The Right Honourable  Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien  PC CC QC LLD
20th Prime Minister of Canada
In office November 4, 1993 – December 12, 2003
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Kim Campbell
Succeeded by	Paul Martin
Member of Parliament for Saint-Maurice—Laflèche (1963-1968) and Saint-Maurice (1968-1986)
In office 1963 – February 27, 1986
Preceded by	Gérard Lamy
Succeeded by	Gilles Grondin
Member of Parliament for Beauséjour
In office December 10, 1990 – 1993
Preceded by	Fernand Robichaud
Succeeded by	Fernand Robichaud
Member of Parliament for Saint-Maurice
In office 1993 – December 12, 2003
Preceded by	Denis Pronovost
Succeeded by	Marcel Gagnon
Born	January 11, 1934 (1934-01-11) (age 74) Shawinigan, Quebec
Political party	Liberal
Spouse	Aline Chrétien
Children	Hubert Chrétien, Michel Chrétien, and France Chrétien Desmarais
Residence	Shawinigan, Quebec
Alma mater	University of Laval
Occupation	Lawyer
Religion	Roman Catholic

Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, PC, CC, QC (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934), is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003, and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1990 to 2003. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Saint-Maurice—Laflèche (electoral district ---> Saint-Maurice—Laflèche For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Saint-Maurice (electoral district ---> Saint-Maurice was a federal electoral district The Canadian federal election of 1963 was held on April 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 26th Parliament of Canada Gérard Lamy was a Social Credit Party Member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1962 to 1963 Gilles Grondin ( 3 February 1943 - 18 July 2005) was an educator and a politician from Quebec, Canada. Beauséjour riding (formerly known as Beauséjour—Petitcodiac) is a federal electoral district in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, which has been The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Fernand Robichaud, PC (born December 2 1939) is a Canadian politician Fernand Robichaud, PC (born December 2 1939) is a Canadian politician For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Saint-Maurice (electoral district ---> Saint-Maurice was a federal electoral district The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Denis Pronovost was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1988 to 1993. Marcel Gagnon (born April 19, 1936 in Sainte-Brigide-d'Iberville Quebec) is a former Canadian politician Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Aline Chrétien (born May 14, 1936 in Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan, Quebec) is the wife of Canada's twentieth Prime Minister, See also Michel Chrétien (scientist Michel Chrétien (born 1968 is the youngest son of former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and France Chrétien Desmarais is a Canadian lawyer and businesswoman Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)

Early life

Born in Shawinigan, Quebec, as the 18th of 19 children (10 of whom did not survive infancy^[1]) to Wellie Chrétien and Marie Boisvert, Jean Chrétien studied law at Université Laval. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Chrétien would later make light of his humble origins, calling himself "le petit gars de Shawinigan",^[2] or the "little guy from Shawinigan. " In his youth, he suffered an attack of Bell's palsy, permanently leaving the left side of his face partially paralyzed. Bell's Palsy is a paralysis of the Facial nerve resulting in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side Chrétien used this in his first Liberal leadership campaign, saying that he was "One politician who didn't talk out of both sides of his mouth. "

On September 10, 1957, he married Aline Chainé. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Aline Chrétien (born May 14, 1936 in Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan, Quebec) is the wife of Canada's twentieth Prime Minister, They have two sons (Hubert Chrétien and Michel) and one daughter (France). See also Michel Chrétien (scientist Michel Chrétien (born 1968 is the youngest son of former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and France Chrétien Desmarais is a Canadian lawyer and businesswoman

Early political career

Jean Chrétien practised law in Shawinigan until he was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a Liberal from the riding of Saint-Maurice–Laflèche in the 1963 election. The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Saint-Maurice—Laflèche (electoral district ---> Saint-Maurice—Laflèche The Canadian federal election of 1963 was held on April 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 26th Parliament of Canada He would represent this Shawinigan-based riding, renamed Saint-Maurice in 1968, for all but eight of the next 41 years. For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Saint-Maurice (electoral district ---> Saint-Maurice was a federal electoral district

