Citizendia

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 Islam


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Judaism · Sikhism

See also

Criticism of Islam · Islamophobia
Glossary of Islamic terms

Islam Portal  v • d • e 

Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish: cizye) is a per capita tax levied on the state's non-Muslim citizens. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The tax was levied on able bodied men of military age,[1] (with some exemptions,[2][3] though these were discarded at various points in history[4]). From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a material proof of the non-Muslims' subjection, "just as for the inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes. "[5] In return, non-Muslim citizens were permitted to practice their faith, to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy, to be entitled to Muslim protection from outside aggression, to be exempted from military service and taxes levied upon Muslim citizens. Military service in its simplest sense is service by an individual or group in an Army or other military organization whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary [6][7][8]

The Arabic term jizya appears in verse Qur'an 9:29, but the Qur'an does not specify jizya as a tax per head. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran According to Paul Heck, the jizya taxation seems to be a developed form of the Sassanian practice of taxation. Paul Heck (born July 23, 1967) is a veteran Music producer associated with the Red Hot Organization (RHO The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire [9]

Contents

Definitions

Shakir and Khalifa's English translations of the Qur'an render jizya as "tax", while Pickthal translates it as "tribute". Mohammed Habib Shakir, (1866 Cairo &ndash1939 Cairo (محمد حبيب شاكر was an Egyptian Judge, born in Cairo and a graduate from Al Azhar Rashad Khalifa ( Arabic: رشاد خليفة; November 19, 1935 &ndash January 31, 1990) was an Egyptian-American English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation ( Mohammed) Marmaduke Pickthall (1875– May 19, 1936) was a Western Islamic scholar, noted as a poetic translator of the Qur'an A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission Yusuf Ali prefers to transliterate the term as jizyah. Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali ( 14 April 1872 - 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice

Commentators disagree on the definition and derivation of the word jizya:

In practice, the word is applied to a special type of tax, levied upon the non-Muslim adult males living under an Islamic state.

After the Norman conquest of Sicily, taxes imposed on the Muslim minority, were also called the "jizya". [5]

Rationale

See also: Dhimmi

There were two main legal legal rationales for jizya: the Communalist and Universalist. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish The former believed that jizya was a fee in exchange for the dhimma (permission to practice one's faith, enjoy communal autonomy, and to be entitled to Muslim protection from outside aggression[6]). The latter, however, assumed that such rights were every person's birthright (Muslim or non-Muslim), and the imposition of jizya on non-Muslims similar to the imposition of zakat on Muslims. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied [15]

Many Muslim rulers saw jizya as a material proof of the non-Muslims' subjection. The inhabitants saw it as a continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes. [5]

Sources

Qur'an

The imposition of jizya upon non-Muslims is mandated by the Qur'an 9:29:

Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold forbidden that which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' [16]

Hadith

Jizya is mentioned a number of times in the hadith. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Common themes across multiple hadith (and often multiple collections of hadith) include Muhammad ordering his military commanders to fight non-Muslims until they accepted Islam or paid the jizya, Muhammad and a number of caliphs imposing jizya on various peoples, and the eventual abolition of jizya by Jesus' Second Coming. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic

Sunan Abu-Dawud

Sahih Bukhari

Sahih Muslim

Al-Muwatta

Application

Jizya was applied to every free adult male member of the People of the Book. This article is about the theological concept in Islam. For the novel by Geraldine Brooks see People of the Book (novel. Slaves, women, children, the old, the sick,[39] monks, hermits and the poor,[40] were all exempt from the tax, unless any of them was independent and wealthy. However, these exemptions were no longer observed during some periods in Muslim history, and discarded entirely by the Shāfi‘ī School of Law. The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within [41] There was no amount permanently fixed for the tax, though the payment usually depended on wealth: the Kitab al-Kharaj of Abu Yusuf sets the amounts at 48 dirhams for the richest (e. Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire g. moneychangers), 24 for those of moderate wealth, and 12 for craftsmen and manual laborers. [15][42] Though jizya was mandated specifically for other monotheistic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism), under the Maliki school of Fiqh jizya was extended to all non-Muslims. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the [43] Thus some Muslim rulers also collected jizya from Hindus and Sikhs under their rule. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The collection of the tax was sometimes the duty of the elders of those communities, but often it was collected directly from individuals, in accordance with specific payment rituals described in the writings of Muslim jurists.

