer responded at a July 23 press conference that "As governor, I am accountable for what goes on in the executive branch and I accept responsibility for the actions of my office"[9] and that his administration had "grossly mishandled"[9] the situation. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. [23] Spitzer issued an apology to Bruno and stated that "I apologized to Senator Bruno and I did so personally this morning. "[9]

However, Spitzer's apology did not end the dispute: as of March 2008, four probes by the state Attorney General's office, the State Senate Investigations Committee, the Albany County District Attorney's office, and the state ethics board, the New York Commission on Public Integrity, are ongoing.

On March 29, 2008, the The Buffalo News reported "former Gov. The Buffalo News is the primary Newspaper of the Buffalo New York, Metropolitan area and its surrounding Suburbs It is wholly owned Eliot L. Spitzer lied to prosecutors" about his role in Troopergate, but "the Albany County district attorney said he will not pursue any criminal charges against the already disgraced ex-governor. "[24]

Loss of Senate control?

Entering 2007 Bruno's hold on Senate control appeared more tenuous than in prior years, as the Republicans lost the senate seat formerly held by Nicholas Spano, failed to regain a Republican leaning seat in Syracuse and with a caucus diminished to 33 members had to defend the open seat of Michael Balboni in Nassau County, which was lost to a Democrat in a February 6, 2007 special election. Nicholas Spano represented District 35 in the New York State Senate until 2006 Michael Balboni (born in May 1959 Long Island, New York) is the Deputy Secretary for Public Safety for the State of New York which is the senior homeland security Nassau County is the name of two counties in the United States of America: Nassau County New York Nassau County Florida The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [25] Balboni had resigned to take a top post in the incoming Eliot Spitzer administration. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. The electoral reverses and the ongoing FBI investigation led some Republicans to suggest Bruno might step down as Majority Leader. [26] There were also rumors some Republican senators might cross the aisle to throw control of the Senate to the Democrats. [25]

Bruno's position became more tenuous in February 2008 after another special election loss, that of the heavily Republican 48th District in Watertown formerly held by James W. Wright. Watertown may refer to Places in the United States Watertown Connecticut Watertown Florida Watertown Massachusetts James W Wright was a member of the New York State Senate, representing the 48th district This loss diminished the Republican edge to a single seat and press speculation centered on whether the remaining GOP senate caucus would cause Bruno to step down. [27]

Performing Lieutenant Governor's duties

As the Senate's majority leader, Joseph Bruno is next in line to obtain the powers and duties, but not the office, of Governor of New York. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Following Eliot Spitzer's resignation on March 17, 2008, Bruno, as "temporary president of the senate", commenced performing "all the duties of lieutenant-governor" in accordance with the New York State Constitution. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [2][28] Bruno would become Acting Governor if the governor is incapacitated or out of state. [29]

If David Paterson should cease to be Governor before the term expires on January 1, 2011, "a governor and lieutenant-governor shall be elected for the remainder of the term at the next general election happening not less than three months after both offices shall have become vacant. David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2011 ( MMXI) will be a Common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. "[30] Bruno would serve as Acting Governor until a Governor and Lieutenant Governor were elected. [31]

Bruno is the first person to perform the Lieutenant Governor's duties without being the Lieutenant Governor since fellow Republican Senate Majority Leader and Temporary President Warren M. Anderson did so, from February 1985 to December 1986, after the resignation of Mario Cuomo's Lieutenant Governor Alfred DelBello. Warren Mattice Anderson ( October 16, 1915 – June 1, 2007) was Temporary President and Majority Leader of the New York State Senate Mario Matthew Cuomo (born Queens New York, June 15, 1932) served as the 52nd Governor of New York from 1983 to 1994 Alfred DelBello (born 1944 is an American politician from New York.