After re-election in the 1965 election, he served as parliamentary secretary (junior minister) to Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson (1965) and then to Minister of Finance, Mitchell Sharp (1966). The Canadian federal election of 1965 was held on November 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 27th Parliament of A Parliamentary Secretary is a member of a Parliament in the Westminster system who assists a more senior minister with their duties The Minister of Finance (Ministre des Finances is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's Mitchell William Sharp PC, CC ( May 11, 1911 &ndash March 19, 2004) was a Canadian politician and a Companion He was selected for appointment as Minister of National Revenue in 1968 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. The Minister of National Revenue (Ministre du Revenu national is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Canada Revenue

After the June 1968 election, he was appointed Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The Canadian federal election of 1968 was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 28th Parliament The Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Ministre des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet His most notable achievement in this role was the 1969 White Paper, a proposal to abolish the Indian Act. Bold text "'The 1969 White Paper was a Canadian policy document ( White paper) in which the then Minister of Indian Affairs, Jean Chrétien The Indian Act ("An Act respecting Indians" RS 1985 c The paper was widely opposed by First Nations groups, and later abandoned. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people

During the October Crisis, Chrétien told Trudeau to "act now, explain later", when Trudeau was hesitant to invoke the War Measures Act. The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914 replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988 was a Canadian Statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping 85% of Canadians agreed with the move. In 1974, he was appointed President of the Treasury Board; and beginning in 1976, he served as Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce. The Minister of Industry is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing the federal government's economic development and In 1977, following the resignation of Finance Minister John Turner, Chrétien succeeded him. John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician He was the first francophone Minister of Finance, and remains one of only three francophones to hold that post. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places

Early in his career, Chrétien was described by Dalton Camp as looking like the driver of the getaway car, a condescending assessment which stuck with him, and which was often cited by journalists and others throughout his career, and usually ironically considering his eventual success. Dalton Kingsley Camp, PC, OC, MSc, LLD ( September 11, 1920 &ndash March 18, 2002) was a Canadian

Minister of Justice

The Liberals lost power in 1979. The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament When they regained power in 1980, Chrétien was appointed Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament The Minister of Justice (Ministre de la Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice In this role, he was a major force in the 1980 Quebec referendum, being one of the main federal representatives "on the ground" during the campaign. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty His fiery and emotional speeches would enthrall federalist crowds, and his blunt warnings of the consequences of separation earned him a reputation as a "straight shooter. " He also served as Minister of State for Social Development and Minister Responsible for Constitutional Negotiations, playing a significant role in the patriation of the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions He was the chief negotiatator of what would be called the "Kitchen Accord", an agreement which led to the agreement of 9 provinces to patriation. Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution His role in the dealings, however, would forever follow him in his native Quebec, who did not ratify the Constitution (although the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Quebec was bound by it). The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian In 1982, Chrétien was appointed Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources. The Minister of Energy Mines and Resources was a member of the Cabinet of Canada from 1966 to 1995.

Loses leadership race, retires from politics

After Trudeau announced his retirement in early 1984 as Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister, Chrétien sought the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The experience was a hard one for Chrétien, as many of his longtime Cabinet allies supported the Turner campaign. He was thought to be a dark horse until the end, but lost on the second ballot to John Turner at the leadership convention that June. This article describes dark horse candidates For other uses see Dark Horse. John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician The first three leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada were not chosen at a Leadership convention. Iona Campagnolo would ominously introduce Chrétien as, "Second on the ballot, but first in our hearts. Iona Campagnolo PC, CM, OBC (born October 18, 1932) is a Canadian politician and was the Lieutenant-Governor " Turner personally appointed him Deputy Prime Minister, and selected him for appointment by the Governor General as Secretary of State for External Affairs (foreign minister). The Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (Vice-premier ministre du Canada is an honorary position in the cabinet, conferred at the discretion of the prime minister. Canada 's Secretary of State for External Affairs was from 1909 to 1993 the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal government's A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation Relations between the two were strained, especially after the Liberals were severely defeated in the 1984 election. The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament Chrétien was one of only 17 Liberals elected from Quebec (the party had won 74 out of 75 seats in 1980) In 1986, Chrétien resigned his seat and left public life for a time. Now working in the private sector again, Chrétien sat on the boards of several corporations. These corporations included the Power Corporation of Canada subsidiary Consolidated Bathurst, the Toronto-Dominion Bank, and the Brick Warehouse Corporation, among others. Power Corporation of Canada ( is a major Canadian company with assets in North America and Europe in a number of industries The Brick Group Income Fund ( opened its first store in Edmonton Alberta in 1971 and has grown to become one of Canada 's largest volume retailers of Furniture

Chrétien would be a major focal point of dissatisfaction with Turner, with many polls showing his popularity. His book, Straight from the Heart, was a best-seller.

