江泽民 Jiang Zemin
Jiang during a visit with George W. Bush in October 2001. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
In office 1989 – 2002
Preceded by	Zhao Ziyang
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
5th President of the People's Republic of China
In office March 27, 1993 – March 15, 2003
Vice President	Hu Jintao Rong Yiren
Preceded by	Yang Shangkun
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
Chairman of the Central Military Commission of CCP
In office November 1989 – 19 September 2004
Preceded by	Deng Xiaoping
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
Born	August 17, 1926 (1926-08-17) (age 81) Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
Nationality	Chinese
Political party	Communist Party of China
Spouse	Wang Yeping
Alma mater	Shanghai Jiaotong University
Profession	Electrical engineer

Jiang Zemin (simplified Chinese: 江泽民; traditional Chinese: 江澤民; pinyin: Jiāng Zémín; Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min; born August 17, 1926) was the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004. The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Rong Yiren ( (born 1916 in Wuxi, Jiangsu, died on October 26, 2005 in Beijing) was the Vice-President of the People's Republic Yang Shangkun ( Simplified Chinese: 杨尚昆 Pinyin: Yáng Shàngkūn 5 July 1907&ndash14 September 1998 was President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist The Central Military Commission ( CMC) ( refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's Events in November All Saints' Day (formerly All Hallows Day a Christian holy day is celebrated on November 1, the day after Halloween Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Wang Yeping ( born 1928) a native of Yangzhou, China. She graduated from Shanghai International Studies University. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Shanghai Jiao Tong University ( abbreviated Jiao Da (交大 or SJTU) located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Jiang can be a Pinyin transliteration of one of several Chinese surnames, Jiāng ( traditional) or 蒋 ( simplified) Jiǎng Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Because both the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army promote according to seniority it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. A Central Military Commission or National Defense Commission is an organisation typical of Communist One-party states responsible for supervising the nation's "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Jiang came to power in the wake of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, replacing Zhao Ziyang, who was purged for being too conciliatory towards the protestors, as General Secretary. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. With the waning influence of Deng Xiaoping due to old age, Jiang effectively became "paramount leader" in the 1990s. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Paramount Leader ( literally "the highest leader of the country" in modern Chinese Political science, unofficially refers to the political leader of the Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Known to be one of China's more charismatic political figures, Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. Critics also point to Jiang's inability to maintain control on various social imbalances and problems that surfaced during his term. Traditionalist communists in China charge Jiang of being a revisionist leader who legitimized outright capitalism. His contribution to the Marxist doctrine, a list of guiding ideologies by which the CCP rules China, is called the theory of the Three Represents, which has been written into the party and state constitutions. The Three Represents ( is a socio-political ideology credited to General Secretary Jiang Zemin which became a guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China at The Constitution of the Communist Party of China (CPC ( has 53 Articles and includes contents of General Program Membership Organization System Central Organizations The Constitution of the People's Republic of China ( is the highest law within the People's Republic of China.

Background and ascendancy

Jiang was born in the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country His ancestral home, a notion important in traditional Chinese society, was the Jiang Village (江村), Jingde County (旌德县) of the old Huizhou (徽州) in southern Anhui Province, which was also the hometown of a number of prominent figures in Chinese academic and intellectual establishments. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Huizhou administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties. Anhui (in Chinese: 安徽 Ānhuī) is a province of the People's Republic of China. Jiang grew up during the years of Japanese occupation. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the His uncle, Jiang Shangqing, died fighting the Japanese, and was considered a martyr. Jiang attended the National Central University (Department of Radio Engineering at Southeast University) in the Japanese-occupied Nanjing before being transferred to Shanghai Jiaotong University. For the Southeast University in Bangladesh see Southeast University (Bangladesh For the Southeast University before 1949 see National Central University ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles Shanghai Jiao Tong University ( abbreviated Jiao Da (交大 or SJTU) located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities He graduated there in 1947 with a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He claimed that he joined the Communist Party of China when he was in college (this has never been verified by any individuals or documents). After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Jiang received his training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s. This page is about the Russian car and truck factory For other meanings see ZIL (disambiguation. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of He worked for Changchun's First Automobile Works. Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the FAW Group Corporation ( is China's first Automobile manufacturer. He eventually got transferred to government services, where he began rising in rank, becoming a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Minister of Electronic Industries in 1983. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) In 1985 he became Mayor of Shanghai, and subsequently the Party Chief of Shanghai. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million

