| José P. Laurel | |
 | |
3rd President of the Philippines President of the 2nd Republic | |
|---|---|
| In office October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945 | |
| President | Manuel L. Quezon (1941-1944) Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) |
| Preceded by | Jorge B. Vargas (Head of the Philippine Executive Commission) |
| In office February 29, 1936 – February 5, 1942 | |
| Preceded by | George A. Malcolm |
| Succeeded by | None[1] |
| Born | March 9, 1891 Tanauan, Batangas |
| Died | November 6, 1959 (aged 68) Manila |
| Political party | Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)[2] |
| Spouse | Pacencia Hidalgo |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b August 19, 1878 in Baler Aurora, Philippines - d Sergio Osmeña ( September 9 1878 &ndash October 19 1961) was the fourth President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Jorge B Vargas ( August 24, 1890 – February 22, 1980) was a lawyer and youth advocate born in Bago City, Negros Occidental The Philippine Executive Commission or PEC was established on January of 1942 with Jorge B An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George A Malcolm ( November 5, 1881 — May 16, 1961) was an American Lawyer who emerged as an influential figure Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of Tanauan ( Filipino: Lungsod ng Tanauan) is a third class city in the province of Batangas, Philippines. This article is about the province For the city see Batangas City. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of Manila The Philippine Executive Commission or PEC was established on January of 1942 with Jorge B Pacencia Hidalgo de Laurel (born Pacencia Hidalgo y Valencia, 1889-1960 was the wife of Philippine President José P A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
Laurel was not subsequently officially recognized as a Philippine president until the administration of Diosdado Macapagal. For the airport see Diosdado Macapagal International Airport For the boulevard in Metro Manila, see Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard
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Early life
José P. Laurel was born on March 9, 1891 in the town of Tanauan, Batangas. The City of Tanauan ( Filipino: Lungsod ng Tanauan) is a third class city in the province of Batangas, Philippines. His parents were Sotero Laurel, Sr. and Jacoba García. His father had been an official in the revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo and a signatory to the 1898 Malolos Constitution. For the municipality see Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Cavite General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( March 22, 1869 &ndash February 6 The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines
While a teen, Laurel was indicted for attempted murder when he almost killed a rival suitor of his girlfriend. In the Common law legal system an indictment (ɪnˈdaɪtmənt (in-DITE-mint is a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offense Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries While studying and finishing law school, he argued for and received an acquittal. A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education.
Laurel received his law degree from the University of the Philippines College of Law in 1915, where he studied under Dean George A. Malcolm, whom he would later succeed on the Supreme Court. The University of the Philippines (or Unibersidad ng Pilipinas in Filipino and commonly abbreviated as U The University of the Philippines College of Law or UP Law is the law college of the University of the Philippines System the National University of the Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year George A Malcolm ( November 5, 1881 — May 16, 1961) was an American Lawyer who emerged as an influential figure The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas or Korte Suprema) is the country's highest judicial court as well He then obtained a Master of Laws degree from Escuela de Derecho in 1919. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Laurel then attended Yale Law School, where he was a member of Law Review and obtained a Doctorate of Law. Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut.
Political career
Laurel began his life in public service while a student, as a messenger in the Bureau of Forestry then as a clerk in the Code Committee tasked with the codification of Philippine laws. In Law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a Jurisdiction in certain areas usually by subject forming a Legal code. During his work for the Code Committee, he was introduced to its head, Thomas A. Street, a future Supreme Court Justice who would be a mentor to the young Laurel. The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas or Korte Suprema) is the country's highest judicial court as well An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. [3]
Upon his return from Yale, Laurel was appointed first as Undersecretary of the Interior Department, then promoted as Secretary of the Interior in 1922. The Philippines ' Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG) ( Filipino: Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal) is the executive Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In that post, he would frequently clash with the American Governor-General Leonard Wood, and eventually, in 1923, resign from his position together with other Cabinet members in protest of Wood's administration. The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His clashes with Wood solidified Laurel's nationalist credentials.