In return for the tax, those who paid the jizya were permitted to keep their non-Muslim religion. Their economic and political security was guaranteed (dhimma) by the Islamic state. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [44] They could not serve in the military or bear arms, but their community was considered to be under the protection of the Muslim state, subject to their meeting certain conditions. Non-Muslims were also exempt from zakat, or mandatory alms paid by Muslims. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied If someone refused to pay the jizya, he could be imprisoned, according to Abu Yusuf. [45] The jizya and zakat were kept separate, as it was considered inequitable to spend jizya (collected from non-Muslims) on the welfare of Muslims and vice versa. [44] The jizya was used for paying the salaries of state servants, pensions and on charities. In some instances, however, it ended up in "private" treasuries. [5]

Refusal to pay the jizya tax resulted in warfare until the Islamic rule was accepted. The change from Byzantine and Persian rule to Arab rule lowered taxes and created greater religious freedom, and was welcomed by some Jews and Christians. Nevertheless, taxation was a concern for non-Muslims who were paying a higher tax than the zakat tax paid by Muslims. It was also an important factor persuading many dhimmis to convert to Islam, though during the first century after the Arab conquest of Syria and Palestine conversion to Islam was not encouraged "partly because the jizyah constituted an important source of state revenue". [46] Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, states that the discrimination in the amount of taxation was inherited from the previous Byzantium and Iranian empires. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. [6][47][48] Scholars differ as to the exact burden imposed by the jizya tax. Documentary evidence, including that found in eleventh-century Cairo Geniza documents, suggest that the burden, at least for the poorer classes, was heavy. The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the Genizah or store room of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in As the taxation amount was fixed in gold, it became less burdensome over the centuries. [49]

According to Abu Yusuf, jurist of Harun al-Rashid, those who didn't pay jizya should be imprisoned not to be let out of custody until payment. Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari better known as Abu Yusuf (أبو يوسف (d It is not permissible to exempt one person, while obliging another to pay jizya, nor is jizya to be reduced. [50] Though it was an annual tax, non-Muslims were allowed to pay it in monthly installments. [15] If someone had agreed to pay jizya, violated the agreement, and left Muslim territory to go into enemy land, was subject enslavement if ever captured. This punishment did not apply if a person suffered injustices amongst Muslims. [51]

Islamic legal commentary

History

Taxation from the perspective of people who came under the Muslim rule, was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes,[5] but now lower under the Muslim rule[6][59][60] and from the point of view of the Muslim conqueror was a material proof of the payer's subjection. [5] Fiscal oppression in the forms of jizya, kharaj, and ransom was a primary cause for the disappearance of dhimmi populations through conversion to Islam or flight. In Islamic law, kharaj is a Tax on agricultural land Kharaj has no basis in the Qur'an or Hadith, being rather the product A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [61]

In Ottoman Hungary the tax was known as jizye (Hungarian: harács). Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe.

Early Islam and the Rashidun Caliphate

The history of the origins of the jizya is considered to be extremely complex, according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. This is attributed to three reasons:[62]

Jizya was levied in the time of Muhammad on vassal tribes under Muslim protection, including Jews in Khaybar, Christians in Najran, and Zoroastrians in Bahrain. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Khaybar ( Arabic,خيبر is the name of an Oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib) Saudi Arabia. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Najran (formerly Aba as Sa'ud) (نجران is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the frontier with Yemen. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf William Montgomery Watt traces its origin to a pre-Islamic practice among the Arabian nomads wherein a powerful tribe would agree to protect its weaker neighbors in exchange for a tribute, which would be refunded if the protection proved ineffectual. William Montgomery Watt ( 14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was an Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic [63]