Jiang received mixed reviews as mayor. Many of his critics dismissed him as a "flower vase", a Chinese term used to describe a decorative but useless person. ^[1] Many credited Shanghai's growth during the period to Zhu Rongji. Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier Jiang was an ardent believer, during this period, in Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer In an attempt of curbing student discontent in 1986, Jiang recited the Gettysburg Address in English in front of a group of student protesters. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. ^[2][3]

Jiang was described as having a passable command of several foreign languages, including Romanian, Russian, and English. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States One of his favorite activities was to engage foreign visitors in small talks on art and literature in their native language, in addition to singing foreign songs in the original language. He became friends with Allen Broussard, the African American judge who visited Shanghai in 1987 and Brazilian actress Lucelia Santos. Allen Broussard (1929 – 1996 was an African American judge He was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana on April 13, 1929; the son African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Lucélia Santos (born in Santo André São Paulo, 1957) is a famous Brazilian actress, director and producer.

Jiang was elevated to national politics in 1987, automatically becoming a member of the Politiburo of the CPC Central Committee because it is customarily dictated that the Party Chief of Shanghai would also have a seat in the Politiburo. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì formerly In 1989, China was in crisis over the Tiananmen Square protest, and the Central Government was in conflict on how to handle the protesters. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two (The opening policy, brought out by Deng Xiaoping, has been proved as a crucial and brilliant turning point in China's modern history, causing the economy to grow at an astonishing rate during the past decades. The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer ) In June, Deng Xiaoping dismissed liberal Zhao Ziyang, who was considered too conciliatory to student protestors. Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. Jiang, at the time, was the Shanghai Party Chief, the top figure in China's new economic center. The Politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China In an incident with the World Economic Herald, Jiang closed down the newspaper, deeming it harmful. The handling of the crisis in Shanghai was noticed by Beijing, and then paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping. As the protests escalated and then Party-chief Zhao Ziyang was removed from office, Jiang was selected by the Party leaders as a compromise candidate over Tianjin's Li Ruihuan, Premier Li Peng, Chen Yun, and the retired elders to become the new General Secretary. Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Lǐ Ruìhuán ( September 1934-) was a politician active late 20th century and early 21st century in the People's Republic of China. Li Peng ( (b 20 October 1928 was the Premier of China between 1987 and 1998 the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Chen Yun (( June 13, 1905 &ndash April 10, 1995) was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China and one At the time he was considered to be an unlikely candidate. Within three years Deng had transferred most power in the state, party and military to Jiang.

Early leadership

Jiang was elevated to the country's top job in 1989 with a fairly small power base inside the party, and thus, very little actual power. He was believed as simply a transitional figure until a more stable successor government to Deng could be put in place. Other prominent Party and military figures like Yang Shangkun and brother Yang Baibing were believed to be planning a coup. Yang Shangkun ( Simplified Chinese: 杨尚昆 Pinyin: Yáng Shàngkūn 5 July 1907&ndash14 September 1998 was President of the People's Republic of China Yang Baibing ( Chinese: 杨白冰 or 杨尚俊 Pinyin: Yáng Báibīng b Jiang used Deng Xiaoping as a back-up to his leadership in the first few years. Jiang, who was believed to have a neo-conservative slant, warned against "bourgeois liberalization". Deng's belief, however, stipulated that the only solution to keeping the legitimacy of Communist rule over China was to continue the drive for modernization and economic reform, and therefore placed himself at odds with Jiang.