In 1925 he was elected to the Philippine Senate. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the He would serve for one term before losing his re-election bid in 1931 to Claro M. Recto. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Politician Claro M Recto launched his political career as a legal adviser to the first Philippine Senate in 1916 [4] He retired to private practice, but by 1934, he was again elected to public office, this time as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hailed as one of the "Seven Wise Men of the Convention", he would sponsor the provisions on the Bill of Rights. [5] Following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution and the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Laurel was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on February 29, 1936. The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the political designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth with the United An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas or Korte Suprema) is the country's highest judicial court as well Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Jurisprudence of Justice Laurel
Laurel's Supreme Court tenure may have been overshadowed by his presidency, yet he remains one of the most important Supreme Court justices in Philippine history. He authored several leading cases still analyzed to this day that defined the parameters of the branches of government as well as their powers.
Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936), which is considered as the Philippine equivalent of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), is Laurel's most important contribution to jurisprudence and even the rule of law in the Philippines. Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past Court cases either in special series of books called reporters Marbury v Madison, is a Landmark case in United States law. It formed the basis for the exercise of Judicial review in the United States under Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past Court cases either in special series of books called reporters In affirming that the Court had jurisdiction to review the rulings of the Electoral Commission organized under the National Assembly, the Court, through Justice Laurel's opinion, firmly entrenched the power of Philippine courts to engage in judicial review of the acts of the other branches of government, and to interpret the Constitution. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority The Congress of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kongréso ng Pilipínas) is the national Legislature of the Philippines. An opinion is a Person 's Ideas and thoughts towards something which it is either impossible to verify the truth of or the truth of which is thought unimportant to Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm Held the Court, through Laurel:
"The Constitution is a definition of the powers of government. Who is to determine the nature, scope and extent of such powers? The Constitution itself has provided for the instrumentality of the judiciary as the rational way. And when the judiciary mediates to allocate constitutional boundaries, it does not assert any superiority over the other departments; it does not in reality nullify or invalidate an act of the legislature, but only asserts the solemn and sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to determine conflicting claims of authority under the Constitution and to establish for the parties in an actual controversy the rights which that instrument secures and guarantees to them. "
Another highly influential decision penned by Laurel was Ang Tibay v. CIR, 69 Phil. 635 (1940). Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past Court cases either in special series of books called reporters The Court acknowledged in that case that the substantive and procedural requirements before proceedings in administrative agencies, such as labor relations courts, were more flexible than those in judicial proceedings. At the same time, the Court still asserted that the right to due process of law must be observed, and enumerated the "cardinal primary rights" that must be respected in administrative proceedings. Due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that a person has a right to receive notice and be heard in an orderly proceeding in order to protect his or her Since then, these "cardinal primary rights" have stood as the standard in testing due process claims in administrative cases.
Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940) was a seemingly innocuous case involving a challenge raised by a private citizen to a traffic regulation banning kalesas from Manila streets during certain afternoon hours. Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past Court cases either in special series of books called reporters A kalesa (sometimes called a karitela) is a horse-driven Calash The City of Manila The Court, through Laurel, upheld the regulation as within the police power of the government. Police power is the capacity of a State to Regulate behaviours and enforce order within its Territory, often framed in terms of Public welfare But in rejecting the claim that the regulation was violative of social justice, Laurel would respond with what would become his most famous aphorism, which is to this day widely quoted by judges and memorized by Filipino law students:
"Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to ensure economic stability of all the component elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of salus populi est supremo lex. "
Japanese occupation and Presidency
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in World War II, Laurel was instructed to remain in Manila by President Manuel L. Quezon, who fled to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government-in-exile. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b August 19, 1878 in Baler Aurora, Philippines - d For the Spanish historical administrative position see Corregidor (position Corregidor is an island in the entrance of the Philippines The United States of America —commonly referred to as the His prewar, close relationship with Japanese officials (a son had been sent to study at the Imperial Military Academy in Tokyo, and Laurel had received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo University), placed him in a good position to interact with the Japanese occupation forces.
Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to form a provisional government when they invaded and occupied the country. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku It was because of his being well-known to the Japanese as a critic of US rule, as well as his demonstrated willingness to serve under the Japanese Military Administration, that he held a series of high posts in 1942-1943. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Assassination attempt
On June 5, 1943, Laurel was playing golf at the Wack Wack Golf Course in Mandaluyong when he was shot around 4 times with a 45 caliber pistol. The City of Mandaluyong ( Filipino: Lungsod ng Mandaluyong) is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines [6] The bullets barely missed his heart and liver. [6] He was rushed by his golfing companions, among them FEU president Nicanor Reyes, Sr., to the Philippine General Hospital where he was operated by the Chief Military Surgeon of the Japanese Military Administration and Filipino surgeons. Far Eastern University (FEU ( in the City of Manila, West Sampaloc University Belt area is a nonsectarian Private university in the Philippines Nicanor I Reyes Sr Founder 1st President of the Far Eastern University in the City of Manila The Philippine General Hospital (PGH is a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines Manila, the University of the [6] Laurel enjoyed a speedy recovery.
Two suspects to the shooting were reportedly captured and swiftly executed by the Kempetai. The Kempeitai (Japanese 憲兵隊 "Corps of Law Soldiers" was the Military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 [7] Another suspect, a former boxer named Feliciano Lizardo, was presented for identification by the Japanese to Laurel at the latter's hospital bed, but Laurel then professed unclear memory. [7] However, in his 1953 memoirs, Laurel would admit that Lizardo, by then one of the former President's bodyguards, was indeed the would-be-assassin. [7] Still, the historian Teodoro Agoncillo in his book on the Japanese occupation, identified a captain with a guerilla unit as the shooter. Teodoro A Agoncillo ( November 9, 1912 &ndash January 14, 1985) was one of the pre-eminent Filipino Historians of the [7]
Laurel is the only Filipino president to have been shot outside of combat.
Assumption of presidency
In October of 1943, Laurel was selected, by the National Assembly, under vigorous Japanese influence, to serve as President.
The presidency of Laurel understandably remains one of the most controversial in Philippine history. After the war, he would be denounced in some quarters as a war collaborator or even a traitor, although his indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas' Amnesty Proclamation, and evidenced by his subsequent electoral success. Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Today, Laurel is considered as doing his best in interceding, protecting and looking after the best interests of the Filipinos against the harsh wartime Japanese military rule and policies. During his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much of Laurel's attention. [8] Laurel also resisted in vain Japanese demands that the Philippines issue a formal declaration of war against the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There were also reports during his presidency of the Japanese military carrying out rape and massacre among the Filipino population.
Telling of Laurel's ambivalent and precarious position is the following anecdote. In 1944, Laurel issued an executive order organizing the KALIBAPI as the sole political organization to back the government. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. KALIBAPI ( Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or Association for the Services of the New Philippines was a Filipino Political party that served An attempt was made to organize a women's section of the KALIBAPI, and Laurel hosted several women leaders in Malacañang Palace to plead his case. Malacañan Palace, colloquially the Malacañang Palace, is the Official residence of the President of the Philippines. After he spoke, a university president, speaking in behalf of the group, responded, "Mr. President, sa kabila po kami". ("Mr. President, we are on the other side. ") Laurel joined the others assembled in hearty laughter and the KALIBAPI women's section was never formed. [9]
Presidential candidate and Senator
On August 15, 1945, the Japanese forces surrendered to the United States. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Gen. Douglas MacArthur ordered Laurel arrested for collaborating with the Japanese. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. In 1946 he was charged with 132 counts of treason, but was never brought to trial due to the general amnesty granted by President Manuel Roxas in 1948. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Laurel ran for president against Elpidio Quirino in 1949 but lost in what was then considered as the dirtiest election in Philippine electoral history. Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 8, 1949 in the Philippines.
Laurel was elected to the Senate in 1951, under the Nacionalista Party. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the Senatorial elections and local elections were held on November 13, 1951. For National Parties in other countries see National Party. The Nacionalista Party ( Filipino: Partido Nacionalista) is He was urged upon to run for President in 1953, but he declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay ( August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957) was the third President of the Third Republic of the Philippines Magsaysay appointed Laurel head of a mission tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, the result being known as the Laurel-Langley Agreement.