Historical development

Following his migration to Medina, Muhammad drafted a document, known as the Constitution of Medina, which codified the rights and duties among Medina's communities, including the Jews and Muslims. The Constitution of Medina, also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 622 [64][65] According to F. E. Peters, the Jewish tribes of Medina rejected Muhammad as a prophet, and secretly connived with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him. Francis Edward Peters was a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies History and Religion at New York University until 2008 [66] Prompted by what he saw as their treasonous behavior, Muhammad's ensuing reaction - in contrast to his treatment of Jews outside of Medina - was determined and progressively more violent. [67] After each major battle against Mecca, Muhammad accused one of the Jewish tribes of treachery and of having broken the terms of their allegiance. The Jewish tribes of Medina were first banished, then enslaved, and finally executed. [68][69] Moshe Gil writes that during the Tabuk campaign however, Muhammad altered his policies towards Jewish and Christian communities by offering them protection in exchange for certain promises as evidenced from the Qur'an. Moshe Gil (born 1921 is an Israeli historian who specializes in the historical interaction between Islam and the Jews including the history of Palestine [70] In this new policy, Gil sees a "paradigm" shift occurring in the treaties and letters of security that future Muslim leaders issued to conquered peoples. These letters of protection were sent to several of these towns, asking them to pay taxes (jizya) and to agree not to maintain military forces in return for protection by Muslim forces (dhimma). [71]

Under Caliph Umar the Zoroastrian Persians were given People of the Book status, and jizya was levied on them. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings This article is about the theological concept in Islam. For the novel by Geraldine Brooks see People of the Book (novel. Christian Arab tribes in the north of the Arabian Peninsula refused to pay jizya, but agreed to pay double the amount, and calling it sadaqa, a word meaning "alms" or "charity". A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) According to Yusuf al-Qaradawi the name change was done for the benefit of the Christian tribesmen, "out of consideration for their feelings". Yusuf al-Qaradawi ( Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwiy) (born September 9, 1926) is an Egyptian Muslim [72]Fred Donner, however, in The Early Islamic Conquests, states that the difference between sadaqa and jizya is that the former was levied on nomads, whereas the latter was levied on settled non-Muslims. Fred McGraw Donner is an Islamic scholar and the Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago. Donner sees sadaqa as being indicative of the lower status of nomadic tribes, so much so that that Christian tribesmen preferred to pay the jizya. Jabala b. al-Ayham of the B. Ghassan is reported asked Umar "Will you levy sadaqa from me as you would from the [ordinary] bedouin (al-'arab)?" Umar acceded to collecting jizya from him instead, as he did from other Christians. [73]

Sir Thomas Arnold, an early 20th century orientalist, gives an example of a Christian Arab tribe which avoided paying the jizya altogether by fighting alongside Muslim armies "such was the case with the tribe of al-Jurajimah, a Christian tribe in the neighbourhood of Antioch, who made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizya and should receive their proper share of the booty". Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures languages peoples history and archaeology in recent [74]

In his message to the people of Al-Hirah, Khalid bin Walid is recorded as saying (in reference to the jizya), "When a person is too old to work or suffers a handicap, or when he falls into poverty, he is free from the dues of the poll tax; his sustenance is provided by the Muslim Exchequer. Al Hīra ( Arabic, الحيرة) was an ancient city located south of Al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn "[75] A letter attributed to Khalid bin Walid said that "This is a letter of Khalid ibn al-Waleed to Saluba ibn Nastuna and his people; I agreed with you on al-jezyah and protection. As long as we protect you we have the right in al-jezyah, otherwise we have none. ”[76]

According to Muslim accounts of Umar, in his time some payers of the jizya were compensated if they had not been cared for properly. The accounts vary, but describe his meeting an old Jew begging, and assisting him; according to one version:

Umar said to him, "Old man! We have not done justice to you. In your youth we realized Jizyah from you and have left you to fend for yourself in your old age". Holding him by the hand, he led him to his own house, and preparing food with his own hands fed him and issued orders to the treasurer of the Bait-al-mal that that old man and all others like him, should be regularly doled out a daily allowance which should suffice for them and their dependents. [77]

In Khurasan, the native aristocracy reduced jizya, while increased taxes on the Muslim inhabitants, in order to prevent non-Muslim conversion to Islam. [5]

Mughal India

In India, Islamic rulers imposed jizya starting in the 11th century. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It was abolished by Akbar. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar However, Aurangzeb, the last prominent Mughal Emperor, levied jizya on his mostly Hindu subjects in 1679. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. [78] Reasons for this are cited to be financial stringency and personal inclination on the part of the emperor, and a petition by the ulema. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several His subjects were taxed in accordance with the property they owned. Government servants were exempt, as were the blind, the paralyzed, and the indigent. Its introduction encountered much opposition, which was, however, overborne. [62]

Nineteenth century

In Persia, jizya was paid by Zoroastrian minority until 1884, when it was removed by pressure on the Qajar government from the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under [79]