Deng grew critical of Jiang's leadership in 1992. During Deng's southern tours, he subtly suggested that the pace of reform was not fast enough, and the "central leadership" (i. e. Jiang) had most responsibility. Jiang grew ever more cautious, and rallied behind Deng's reforms completely. In 1993, Jiang coined the new term "Socialist Market Economy" to move China's centrally-planned socialist economy into essentially a government-regulated capitalist market economy. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a It was a huge step to take in the advancement of Deng's "Socialism with Chinese characteristics". At the same time, Jiang elevated many of his supporters from Shanghai to high government positions, after regaining Deng's confidence. He abolished the outdated Central Advisory Committee, an advisory body composed of revolutionary party elders. Central Advisory Commission ( Simplified: 中央顾问委员会 Traditional: 中央顧問委員會 Pinyin: zhōng yāng gù wèn wěi yuán huì ( He became Chairman of the Central Military Commission in 1989, followed by his election to the Presidency in March 1993. The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman

Presidency

Jiang Zemin and United States President Bill Clinton. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States

Deng Xiaoping died in early 1997, and China, emerging gradually out of the Deng-era reforms and the relative stability of the early 1990s, faced a myriad of economic and social problems. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar At Deng's funeral, Jiang gave the official eulogy. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing Jiang had inherited a China rampant with government corruption, and regional economies growing too rapidly for the stability of the entire country. Deng's idea that "some areas can get rich before others" gave rise to an opening wealth gap between coastal regions and the hinterlands. The unprecedented economic growth had inevitably led to the closing of many State-owned Entreprises (SOE's), and a staggering unemployment rate that hit 40% in some urban areas. A government-owned corporation, state-owned enterprise or government business enterprise is a legal entity created by a Government to undertake commercial Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Stock markets fluctuated greatly. A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company The scale of rural migration into urban areas was unprecedented anywhere in the world. and little was being done to address an ever-increasing urban-rural wealth gap. Official reports put the figure on the percentage of China's GDP being moved and abused by corrupt officials to 10%. A chaotic environment of illegal bonds issued from civil and military officials resulted in much of the corrupted wealth to end up in foreign countries. Corruption levels had returned, if not exceeded that of the Republican era in the 1940's. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain A surge in crime rates and the reemergence of organized crime began to plague cities. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. A careless stance on the destruction of the environment furthered concerns voiced by intellectuals. Jiang's biggest aim in the economy was stability, and he believed that a stable government with highly centralised power would be a prerequisite, choosing to postpone political reform, which in many facets of governance exacerbated the on-going problems. ^[4] Jiang continued pouring funds to develop the Special Economic Zones and coastal regions. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws

Jiang is believed to be the first Chinese leader to truly manipulate the medium of television to enhance his own image, gaining the reputation of being charismatic, although not always in the positive light. Beginning in 1996, Jiang began a series of reforms in the state-controlled media aimed at promoting the "core of leadership" under himself, and at the same time crushing some of his political opponents. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The personality enhancements in the media were largely frowned upon during the Deng era, and had not been seen since Mao and Hua Guofeng's time in office in the late 1970s. Hua Guofeng ( (16 February 1921 &ndash 20 August 2008 born as Su Zhu ( was Mao Zedong 's designated successor as the Paramount leader of the The People's Daily and CCTV-1's 7PM National News each had Jiang-related events as the front-page or top stories, a fact that remained until Hu Jintao's media administrative changes in 2006. The People's Daily ( a daily Newspaper, is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation China Central Television or Chinese Central Television, commonly abbreviated as CCTV ( is the major television broadcaster in Mainland China He appeared casual in front of Western media, and gave an unprecedented interview with Mike Wallace of CBS in 2000 at Beidaihe. Mike Wallace (born Myron Leon Wallace on May 9, 1918) is an American journalist. Beidaihe District ( is a district in Qinhuangdao municipality Hebei province China. He would often use foreign languages in front of the camera, albeit not always comprehensible. In an encounter with a Hong Kong reporter in 2000 regarding the central government's apparent "imperial order" of supporting Tung Chee-hwa to seek a second term as Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Jiang branded the Hong Kong journalists infamously as "too simple, sometimes naive" in English. Tung Chee Hwa, GBM (born 7 July 1937 Chinese calendar --> in Shanghai, China) was the first elected The Chief Executive of Hong Kong ( is the head of Hong Kong Government and the principal representative of the Hong Kong. ^[5] The event was shown on Hong Kong television that night, an event regarded to be in poor taste outside China.