Early years as Liberal leader

After Turner's resignation as leader in 1989, Chrétien announced he would run for the party leadership at the June 1990 Liberal leadership convention in Calgary, Alberta. The 1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention was held on 23 June 1990 in Calgary, Alberta. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905

Chrétien's principal opponent, Paul Martin, was generally seen as the ideological heir to John Turner, while Chrétien was the ideological heir to Trudeau. Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician A key moment in that race took place at an all-candidates debate in Montreal, where the discussion quickly turned to the Meech Lake Accord. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial Martin attempted to force Chrétien to abandon his nuanced position on the deal and declare for or against it. When Chrétien refused to endorse the deal, young Liberal delegates crowding the hall began to chant "vendu" ("sellout" in French) and "Judas" at Chrétien. Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles Martin continues to state he had nothing to do with the response from the floor, or a similar outburst by his supporters at the convention, in which Chrétien defeated Martin on the first and only ballot. However, his reputation in his home province never recovered.

In December, Chrétien returned to the House of Commons after winning a by-election in the safe Liberal riding of Beauséjour, New Brunswick. A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant Beauséjour riding (formerly known as Beauséjour—Petitcodiac) is a federal electoral district in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, which has been The incumbent, Fernand Robichaud, stood down in Chrétien's favour, which is traditional practice when a newly elected party leader doesn't have a seat in Parliament. Fernand Robichaud, PC (born December 2 1939) is a Canadian politician

Chrétien later revealed himself to be as staunchly federalist as Trudeau. However, he supported the Charlottetown Accord while Trudeau opposed it. The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992.

When Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney began to lose ground in the polls, Chrétien was the major beneficiary. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth In particular, Chrétien reaped a major windfall after Mulroney introduced an unpopular Goods and Services Tax. The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991

Prime Minister

The 1993 election

Mulroney's approval ratings declined and by 1993, opinion polls showed that his Conservative Party would almost certainly be defeated by the Liberals under Chrétien in the election due that year. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Mulroney announced his retirement in February, and was succeeded by National Defense Minister Kim Campbell in June. Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada Campbell managed to pull the Conservatives to within a few percentage points of the Liberals by the time the writs were dropped in September. Dropping the writ is the informal term for a procedure in some Parliamentary government systems, where the Head of government, that is the prime

Campbell, however, had little luck overcoming the tremendous antipathy toward Mulroney, despite a substantial bounce from the leadership convention. Chrétien saw an opportunity, and on September 19, he dropped a bombshell by releasing the entire Liberal platform. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. The 112-page document, Creating Opportunity, quickly became known as the Red Book because of its bright red cover. The Red Book, officially titled Creating Opportunity The Liberal Plan for Canada was the platform of the Liberal Party of Canada in the It was a very specific and detailed statement of exactly what a Chrétien government would do in office.

The Liberals did not promise to remove the GST altogether as a revenue producing agent. Instead, the Red Book pledged to replace the GST "with a system that generates equivalent revenues, is fairer to consumers and to small business, minimizes disruption to small business, and promotes federal-provincial fiscal cooperation and harmonization. "

Chrétien promised to renegotiate of the North American Free Trade Agreement, and reform to the unemployment insurance system. Unemployment benefits are payments made by Governments to unemployed people Above all, he promised to return Canada to fiscal solvency. As proof, the Red Book gave costs for each of the Liberals' policy goals — the first time a Canadian party had gone to such lengths to prove that its proposals were fiscally responsible. In their first mandate in the 1993 election, they attempted to merge the GST, however most provinces refused to accept this change after the election. The Conservatives put forward the idea that Chrétien had actually promised to "Scrap the GST" leading to wide public misperception.

The Red Book gave the Liberals the reputation as the party with ideas, since none of the other parties had anything comparable. The Liberals quickly surged to a double-digit lead in most opinion polls. By October, it was obvious that the Liberals would win at least a minority government. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Even at this stage, however, Chrétien's personal approval ratings were far behind those of Campbell. Realizing this, the Tory campaign team released a series of ads attacking Chrétien. During the 1993 Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservative Party had an Attack ad broadcast on television against Liberal leader The second ad, released on October 14, appeared to mock Chrétien's facial paralysis, and generated a severe backlash from all sides. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Even some Tory candidates called for the ad to be yanked. Campbell was not directly responsible for the ad, but ordered it off the air over her staff's objections. However, she didn't apologize and lost a chance to contain the fallout from the ad.