Criticism

During the budget process in 1995, Bruno, new to the Majority Leader role at the time, made a comment about Blacks and Hispanics who "got their hands out" pressuring the legislature to avoid cuts to social services. [32] [33]

According to the Syracuse Post-Standard, "Bruno said he was referring to the Black and Puerto Rican Caucus, which is a major force in the Democratic majority in the Assembly. The Post-Standard is the major daily Newspaper servicing the greater Syracuse New York metro area Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} "[34] Bruno's defense was that he was referring to political caucuses, not all blacks and Hispanics; he offered a blanket apology for offending some people, but refused to take his words back. [35]

Fiscal conservative pundits originally were very supportive of Bruno's agenda in the State Senate[36] In recent years they have expressed concern over his willingness to cooperate with Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver on budgets they deem excessive, endorsements he has received from state employee labor unions, including health care union Local 1199, and recruiting former Democrats as Republicans to campaign for swing seats in the Senate, such as districts in Syracuse and the Bronx. Fiscal conservatism (also known as economic conservatism is a political phrase term used in North America to describe advocacy of lower governmental spending practices and a A pundit is someone who offers to mass-media his/her opinion or commentary on a particular subject area (most typically political analysis, the Social sciences Sheldon Silver (born February 13, 1944) is a lawyer a Politician and a member of the Democratic Party, currently serving as Speaker A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing 1199 The National Health Care Workers' Union (originally known as the Drug Hospital and Health Care Employees Union District 1199) was a labor union originally Syracuse (locally ˈsɛrəkjuːs sometimes ˈsɪrəkjuːs or /ˈsɪərəkjuːs/ by non-natives is a city in Central New York, USA. [37][38]

In December 2006 Bruno disclosed the Federal Bureau of Investigation had been looking into business associates who had received state grants. [39] The FBI investigation appears to have led to Bruno ending one of his long-time consulting jobs in 2007. [40]