Since 1999, the media has also played an integral role in the persecution of Falun Gong, which is believed to be an act under the direction of Jiang himself, and has been heavily criticized by the West. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Falun Gong was introduced to the general public by Li Hongzhi (李洪志 in Changchun, China, in 1992 Jiang reputedly came under conflict with then premier Zhu Rongji over how to contain the fast-growing spiritual movement. Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier Jiang had also began arresting its coordinators and breaking up demonstrations, despite protests by various human rights groups.

Foreign Policy

Jiang Zemin at Hickam Air Force Base, 1997. For the civil airport use of this facility see Honolulu International Airport Hickam Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located

Jiang went on a groundbreaking State Visit to the United States in 1997, drawing various crowds in protest from the Tibet Independence Movement to the Falun Gong practitioners. "Official visit" redirects here For the Yes Minister episode see " The Official Visit " He made a speech at Harvard University, part of it in passable English, but could not escape questions on democracy and freedom. In the official summit meeting with US President Bill Clinton, the tone was relaxed as Jiang and Clinton sought common ground while largely ignoring areas of disagreement. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Clinton would visit China in February 1999, and vowed that China and the United States were partners in the world, and not adversaries. When American-led NATO bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999, Jiang seemed to have put up a harsh stance for show at home, but in reality only performed symbolic gestures of protest, and no solid action. The North Atlantic Treaty See also Targeting of civilian areas during Operation Allied Force On May 7 1999 in Operation Allied Force, NATO bombs hit the Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Much of Jiang's foreign policy was focused on international trade and economic integration. A personal friend of former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien^[6] Jiang strengthened China's economic stature abroad, attempting to establish cordial relations with countries whose trade is largely confined to the American economic sphere. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime

Economic development

Jiang did not specialize in economics, and in 1997 handed a big chunk of the economic governance of the country to Zhu Rongji, who became Premier, and remained in office through the Asian Financial Crisis. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier The Premier of the State Council ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "Prime Minister" is the Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Under their joint leadership, Mainland China has sustained an average of 8% GDP growth annually, achieving the highest rate of per capita economic growth in major world economies, raising eyebrows around the world with its astonishing speed. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction This was mostly achieved by continuing the process of a transition to a market economy. Economists, however, charge Jiang with creating a bubble economy that could fall apart at any time. An economic bubble (sometimes referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, or a speculative Strong Party control over economic affairs, however, remained, as Jiang was unrelenting in the centralization of power. The achievements during Jiang's presidency were cemented by the PRC's successful bid to join the World Trade Organization and Beijing winning the bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Entrenching Three Represents

Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CPC Congress in 2002. The Three Represents ( is a socio-political ideology credited to General Secretary Jiang Zemin which became a guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China at Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping Theory ( also known as Dengism, is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Although contradictory to Marxism and Maoism in many facets, it was also written into China's Constitution. Critics believe this is just another piece added to Jiang's cult of personality, others have seen practical applications of the theory as a guiding ideology in the future direction of the CPC. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise Largely speculated to step down from all positions by international media, rival Li Ruihuan's resignation in 2002 prompted analysts to rethink the man. Lǐ Ruìhuán ( September 1934-) was a politician active late 20th century and early 21st century in the People's Republic of China. The theory of Three Represents was believed by many political analysts to be Jiang's effort at extending his vision to Marxist-Leninist Principles, and therefore elevating himself alongside previous Chinese Marxist philosophers Mao and Deng.

Jiang has been criticized by many groups, noticeably by Falun Gong, a vocal spiritual group who allege that Jiang and the CPC under his leadership to have persecuted their members. Falun Gong ( or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice founded in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992 The newspaper Epoch Times has published a book deeply critical of Jiang titled Anything for Power: The Real Story of China’s Jiang Zemin, exposing various scandals and brutalities perpetrated by Jiang during his presidency, including his dubious family background, his brutal crackdown of Falun Gong, and his alleged relationship with singer Song Zuying. The Epoch Times ( is a privately owned general-interest newspaper originally published in Chinese. A scandal is a widely Publicized incident that involves Allegations of wrongdoing, disgrace or moral outrage Falun Gong ( or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice founded in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992 Song Zuying ( born August 13, 1966) is an ethnic Miao Chinese singer ^[7]