Retirement and death
Laurel considered his election to the Senate as a vindication of his reputation. He declined to run for re-election in 1957. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) He retired from public life, concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of the Philippines established by his family. The Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU is an institute of higher education located in Intramuros, Manila. On November 6, 1959, he died in Lourdes Hospital, Manila,[10] of a massive heart attack and stroke. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of Manila Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain
Family
Laurel was married to Pacencia Hidalgo in 1911, and had nine children. Pacencia Hidalgo de Laurel (born Pacencia Hidalgo y Valencia, 1889-1960 was the wife of Philippine President José P Several of his children became famous politicians in their own right. His eldest son, Jose Jr., became Speaker of the House of Representatives and a candidate for vice-president in 1957. Jose Bayani Hidalgo Laurel Jr ( August 27, 1912 &ndash March 18, 1998) was a Filipino Politician who was elected The House of Representatives of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas) is the lower chamber of the Congress of the Philippines Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) His younger son, Salvador, was Vice-President from 1986 to 1992. The Vice President of the Philippines is the second highest executive official of the Philippine government Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)
Three other of Laurel's children would become prominent in politics. Sotero Laurel, named after Laurel's own father, was elected to the Senate from 1987 to 1992; Jose S. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Laurel III became Ambassador to Japan; and Mariano H. Laurel became president of the Philippine Banking Corporation. The youngest son, Arsenio ("Dodie") earned fame in a wholly different field, as a race car driver, but he tragically died young in a racing accident.
Notes
- ^ Supreme Court reorganized following Japanese Occupation
- ^ This association superseded all political parties during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines.
- ^ American Colonial Careerist, p. 104
- ^ Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 175
- ^ Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 175
- ^ a b c Ocampo, Ambeth [1995] (2000). Ambeth R Ocampo is a multi-awarded Filipino historian academic journalist and author best known for his writings about Jose Rizal, and for his bi-weekly editorial "The Irony of Tragedy", Bonifacio's Bolo, 4th (in English), Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 60. ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
- ^ a b c d Ocampo, Ambeth [1995] (2000). Ambeth R Ocampo is a multi-awarded Filipino historian academic journalist and author best known for his writings about Jose Rizal, and for his bi-weekly editorial "The Irony of Tragedy", Bonifacio's Bolo, 4th (in English), Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 61. ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
- ^ By Sword and By Fire, p. 135-136
- ^ By Sword and By Fire, p. 137
- ^ Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 176
External links
- The Philippine Presidency Project
- JOSE LAUREL DIES; FILIPINO LEADER; Head of Wartime Japanese Puppet Regime -- Lost Race for President in 1949. New York Times (1959-11-06). The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
References
- Laurel, Jose P. (1953). Bread and Freedom.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
- Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. I. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, pp. 79-80, 174-176. ISBN 971-10-0134-9.
- Malcolm, George A. (1957). American Colonial Careerist. United States of America: Christopher Publishing House, pp. 103-104, 96-97, 139, 249-251.
- Aluit, Alfonso (1994). By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February - 3 March 1945. Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, pp. 134-138. ISBN 971-8521-10-0.
- Ocampo, Ambeth [1995] (2000). Ambeth R Ocampo is a multi-awarded Filipino historian academic journalist and author best known for his writings about Jose Rizal, and for his bi-weekly editorial "The Irony of Tragedy", Bonifacio's Bolo, 4th (in English), Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 60-61. ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
| Preceded by ? | Secretary of the Interior 1919–1922 | Succeeded by ? |
| Preceded by Antero Soriano | Senator of the Fifth Senatorial District of the Philippines 1925–1931 | Succeeded by Claro M. Recto |
| Preceded by George A. Malcolm | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1936–1941 | Succeeded by Reorganized after the Japanese Occupation |
| Preceded by José Abad Santos | Secretary of Justice July 17–December 24, 1941 | Succeeded by José Abad Santos |
| Preceded by José Abad Santos | Commissioner of Justice and the Interior 1942–1943 | Succeeded by Abolished |
| Preceded by Newly Established | President, Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence 1943 | Succeeded by Finished after the ratification of the 1943 Constitution Replaced by the 1971 Constitutional Convention with its President Carlos P. Garcia |
| Preceded by Jorge B. Vargas Philippine Executive Commission | President of the Philippines (de facto Head of Government) Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña were the other Presidents of the Philippines under the Philippine Commonwealth (de jure) October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945 | Succeeded by "Abolished" |
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