Chrétien, taking advantage of the furor, likening the Tories to the children who teased him when he was a boy in Shawinigan. "When I was a kid people were laughing at me," he said at an appearance in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's "But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful. " The speech, which one Tory described as one Chrétien had waited his whole life to deliver, moved many in the audience to tears. Chrétien's approval ratings shot up, nullifying the only advantage the Conservatives still had over him. All told, the ad flap all but assured that the Liberals would win a majority government.

On October 25, the Liberals were elected to an overwhelming majority government, winning 177 seats — the third-best performance in the Liberals' history, and their most impressive win since their record of 190 seats in 1949. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a The Canadian federal election of 1949 was held on June 27 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 21st Parliament of Canada. The Tories were nearly evicted from the House of Commons, winning only two seats in the worst defeat ever suffered by a governing party at the federal level. Chrétien himself yielded Beauséjour back to Robichaud in order to run in his old riding, Saint-Maurice. However, he was unable to lead the Liberals back to their traditional dominance in Quebec. He was one of only four Liberal MPs elected from that province outside the Montreal area. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec

First term as Prime Minister

On November 4, 1993, Chrétien was appointed by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn as prime minister. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Ramon John Hnatyshyn PC CC CMM CD QC FRHSC (''hc'' (commonly known as Ray Hnatyshyn, anglicized While Trudeau, Joe Clark and Mulroney had been relative political outsiders prior to becoming prime minister, Chrétien had served in every Liberal cabinet since 1965. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman This experience gave him a masterful knowledge of the Canadian parliamentary system, and allowed Chrétien to establish a very centralized government that, although highly efficient, was also lambasted by critics as being a "friendly dictatorship" and intolerant of internal dissent.

Chrétien turned most of his attention to clearing away the massive debt he had inherited from the Mulroney / Campbell era. He was assisted by Martin. The government began a program of deep cuts to provincial transfers and other areas of government finance. During his tenure as Prime Minister, a $42 billion deficit was eliminated, five consecutive budget surpluses were recorded, $36 billion in debt was paid down, and taxes were cut by $100 billion (cumulatively) over 5 years, the largest tax cut in Canadian history. ^[3] There were, however, undeniable costs associated with this endeavour. The cuts would result in fewer government services, most noticeably in the health care sector, as major reductions in federal funding to the provinces meant significant cuts in service delivery. Moreover, the across-the- board cuts affected the operations and achievement of the mandate of most federal departments. Many of the cuts would be restored in later years of Chrétien's period in office.

One of Chrétien's main focuses in office was preventing the separation of the province of Quebec, which was ruled by the separatist Parti Québécois for nearly the Prime Minister's entire term. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and After the 1995 referendum very narrowly defeated a proposal on Quebec sovereignty, the government passed what became known as the Clarity Act, which said that no Canadian government would acknowledge a Quebec declaration of independence unless a "clear majority" supported sovereignty in a referendum based on a "clear question", as defined by the Parliament of Canada. The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law is legislation of Canada 's federal parliament that established the conditions under which the The size of a "clear majority" was left unspecified, but the Supreme Court of Canada made it clear that such a majority would not be "50% plus one vote".

On November 5, 1995, Chrétien and his wife escaped injury when André Dallaire, armed with a knife, broke in the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex Drive. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Born in Longueuil Québec, André Dallaire is a Canadian who attempted to Assassinate Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien 24 Sussex Drive (also called Gorffwysfa) is the Official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada. Aline Chrétien shut and locked the bedroom door until security came. It is said Jean was ready to defend himself with a sharp-edged Inuit carving. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting

Second term as Prime Minister

Taking advantage of the split status of the political right, Chretien easily won another majority government in 1997.