Gradual retirement

Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao at the 16th Party Congress. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist

In 2002, Jiang stepped down from the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China to make way for a "fourth generation" of leadership headed by Hu Jintao, marking the beginning of a transition of power that would last several years. The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (PSC, abbreviated) is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 people usually men and includes Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Hu assumed Jiang's title as party chief, becoming the new general secretary of the Communist Party. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Six out of the nine new members of Standing Committee at the time were believed considered part of Jiang's so-called "Shanghai Clique", the most prominent being Vice President Zeng Qinghong and Executive Vice Premier Huang Ju. The Shanghai clique or Shanghai faction ( is the name given to an informal group of officials in the Communist Party of China, especially those who serve in the central Zeng Qinghong ( (born July 1939 was the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008 Huang Ju ( (28 September 1938 &ndash 2 June 2007 was the Executive Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China.

Although Jiang retained the chairmanship of the powerful Central Military Commission, most members of the commission are professional military men. A Central Military Commission or National Defense Commission is an organisation typical of Communist One-party states responsible for supervising the nation's Liberation Army Daily, a publication thought to represent the views of the CMC majority, printed an article on March 11, 2003 which quotes two army delegates as saying, "Having one center is called 'loyalty', while having two centers will result in 'problems. '" [1] This was widely interpreted as a criticism of Jiang's attempt to exercise dual leadership with Hu on the model of Deng Xiaoping.

Hu succeeded Jiang as president of the People's Republic of China on March 15, 2003. The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. To the surprise of many observers, evidence of Jiang's continuing influence on public policy abruptly disappeared from the official media. Jiang was conspicuously silent during the SARS crisis, especially when compared to the very public profile of Hu and Wen Jiabao. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Wen. Wen Jiabao ( (born 15 September 1942 is the Premier of the It has been argued that the institutional arrangements created by the 16th Congress have left Jiang in a position where he cannot exercise much influence. Although many of the members of the Politburo Standing Committee are associated with him, the Standing Committee does not have command authority over the civilian bureaucracy.

Jiang Zemin with wife Wang Yeping and George W. Bush with wife Laura Bush in Crawford, Texas in 2002. Wang Yeping ( born 1928) a native of Yangzhou, China. She graduated from Shanghai International Studies University. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4 1946 is the wife of the forty-third and current President of the United States, George W

On September 19, 2004, after a four-day meeting of the 198-member Central Committee, Jiang resigned as chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, his last party post. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì formerly Six months later he resigned his last significant post, chairman of the State CMC. This followed weeks of speculation that Hu Jintao's supporters in the Communist Party leadership were pressing Jiang to step aside. Jiang's term was supposed to have lasted until 2007. Hu also succeeded Jiang as the CMC chairman, but, in an apparent political defeat for Jiang, Xu Caihou, and not Zeng Qinghong was appointed to succeed Hu as vice chairman. Xu Caihou ( Chinese: 徐才厚 born 1943) is one of three vice chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China This power transition officially marks the end of Jiang's era in China, which roughly lasted from 1993 to 2004.

Although Jiang has been seldom seen in public since giving up his last official title in 2004, he was with Hu Jintao on stage at a ceremony celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army,^[8] and toured the Military Museum of the Chinese Peoples Revolution with Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, and other former senior officials. ^[9]

Legacy

Historians and biographers have disputed what can be accounted into "Jiang Zemin's legacy". Jiang himself had wanted his Three Represents theory, called an "important thought" on the Mainland, to become his ideological legacy. The Three Represents ( is a socio-political ideology credited to General Secretary Jiang Zemin which became a guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China at Although the theory has been codified into both the State and Party constitutions alongside Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, its actual effect is yet to be assessed, and it seems to be losing ground to Hu Jintao's Scientific Perspective and Harmonious Society ideologies within the party. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping Theory ( also known as Dengism, is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. The construction of a Harmonious Society ( is the dominant socio-economic vision that is said to be the ultimate end result of Chinese leader Hu Jintao 's signature Jiang has come under quiet criticism from within the Communist Party of China for focusing on economic growth at all costs while ignoring the resulting environmental damage of the growth, the widening gap between rich and poor in China and the social costs absorbed by those whom economic reform has left behind. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the By contrast, the policies of his successors, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao have widely been seen as efforts to address these imbalances and move away from a sole focus on economic growth toward a broader view of development which incorporates non-economic factors such as health and the environment. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist This is a Chinese name; the family name is Wen. Wen Jiabao ( (born 15 September 1942 is the Premier of the