See also

References

  1. ^ Joseph Bruno's Biography
  2. ^ a b Constitution of the State of New York, Article IV, Section 6, Paragraph 4. The New York State Senate has 62 members each elected to two-year terms "In case of vacancy in the office of lieutenant-governor alone, or if the lieutenant-governor shall be impeached, absent from the state or otherwise unable to discharge the duties of office, the temporary president of the senate shall perform all the duties of lieutenant-governor during such vacancy or inability. " Alternate link: Constitution of the State of New York.
  3. ^ Joesph Bruno's bio.
  4. ^ Bruno: 'Get the Troops Out of There', The New York Sun, February 3, 2006. The New York Sun was a contemporary five-day Daily newspaper published in New York City from 2002 until 2008 Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  5. ^ Nicholas Confessore. "Bruno Opposes Bill to Legalize Gay Marriage", The New York Times, May 2, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  6. ^ Kenneth Lovett. "Bruno vs. Ri¢hie $ptiz", New York Post, April 25, 2007. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  7. ^ Azi Paybarah. "On Death Penalty, Bruno and Spitzer Versus Assembly", The New York Observer, April 25, 2007. The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, by Arthur L Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  8. ^ Kenneth Lovett. "Bruno Warns of Illegal Vote Drive", New York Post, September 26, 2007. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  9. ^ a b c d e Danny Hakim. "Spitzer's Staff Misused Police, Report Finds", The New York Times, July 23, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  10. ^ a b Cara Matthews. "Cuomo: Spitzer aides used state police to try to damage Bruno", The Ithaca Journal, July 23, 2007. The Ithaca Journal is a daily morning Broadsheet Newspaper published in Ithaca New York. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  11. ^ a b c Michael Gormley. "Spitzer aides blamed for leak", Troy Record, July 24, 2007. The Record (also known as The Troy Record) is a Tabloid -style daily newspaper published in Troy, New York.   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  12. ^ a b c Michael Gormley. "Spitzer aides linked to Bruno leaks", Oneida Dispatch, July 24, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  13. ^ Tom Precious. "Cuomo criticizes Spitzer for using State Police to monitor Bruno", The Buffalo News, July 23, 2007. The Buffalo News is the primary Newspaper of the Buffalo New York, Metropolitan area and its surrounding Suburbs It is wholly owned   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  14. ^ Michael Gormley. "Report: NY Governor's Office Leaked Data", Guardian Unlimited, July 23, 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group.   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  15. ^ Anthony Faiola. "N.Y. Governor Moves to Limit Ethics Scandal", The Washington Post, July 25, 2007, p. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D  A06. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  16. ^ Fredric U. Dicker. "Spitzer Aides Dirty: Cuomo", New York Post, July 24, 2007. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  17. ^ a b Tom Precious. "Spitzer aides faulted for smearing Bruno over use of state aircraft", The Buffalo News, July 24, 2007. The Buffalo News is the primary Newspaper of the Buffalo New York, Metropolitan area and its surrounding Suburbs It is wholly owned   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  18. ^ Fred Lebrun. "Exhaustive effort to 'get Joe' boomerangs on Spitzer's aides", Times Union, July 24, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  19. ^ Sara Kugler. "Spitzer sanctions top aides over scandal", Jordan Falls News, July 24, 2007.   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  20. ^ a b James M. Odato. "Spitzer aides on the outs", Times Union, July 24, 2007.   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  21. ^ Melissa Mansfield. "Spitzer punishes aides after AG report", Newsday, July 23, 2007. Newsday is a daily Tabloid -size Pulitzer Prize winning Newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City   Not available, 2008-03-17.
  22. ^ a b Jacob Gershman. "Spitzer Faces Probe in Senate", The New York Sun, July 24, 2007. The New York Sun was a contemporary five-day Daily newspaper published in New York City from 2002 until 2008 Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  23. ^ a b Sally Goldenberg. "Report: Governor's office compiled, leaked data on Bruno", Staten Island Advance, July 23, 2007. The Staten Island Advance is a daily newspaper published in the borough of Staten Island in New York City. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  24. ^ The March 29, 2008 Buffalo News article.
  25. ^ a b Elizabeth Benjamin. "Spitzer's Senate choice wins", Times Union, February 7, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  26. ^ Danny Hakim and Mike McIntire. "More Records Subpoenaed in Bruno Case", The New York Times, December 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  "On the political front, Senator John Bonacic. John J Bonacic (born June 14, 1942 in New York City) is the Republican New York State Senator from the 42nd District (All or parts of . . became the first Republican to call openly for Mr. Bruno to step down as majority leader, a rare act of defiance among Senate Republicans. " 
  27. ^ Irene Jay Liu. "Senate loss slams state GOP", Times Union, February 27, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  28. ^ "Paterson's move to governor elevates Bruno", Staten Island Live, Associated Press, March 12, 2008. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.  
  29. ^ Verena Dobnik and Michael Gormley. "Spitzer resigns in disgrace over scandal", Yahoo! News, Associated Press, March 12, 2008. Yahoo! News is an Internet -based News aggregator provided by Yahoo!. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  30. ^ Constitution, Article IV, Section 6, Clause 2.
  31. ^ Constitution, Article IV, Section 6, Clause 3.
  32. ^ James Dao. "Governor Criticizes A Chief Ally", The New York Times, April 8, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  33. ^ Kevin Sack. "Budget Battle Heats Up in Albany as Legislative Leaders Trade Harsh Words", The New York Times, April 10, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  34. ^ SyracusePostStandard-Bruno-Assailed
  35. ^ AlbanyTimesUnion-Sharpton-to-Bruno
  36. ^ Steven Malanga. "New York's Republican Crack-Up", City Journal, Manhattan Institute, Spring 2001. The Manhattan Institute for Policy Research is a conservative market-oriented Think tank established in New York City in 1978 by Antony Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  37. ^ Elizabeth Benjamin. "Mystery Candidate Revealed", Capitol Confidential, Times Union, November 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  38. ^ Jonathan P. Hicks. "Conservative Party Refuses To Endorse Senate Leader", July 17, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  39. ^ Michael Cooper and Danny Hakim. "Bruno Is Subject of Inquiry by F.B.I.", The New York Times, December 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  40. ^ James M. Odato. "Bruno cuts ties to firm", Times Union, December 22, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Douglas Hudson		New York State Senate, 41st District
1977–1982		Succeeded by
Jay Rolison
Preceded by
Ronald Stafford		New York State Senate, 43rd District
1983 – present		Incumbent
Preceded by
Ralph J. Marino		Majority Leader of the New York State Senate
1995 – present		Incumbent
Preceded by
David Paterson		Lieutenant Governor of New York
acting
2008 – present		Incumbent
The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms Ralph John Marino ( January 2, 1928 - April 6, 2002) was Majority leader of the New York State Senate from 1988 The Majority Leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate. David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. The Lieutenant Governor of New York is the second highest ranking official in the government of New York.
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