In 1894 jizya was still being collected in Morocco; an Italian Jew described his experience there:

The kadi Uwida and the kadi Mawlay Mustafa had mounted their tent today near the Mellah [Jewish ghetto] gate and had summoned the Jews in order to collect from them the poll tax [jizya] which they are obliged to pay the sultan. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings They had me summoned also. I first inquired whether those who were European-protected subjects had to pay this tax. Having learned that a great many of them had already paid it, I wished to do likewise. After having remitted the amount of the tax to the two officials, I received from the kadi’s guard two blows in the back of the neck. Addressing the kadi and the kaid, I said” ‘Know that I am an Italian protected subject. ’ Whereupon the kadi said to his guard: ‘Remove the kerchief covering his head and strike him strongly; he can then go and complain wherever he wants. ’ The guards hastily obeyed and struck me once again more violently. This public mistreatment of a European-protected subject demonstrates to all the Arabs that they can, with impunity, mistreat the Jews. [80]

The jizya was eliminated in Algeria and Tunisia in the 19th century, but continued to be collected in Morocco until the first decade of the 20th century (these three dates coincide with the French colonization of these countries). Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [81]

Criticism

Criticism of jizya has typically focused not only on its specific application to non-Muslims, but also its humiliating nature. It has been described as a demonstration of "constitutional inferiority and humiliation". [82] According to Khaled Abou Al-Fadl:

[Jizya] is conducive to an arrogance that can easily descend into a lack of respect or concern for the well-being or dignity of non-Muslims. Dr Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963 in Kuwait) is a professor of law at the UCLA School of Law where he teaches Islamic law, immigration human rights international When this arrogant orientation is coupled with textual sources that exhort Muslims to fight against unbelievers (kuffar), it can produce a radical belligerency. This article is on the Islamic religious term For the pejorative racial slur see Kaffir (ethnic slur. [83]

Orientalist S.D. Goitein writes:

It was, of course, evident that the tax represented a discrimination and was intended, according to the Koran's own words, to emphasize the inferior status of the non-believers. Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures languages peoples history and archaeology in recent Shelomo Dov Goitein ( April 3, 1900 &mdash February 6 1985) whose original given name was Fritz was an Arabist, Historian The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran It seemed, however, that from the economic point of view, it did not constitute a heavy imposition, since it was on a sliding scale, approximately one, two, and four dinars, and thus adjusted to the financial capacity of the taxpayer. This impression proved to be entirely fallacious, for it did not take into consideration the immense extent of poverty and privation experienced by the masses, and in particular their way of living from hand to mouth, their persistent lack of cash, which turned the "season of the tax" into one of horror, dread, and misery. The provisions of ancient Islamic law which exempted the indigent, the invalids and the old, were no longer observed in the Geniza period and had been discarded by the Shāfi‘ī School of Law, which prevailed in Egypt, also in theory. The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within [4]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2004). Devşirme or devshirme (derived from devşirme meaning "collection gathering" was the systematic collection of non-Muslim children A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish Gabr ( (also gabrak, gawr, gaur, gyaur, gabre) is a New Persian term originally used to denote a Zoroastrian In Islamic law, kharaj is a Tax on agricultural land Kharaj has no basis in the Qur'an or Hadith, being rather the product Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. A minority religion is a Religion held by a minority of the population of a country state or region Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is systematically discriminated against within a State or other political jurisdiction This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions Hugh N Kennedy MA PhD (Cantab is Professor of Arabic in the Faculty of Languages and Cultures at School of Oriental and African Studies, London formerly professor of history The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Longman, 68.  
  2. ^ Shahid Alam, Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms, Journal of Science and Society, 2003
  3. ^ Ali (1990), pg. 507
  4. ^ a b Goiten, S.D. "Evidence on the Muslim Poll Tax from Non-Muslim Sources", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963, Vol. Shelomo Dov Goitein ( April 3, 1900 &mdash February 6 1985) whose original given name was Fritz was an Arabist, Historian A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a Tax of a uniform fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income 6, pp. 278-279.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Cl. Cahen in Encyclopedia of Islam, Jizya article
  6. ^ a b c d John Louis Esposito, Islam the Straight Path, Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University 34.
  7. ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20
  8. ^ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507
  9. ^ Paul L. Heck, Poll Tax, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  10. ^ Ali (1991), p. 507
  11. ^ a b Jizya in Islam, Load-Islam
  12. ^ Jizyah, Jihad… or Islam? - Reading Islam.com - Ask About Islam
  13. ^ An Arab-English Lexicon, E. W. Lane
  14. ^ Ibn Rushd (2002). Vol. 2, p. 464.
  15. ^ a b c Hunter, Malik and Senturk, p. 77
  16. ^ Sura 9:29, translation of Yusuf Ali (Universalunity.net Parallel Translation of the Qur'an)
  17. ^ [1]
  18. ^ [2]
  19. ^ [3]
  20. ^ [4]
  21. ^ [5]
  22. ^ [6]
  23. ^ [7]
  24. ^ [8]
  25. ^ [9]
  26. ^ [10]
  27. ^ [11]
  28. ^ [12]
  29. ^ [13]
  30. ^ [14]
  31. ^ [15]
  32. ^ [16]
  33. ^ [17]
  34. ^ [18]
  35. ^ [19]
  36. ^ [20]
  37. ^ [21]
  38. ^ [22]
  39. ^ Shahid Alam, Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms, Journal of Science and Society, 2003
  40. ^ Ali (1990), pg. Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali ( 14 April 1872 - 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated 507
  41. ^ "The provisions of ancient Islamic law which exempted the indigent, the invalids and the old, were no longer observed in the Geniza period and had been discarded by the Shāfi‘ī School of Law, which prevailed in Egypt, also in theory. The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within " Goiten, S.D. "Evidence on the Muslim Poll Tax from Non-Muslim Sources", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963, Vol. Shelomo Dov Goitein ( April 3, 1900 &mdash February 6 1985) whose original given name was Fritz was an Arabist, Historian A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a Tax of a uniform fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income 6, pp. 278-279.
  42. ^ Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, quoted in Stillman (1979), pp. Norman Arthur Stillman, also Noam (נועם in Hebrew b 1945 is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma 159–160
  43. ^ Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492-1640, Cambridge University Press, Oct 27, 1995, pp. 79-80.
  44. ^ a b Choudhury, Masudul Alam; Abdul Malik, Uzir (1992). The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. p. 49-50
  45. ^ Stillman (1979), p. 160.
  46. ^ Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East, Westview Press, Nov 1, 1999, p. 15.
  47. ^ Lewis (2002) p. 57
  48. ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 14–15 , p. 26
  49. ^ Lewis 1984, p. 26
  50. ^ Lewis (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. p. 15
  51. ^ Humphrey Fisher, Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa. NYU Press, 2001, page 47.
  52. ^ Tafsir Nemooneh, Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi, on verse 9:29
  53. ^ Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala. Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi (Urdu سید ابو الاعلىٰ مودودی - alternative spellings of last name Maudoodi, and Mawdudi) ( -) also known The Meaning of the Qur'an, "Chapter 9: Tauba", A. The Meaning of the Qur'an (Arabic Tafhim al-Qur'an) is a book in six volumes written by the Islamic scholar Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi A. Kamal (Editor).
  54. ^ a b Lewis, Bernard. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American The Jews of Islam, Princeton University Press, Jun 1, 1987, pp. 14-15.
  55. ^ Le Livre de l’impôt foncier (Kitâb el-Kharâdj). Translated into French and annotated by Edmond Fagnan. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1921. English translation from Bat Ye’or The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam, p. 322.
  56. ^ 'Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, quoted in Stillman (1979). , pp. 160–161.
  57. ^ Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Mizan, Chapter:The Islamic Law of Jihad, Dar ul-Ishraq, 2001. Javed Ahmad Ghamidi ( Urdu: جاوید احمد غامدی) (b OCLC: 52901690 [23]
  58. ^ Misplaced Directives, Renaissance, Al-Mawrid Institute, Vol. Al-Mawrid is an Islamic research institute in Lahore, Pakistan founded in 1983 and then re-established in 1991. 12, No. 3, March 2002. [24]
  59. ^ Lewis 1984 p. 18
  60. ^ Lewis (2002) p. 57
  61. ^ Bat Ye'or, Islam and Dhimmitude. Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002, page 71.
  62. ^ a b Cahen, Cl. ; İnalcık, Halil; Hardy, P. "Ḏj̲izya. " Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 29 April 2008
  63. ^ William Montgomery Watt (1980), pp. William Montgomery Watt ( 14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was an Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic 49–50.
  64. ^ The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 39
  65. ^ Esposito (1998), p. 17
  66. ^ Francis Edward Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, p. 273.
  67. ^ Francis Edward Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, p. 273.
  68. ^ Francis Edward Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, p. 273.
  69. ^ Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956, p. 265
  70. ^ Moshe Gil quotes At-Tawbah, 29
  71. ^ Gil, Moshe. Moshe Gil (born 1921 is an Israeli historian who specializes in the historical interaction between Islam and the Jews including the history of Palestine A History of Palestine: 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 28-30. The letter sent to the bishop Yuhanna at Eilat:

    "To Yuhanna bin Ruba adn the worthies of Ayla, Peace be with you! Praise be Allah, there is no God save Him. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of I have no intention of fighting you before writing to you. Thou hast to accept Islam, or pay the tax, and obey God and his Messenger and the messengers of His Messenger, and do them honour and dress them in fine clothing, not in the raiment of raiders; therefore clothe Zayd in fine robes, for if you satisfy my envoys, you will satisfy me. Surely the tax is known to you. Therefore if you wish to be secure on land and on sea, obey God and his Messenger and you will be free of all payments that you owed the Arab [tribes] or non-Arabs, apart from the payment to God [which is] the payment of his Messenger. But be careful lest thou do not satisfy them, for then I shall not accept anything from you, but I shall fight you and take the young as captives and slay the elderly. For I am the true Messenger of God; put ye your trust in God and his books and his messengers and in the Messiah son of Maryam, for this is God's word and I too, put my trust in Him, for he is the Messenger of God. Come then, before a calamity befalls you. As for me, I have already given my envoys instructions with regard to you: give Harmal three wasqs of barley, for Harmala is your well-wisher, for if it were not for God and if it were not for this, I would not be sending you messengers, but rather you would be seeing the army. Therefore if you my messengers, you will have the protection of God and of Muhammad and all that stand at his side. My messengers are Shurahbil and Ubayy and Harmala and Hurayth b. Zayd who is one of the sons of the Banu Tayy'. All that they decide with regard to you shall be according to my wishes, and you will have the protection of God and of Muhammad the Messenger of God. And peace will be with you if you obey me. And the people of Maqnā thou shall lead back to their land. "

    The letter sent to the people of Adhruh:

    "In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate. From Muhammad the Prophet to the people of Adhruh; They [will live] securely by virtue of the letter of security from God and from Muhammad. They are due to pay 100 dinars, good and weighed, on every Rajab. And if one [of them] flees from the Muslims, out of fear and awe - for they feared the Muslims - they shall live securely until Muhammad will visit them before he leaves. "

  72. ^ Jizyah and non-Muslim Minorities - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar
  73. ^ Donner, Fred McGraw. Fred McGraw Donner is an Islamic scholar and the Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago. The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981, p. 251.
  74. ^ Jizyah and non-Muslim Minorities - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar
  75. ^ [25]
  76. ^ Jizyah, Jihad… or Islam? - Reading Islam.com - Ask About Islam
  77. ^ IslamWay Radio
  78. ^ Manas: History and Politics, Aurangzeb
  79. ^ "The Zoroastrians who remained in Persia (modern Iran) after the Arab–Muslim conquest (7th century AD) had a long history as outcasts. Although they purchased some toleration by paying the jizya (poll tax), not abolished until 1882, they were treated as an inferior race, had to wear distinctive garb, and were not allowed to ride horses or bear arms. " Gabars, Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 29 May 2007.
  80. ^ Bat Yeor. Bat Ye'or (בת יאור meaning "daughter of the Nile " a Pseudonym of Gisèle Littman, Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002, pp. 70-71.
  81. ^ "Though in Tunisia and Algeria the jizya/kharaj practice was eliminated during the 19th century, Moroccan Jewry still paid these taxes as late as the first decade of the twentieth century. " Michael M. Laskier, North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: Jews of Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, NYU Press, 1994, p. 12.
  82. ^ The Jizyah Tax: Equality And Dignity Under Islamic Law? by Walter Short, debate. org. uk
  83. ^ Abou Al-Fadl, Khaled. Dr Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963 in Kuwait) is a professor of law at the UCLA School of Law where he teaches Islamic law, immigration human rights international The Place of Tolerance in Islam, Beacon Press, 2002, p. 13.

References

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