Chrétien was involved in a controversy again in November, 1997, when the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit was held on the University of British Columbia campus in Vancouver. The University of British Columbia ( UBC) is a Canadian public research University with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal The APEC summit was a summit of many Asian and Pacific countries, and students on UBC's campus protested the meeting of some of these leaders because of their poor human rights practices. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled One of the leaders most criticized was then Indonesian President Suharto. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding Demonstrators tore down a barrier and were pepper-sprayed. Other peaceful demonstrators were subsequently pepper-sprayed as well. There was debate over whether the action was necessary. Chrétien responded to the media's questions about the incident by saying "For me, pepper, I put it on my plate. " Allegations soon arose that someone in the Prime Minister's Office or Chrétien himself gave the go-ahead for the pepper spraying of protestors. Chrétien denied any involvement. ^[4]

In 1999, Chretien supported Canada's involvement in NATO's bombing campaign of Yugoslavia over the issue of Kosovo. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The North Atlantic Treaty See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was NATO's and Canada's first deliberate non-defensive aggression against another sovereign state. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (code-named Operation Allied Force) was NATO 's military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that

The government under Chrétien's prime ministership also introduced a new and far-reaching Youth Criminal Justice Act, which replaced the old Young Offenders Act, and changed the way youths were prosecuted for crimes in Canada. Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA is a Canadian statute which came into effect on April 1 2003 The Young Offenders Act ( YOA) was an act of the Parliament of Canada passed in 1982 by the government of then-prime minister Pierre Trudeau and enacted in 1984

Chretien was known to be friendly in foreign policy towards the People's Republic of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES He led four "Team Canada" trade missions to China, and sharply increased the amount of trade between the two countries during his tenure as Prime Minister. Under his leadership, China and Canada signed several bilateral relations agreements.

Third term as Prime Minister

With the Canadian political right still split, Chretien called an early election in 2000, two years ahead of requirement, winning his third straight mandate.

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks upon the United States, North American airspace was shut down and many Canadians opened up their homes to stranded travellers. Chrétien praised Operation Yellow Ribbon, saying that it was one of the ways it showed the best of Canadians in a time of tragedy for their American friends and neighbours down south. Operation Yellow Ribbon is the name of the operation that Transport Canada created to handle the diversion of civilian airline flights following the September 11 attacks In response to those attacks, Canadian forces joined with multinational forces that invaded Afghanistan to pursue al-Qaeda forces there. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The

President George W. Bush and Jean Chrétien address the media before a 2002 bilateral meeting. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

Chrétien directed the Crown not to support the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia His reasoning was that the war lacked UN Security Council sanction; while not a member of the Security Council, Canada nevertheless attempted to build a consensus for a resolution authorizing the use of force after a short (two to three month) extension to UN weapon inspections in Iraq. (Critics also noted that, while in opposition, he had also opposed the first US-led Gulf War. ) Although criticism from right-wing opposition was vocal, the move proved popular with the Canadian public in general. In December of 2003, it emerged that the government had prepared plans for Canada to send as many as 800 Canadian troops to Iraq if the UN Security Council had authorized it; however, a UN request for an increased deployment of Canadian soldiers to Afghanistan removed this option from the table. This led some of Chrétien's anti-war critics on the left to accuse the Prime Minister of never really being fully opposed to the war. Nonetheless, Canada was the first non-member of the US-led coalition to provide significant financial aid to the post-war reconstruction effort, relative to Canada's size. This move allowed Canadian companies to bid on reconstruction contracts.

Controversies

Chrétien's term was marked by two major brushes with scandal. In 2000, after initial denials, he acknowledged having lobbied the Business Development Bank of Canada to grant a $2 million loan to Yvon Duhaime, a friend and constituent to whom the Prime Minister had sold his interest in a local resort. The bank had turned down the initial application, but later approved a $615,000 loan following further lobbying by Chrétien. The application became controversial when it was revealed that Chrétien had never been paid for his share in the sale of the adjoining golf course, and by criminal charges against Duhaime. The Prime Minister's ethics counsellor determined that Chrétien had not violated any conflict-of-interest rules, noting that there were no clear guidelines on such matters.

