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For the Industrial Revolution-era designer, see John Kendrew (inventor). John Kendrew was a Darlington Optician who invented the process of the mechanical spinning of Flaxen Yarn in a Flax mill.
John Cowdery Kendrew
Born24 March 1917
Oxford, England
Died23 August 1997 (aged 80)
Cambridge, England
ResidenceEngland,
NationalityEnglish
FieldsCrystallography
InstitutionsRoyal Air Force
Alma materUniversity of Cambridge
Doctoral advisorDr. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Max Perutz
Known forHeme-containing proteins
Notable awards Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1962)

Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (24 March 1917 – 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz; their group in the Cavendish Laboratory investigated the structure of heme-containing proteins. Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, A heme ( American English) or haem ( British English) is a Prosthetic group that consists of an Iron atom contained in the center of Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Typical biochemists study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge 's Department of Physics, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences A heme ( American English) or haem ( British English) is a Prosthetic group that consists of an Iron atom contained in the center of Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Contents

Early life

He was born in Oxford, son of Wilford George Kendrew, reader in climatology in the University of Oxford and Evelyn May Graham Sandburg, art historian. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, In the academic hierarchy in the United Kingdom and some universities in Australia and New Zealand, reader is the rank between Senior lecturer Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the He was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, as well as Clifton College in Bristol, 1930-1936. The Dragon School is a British Coeducational, preparatory school in the city of Oxford, founded in 1877 Clifton College is a Coeducational public school in Clifton Bristol, England. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London He attended Trinity College, Cambridge in 1936, as a Major Scholar, graduating in chemistry in 1939. Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the He spent the early months of World War II doing research on reaction kinetics, and then became a member of the Air Ministry Research Establishment, working on radar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R. A. F.

During the war years, he became increasingly interested in biochemical problems, and decided to work on the structure of proteins.

Crystallography

In 1945 he approached Dr. Max Perutz in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge 's Department of Physics, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Joseph Barcroft, a respiratory physiologist, suggested he might make a comparative protein crystallographic study of adult and fetal sheep hemoglobin, and he started that work. Sir Joseph Barcroft ( 26 July 1872 - 21 March 1947) was a British Physiologist best known for his studies of the Oxygenation Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein

In 1947 he became a Fellow of Peterhouse, and MRC [the Medical Research Council] agreed to create a research unit for the study of the molecular structure of biological systems, under the direction of Sir Lawrence Bragg. Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH, FRS, ( 31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian Physicist In 1954 he became a Reader at the Davy-Faraday Laboratory of the Royal Institution in London. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Crystal structure of myoglobin

John Kendrew with model of myoglobin in progress. Copyright by the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.
John Kendrew with model of myoglobin in progress. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic Copyright by the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.

Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Max Perutz for determining the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of Atoms within a Crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters Their work was done at what is now the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called

In 1947 the MRC agreed to make a research unit for the Study of the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems. The original studies were on the structure of sheep hemoglobin, but when this work had progressed as far as was possible using the resources then available, Kendrew embarked on the study of myoglobin, a molecule only a quarter the size of the hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic His initial source of raw material was horse heart, but the crystals thus obtained were too small for X-ray analysis. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Kendrew realized that the oxygen-conserving tissue of diving mammals could offer a better prospect, and a chance encounter led to his acquiring a large chunk of whale meat from Peru. The mammalian diving reflex optimizes Mammals Respiration to stay underwater for a long time Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas Whale myoglobin did give large crystals with clean X-ray diffraction patterns. However, the problem still remained insurmountable, until in 1953 Max Perutz discovered that the phase problem in analysis of the diffraction patterns could be solved by multiple isomorphous replacement — comparison of patterns from several crystals; one from the native protein, and others that had been soaked in solutions of heavy metals and had metal ions introduced in different well-defined positions. Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, The phase problem is the name given to the problem of loss of information (the phase from a physical measurement Multiple isomorphous replacement or MIR is the most common approach of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. An electron density map at 6 angstrom (0. An ångström or angstrom (symbol Å) (ˈɔːŋstrəm Swedish: ˈɔ̀ŋstrœm is an internationally recognized non- SI unit of length equal 6 nanometre) resolution was obtained by 1957, and by 1959 an atomic model could be built at 2 angstrom (0. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a 2 nm) resolution.

Later career

In 1963 Kendrew became one of the founders of the European Molecular Biology Organization; as well, he founded and was for many years editor-in-chief of the Journal of Molecular Biology. The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO promotes excellence in molecular life sciences in Europe by recognizing and fostering talented scientists The Journal of Molecular Biology is a Scientific journal published weekly by Elsevier, under the Academic Press imprint He became Fellow of the American Society of Biological Chemists in 1967 and honorary member of the International Academy of Science. The International Academy of Science (IAS is an inter- and transnational academy of science In 1974 he succeeded in persuading governments to establish the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg and became its first director. The European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL) is a Molecular biology research institution supported by 20 European countries and Australia as associate member state Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area From 1974 to 1979 he was a Trustee of the British Museum, and from 1974 to 1988 he was successively Secretary General, Vice-President, and President of the International Council of Scientific Unions. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. The International Council for Science (ICSU formerly called the International Council of Scientific Unions, was founded in 1931 as an international non-governmental organization

After his retirement from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Kendrew became President of St. John's College, Oxford, a post he held from 1981-1987. From 1974-79 he was a Trustee of the British Museum and from 1974 to 1988 he was successively Secretary General, Vice-President and President of the International Council of Scientific Unions. Kendrew's entry in Who's Who lists ten other important National and International committees on which he served as either member or chairman.

References

External links

Bibliography

Awards
Preceded by
Melvin Calvin		Nobel Prize in Chemistry
with Max Perutz
1962		Succeeded by
Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta


Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8 1911 - January 8 1997 was an American Chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM ( May 19 1914, Vienna, Austria – February 6 2002, Cambridge, Karl Waldemar Ziegler ( November 26, 1898 &ndash August 12 1973) was a German Chemist who won the Nobel Prize Giulio Natta ( February 26 1903, Imperia - Bergamo, 2 May 1979) was an Italian Chemist, who won
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