Domestically, Jiang's legacy and reputation is mixed. While some people attribute the period of relative stability and growth in the 1990's to Jiang's term, others argue that Jiang did little to correct mistakes resulting from Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms, leaving the next administration facing innumerable problems, some of which too late to adjust. Jiang's obsession with image has also spurred a trend of face projects around the country, with local governments lending enormous funds to large and mostly unnecessary construction projects. Jiang's Theory of Three Represents justified the incorporation of the new capitalist business class into the party, and changed the founding ideology of the CPC from protection of the peasantry and workers to that of the "overwhelming majority of the people", a euphemism aimed at including the growing enterpreneurial class. The Three Represents ( is a socio-political ideology credited to General Secretary Jiang Zemin which became a guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China at Conservative critics within the party have quietly denounced this as betrayal of the communist ideology, while reformers have praised Jiang as a visionary. Such a move, however, increasingly justified a newly found correlation between the business and ruling elites, thus significantly linking bureaucracy and financial gain, which critics argue fosters more corruption. Some have suggested that this is the part of Jiang's legacy that will last, at least in name, as long as the communists remain in power.

Many biographers of Jiang have noted that his government resembled an oligarchy as opposed to an autocratic dictatorship. Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. ^[10] Many of his policies have been attributed to others in government, notably Premier Zhu Rongji, whose tense relationship with Jiang was of widespread speculation, especially following Jiang's decision to suppress the Falun Gong movement. Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier Falun Gong ( or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice founded in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992 Jiang is often credited with the gains in foreign affairs during his term, but at the same many Chinese criticize him for being too conciliatory towards the United States and Russia. The issue of Chinese reunification between the mainland and Taiwan gained ground during Jiang's term, as Cross-Strait talks led to the eventual Three Links after Jiang stepped down as President. There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to The Three Links or Three Linkages (三通 Pinyin: Sān tōng are direct postal (通郵 Tōng yóu) Transportation (especially The Qinghai-Tibet railway began construction under Jiang, and was welcomed by many Tibetans,^[11] although seen by a few of them to be a purely political move. The Qingzang railway, Qinghai–Xizang railway, or Qinghai–Tibet railway ( mtsho bod lcags lam མཚོ་བོད་ལྕགས་ལམ། is a high-altitude Jiang was also accused of appeasement towards the Japanese and Americans in diplomacy.

See also

• Politics of the People's Republic of China
• History of the People's Republic of China (1989-2002)
• The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin, Jiang's controversial biography by Robert Lawrence Kuhn

References and further reading

• Gilley, Bruce. "Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite. " Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 395pp. This was the first biography of Jiang to appear in the West. A comprehensive and highly readable journalistic account of Jiang's early years, his ascendancy within the Party bureaucracy, and his ultimate rise to power as Deng Xiaoping's successor in the wake of Tiananmen.
• Kuhn, Robert Lawrence = The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin, Random House (English edition) 2005. Robert Lawrence Kuhn (born 1944 New York is an international investment banker corporate strategist, scholar and scientist Century Publishing Group, Shanghai (Chinese edition) 2005. The book is a general biography of Jiang with a more favorable stance towards him.
  • China Daily = English language review of biography by Dr. Kuhn.
• Lam, Willy Wo-Lap. "The Era of Jiang Zemin"; Prentice Hall, Singapore: 1999. General Jiang-era background information and analysis, not comprehensive biography.

External links

• Biography at People's Daily
• Biography at China Vitae, the web's largest online database of China VIPs
• Reviews of Jiang Zemin biographies by cosmopolis.ch