The other major controversy of the Chrétien years was the sponsorship scandal. The sponsorship scandal, "AdScam", "Sponsorship" or Sponsorgate, is a Scandal that came as a result of a Canadian The lingering repercussions of the scandal reduced the Liberal Party to a minority in 2004, and contributed to the government's defeat in 2006. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Canadian federal election 2004 (more formally the 38th General Election) was held on June 28, 2004 to elect members of the Canadian House of The 2006 Canadian federal election (more formally the 39th General Election) was held on January 23 2006 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the

Chrétien came under fire for backtracking on some of his promises, most notably the GST. Instead of scrapping it, he replaced it with the Harmonized Sales Tax in three Atlantic provinces. In Canada, the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST combines the Goods and Services Tax (GST and Provincial Sales Tax (PST into a single sales tax Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: However, Chrétien claimed that the fiscal situation was far worse than expected. Despite slipping poll numbers, he advised the Governor General to call an election for 1997, a year ahead of schedule. The Canadian federal election of 1997 was held on June 2, 1997, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 36th Parliament of Many of his own MPs criticized him for this move, especially in light of the devastating Red River Flood. The Red River Flood of 1997 was a major Flood that occurred in April and May 1997 along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota He was reelected with a considerably reduced mandate. However, they still finished with 95 more seats than the next-largest party. The Liberals rebounded in 2000, nearly tying their 1993 total. The 2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27, 2000, to elect 301 Members of Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons of

Throughout his prime-ministership, Chrétien faced only weak opposition in the House of Commons. This was partly because he governed with majorities for the whole time, and with quite large ones for most of it; and partly because of the peculiar state of the opposition parties. During his first parliament, the Official Opposition was the Bloc Québécois, which was more concerned with gaining sovereignty for Quebec than with playing the customary role of a parliamentary opposition. In Canada Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition ( French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) commonly known as the Official Opposition, is usually The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal That role was to some extent taken on by Reform, which had become the leading right-wing party, and which held only marginally fewer seats than the Bloc. The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 The Bloc faded somewhat in the 1997 election, while the Reform Party gained and so took over as Official Opposition for next parliament. Reform, though, began as a Western protest party, and never altogether lost that character. Moreover, Reform was seen as too extreme by most Canadians, especially those east of Manitoba, where the party never had much success. Even after Reform renewed itself as the Canadian Alliance, in 2000, it gained only slightly on Chrétien. The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur The other two parties in the House of Commons, the left-wing New Democratic Party and the formerly powerful, centre-right Progressive Conservatives, held only a few seats each, and their parliamentary effect was accordingly slight. Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian While the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives eventually merged in 2003, it was around the same time that Chrétien quit politics. The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative

In 1996, Chrétien was confronted by a protester, Bill Clennet, during a walkabout in Hull, Québec. The prime minister responded with a choke-hold. The press referred to it as the "Shawinigan Handshake" (from the name of his home town) ^[5]. Shawinigan Handshake is the Nickname of a Chokehold executed by Jean Chrétien, who was Prime Minister of Canada at the time on anti-poverty

Retirement

Relations between Chrétien and Martin were frequently strained, and Martin was reportedly angling to replace Chrétien as early as 1997. In the summer of 2002, Chrétien tried to curtail Martin's by-now open campaign for the leadership of the party. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Some said that Chrétien dismissed Martin from Cabinet, while others say that Martin resigned. In any case, the departure generated a severe backlash from Martin's supporters, who largely controlled the party machinery, and all signs indicated that they were prepared to oust Chrétien at a leadership review in January 2003. After less than half the caucus committed to support him, Chrétien announced that he would not lead the party into the next election, and set his resignation date for February 2004.

Chrétien maintained a high approval rating near the end of his term thanks to several developments. The cooperation of federal, provincial, and municipal governments enabled Vancouver to win the right to host the 2010 Winter Olympics. The election victory of the federalist Jean Charest in Quebec was largely seen by the rest of the provinces as a vote of confidence in Chrétien's unity efforts. The Quebec general election of 2003 was held on April 14, 2003, to elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec ( Canada John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian His decision not to participate in the Iraq war was popular with a large majority of Canadians. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia

Chrétien's final sitting in the House of Commons took place November 6, 2003. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. He made an emotional farewell to the party on November 13 at the 2003 Liberal leadership convention. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St The 2003 Liberal Party of Canada Leadership convention ended on November 14, 2003, electing Paul Martin as the party's new leader The following day his rival Martin was elected his successor. U2 lead singer Bono attended the Convention and made a speech, joking "I'm the only thing these two can agree upon. "

On December 12, 2003, Jean Chrétien officially resigned as prime minister, formally handing power over to Paul Martin. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. According to Canadian protocol, as a former prime minister, he is styled "The Right Honourable" for life. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain Mr. Chrétien joined the law firm of Heenan Blaikie on January 5, 2004, as counsel. Heenan Blaikie LLP is a full service Canadian Law firm. It practices in the areas of business labour and employment litigation taxation entertainment law and intellectual Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The firm announced he would work out of its Ottawa, Ontario, offices four days per week and make a weekly visit to the Montreal office.

Jean Chrétien testified for the Gomery commission regarding the sponsorship scandal in 2005. The Gomery Commission, formally the Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities, was a federal Canadian Royal Commission The sponsorship scandal, "AdScam", "Sponsorship" or Sponsorgate, is a Scandal that came as a result of a Canadian Earlier that year his lawyers tried, but failed, to have Justice John Gomery removed from the commission, arguing that he lacked objectivity. Justice John H Gomery, BCL, BA, QC (born August 9, 1932 in Montreal Quebec, Canada ^[6] Chrétien contends that the Gomery commission was set up to make him look bad, and that it was not a fair investigation. He cites comments Gomery made calling him "small town cheap", referring to the management of the sponsorship program as "catastrophically bad", and calling Chuck Guité, a "charming scamp". J Charles (Chuck Guité (born 1943 or 1944 in Campbellton New Brunswick, raised in Dugas Quebec, on the Gaspé peninsula) is a former Canadian Subsequent to the release of the first report, Chrétien has decided to take an action in Federal Court to review the commission report on the grounds that Gomery showed a "reasonable apprehension of bias", and that some conclusions didn't have an "evidentiary" basis. ^[7] Chrétien believes that the appointment of Bernard Roy, a former chief of staff to former Progressive Conservative prime minister Brian Mulroney, as chief counsel for the commission was a mistake, as he failed to call some relevant witnesses such as Don Boudria and Ralph Goodale. Donald "Don" Boudria PC (born August 30, 1949) is a former Canadian politician Ralph Edward Goodale, PC, MP (born October 5, 1949, in Regina Saskatchewan) was Canada 's Minister of Finance

Supreme Court appointments

Chrétien chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

• Michel Bastarache (September 30, 1997 – present)
• William Ian Corneil Binnie (January 8, 1998 – present)
• Louise Arbour (September 15, 1999 – June 30, 2004)
• Louis LeBel (January 7, 2000 - present)
• Beverly McLachlin (as Chief Justice, July 7, 2000 – present; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Mulroney, March 30, 1989)
• Marie Deschamps (August 7, 2002 – present)
• Morris J. Fish (August 5, 2003 – present)

Legacy

In general, Chrétien supported Pierre Trudeau's ideals of official bilingualism and multiculturalism, but his government oversaw the erosion of the welfare state established, and built, under William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent, Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau. Official bilingualism refers to the policy adopted by some states of recognizing two languages as official and producing all official documents and handling all correspondence and official The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne His government advocated neo-liberal polices on a number of economic fronts, cutting transfer payments to the provinces and social programs, supporting globalization and free trade and implementing large personal and corporate tax cuts. Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions However, in 1999 his government negotiated the Social Union Framework Agreement, which promoted common standards for social programs across Canada. The Social Union Framework Agreement, or SUFA, was an agreement made in Canada in 1999 between Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and the premiers ^[8]

Chrétien was repeatedly attacked by both his opponents and supporters for failing to live up to certain election promises, such as replacing the GST and renegotiating NAFTA. He also came under fire for cancelling the purchase of new military helicopters to replace the aging Sea Kings which were plagued with mechanical failures. Some point to the "No" result of the 1995 Quebec referendum on separation as a political victory for Chrétien, while others interpret the extremely slim margin as a near-disaster for which Chrétien, as de facto leader of the "No" campaign, was responsible. The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should However, some argue that his post-referendum efforts at addressing the separatist issue, notably through the Clarity Act, will cement his legacy as a staunchly federalist prime minister. The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law is legislation of Canada 's federal parliament that established the conditions under which the

One of the most pressing issues in Chrétien's final years in office was Canada's relationship with the United States. Chrétien had a close relationship with President Bill Clinton, after attacking Brian Mulroney for being too friendly with both Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, but when George W. Bush took office in the United States, relations began to cool. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Very soon after his retirement, Chrétien's legacy was marred by the sponsorship scandal. The sponsorship scandal, "AdScam", "Sponsorship" or Sponsorgate, is a Scandal that came as a result of a Canadian Although implicated, no direct evidence has been found directly linking him to it. Nevertheless, many of his closest and longtime political allies were fired from government jobs by his successor Paul Martin, with whom he had fought a bitter leadership battle. Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr The scandal also put a question mark over Chrétien's preferred style of governance, which had been in question long before his retirement due to various scandals, particularly involving cabinet minister Alfonso Gagliano. Alfonso Gagliano PC, FCGA ( Siculiana, January 25, 1942) is a Canadian accountant and a former Liberal Party

Martin, who was cleared by Justice Gomery, moved to sharply distance himself from the Chrétien legacy, although this was also due to the at times bitter political rivalry between the two men. The period between Paul Martin 's assumption of the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada on November 14, 2003, and the 2004 federal election Chrétien's supporters have accused Martin of trying to elude responsibility by blaming the scandal on the former. In an unprecedented move, many of Chrétien's most loyal ministers were not included in Martin's cabinet and many of those were also forced to contest their nominations in uphill contests against Martin's appointed candidates. As a result, most of them were forced to retire, although Sheila Copps contested and lost the Liberal nomination in her riding. Sheila Maureen Copps, PC (born November 27, 1952) is a Canadian Journalist and former Politician. The Chrétien-Martin rift has also divided the Liberals in the 2004 and 2006 elections, with some Chrétien supporters complaining of being sidelined despite their extensive campaign expertise.

During his tenure as Prime Minister, Chrétien was active on the world stage and formed close relationships with world leaders such as Jacques Chirac and Bill Clinton. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States His name was rumoured as a replacement for Kofi Annan as Secretary General of the United Nations. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations See also General Secretary. A number of International organizations, Communist parties and other bodies use the title Secretary The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[9]

He was appointed to be a Companion of the Order of Canada on 29 June 2007. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[10]

Jean Chrétien is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation

Honorary degrees

• Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, 1981 (LL.D)
• Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario, 1982 (LL. Wilfrid Laurier University is a University located in Waterloo Ontario, Canada. Waterloo is a City in Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Laurentian University ( Université Laurentienne) founded in 1960 is a mid-sized bilingual University in Greater Sudbury, Ontario Greater Sudbury (2006 Census population 157857 is a city in Northern Ontario, Canada. D)
• University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, 1986 (LL. The University of Western Ontario (known as Western, as well as UWO or Western Ontario) is a public research University located in London London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor with a metropolitan area population of 457720 the city proper D)
• York University in Toronto, 1987 (LL. York University (Université York is a public Research university located in Toronto, Ontario. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario D)
• University of Alberta in Edmonton, 1988 (LL. The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. D)
• Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario
• University of Ottawa, 1994
• Meiji University in Tokyo, Japan, 1996
• Warsaw School of Economics in Poland, 1999
• Michigan State University, 1999
• Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000
• Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, 2000
• Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, 2004 (LL. Lakehead University ( LU) is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Thunder Bay ( 2006 census population 109140 formerly the twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, is a City in and the seat of Thunder For the university in Ottawa Kansas see Ottawa University. The University of Ottawa or Université d'Ottawa in French is a Private university in Chiyoda, Tokyo, founded in 1881 by three emerging lawyers of the Meiji Era Tatsuo Kishimoto, Kozo officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Warsaw School of Economics (SGH is the oldest Economic University in Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Michigan State University ( MSU) is a co-educational public Research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is Memorial University of Newfoundland, (colloquially known as Memorial University or "MUN") is a comprehensive university located primarily in St St John's (ˌseɪntˈdʒanz French Saint-Jean) is the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada and located on the eastern tip Queen's University, generally referred to simply as Queen's, is a coeducational non-sectarian Public university located in Kingston, Ontario Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St D)
• McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, 2005

Post-political personal life

Memoirs

In April 2007, Chrétien and Canadian book publishers Knopf Canada and Editions du Boréal announced they would be publishing his memoirs, My Years As Prime Minister, which will recount Chrétien's years as Prime Minister. McMaster redirects here for others see McMaster (disambiguation. Hamilton (ˈhæməltən ( 2006 population 504559 UA population 647634 CMA population Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire The book was announced under the title of A Passion for Politics. It arrived in bookstores in October 2007, in both English and French, but the promotional tour was delayed due to heart surgery.

Heart surgery

On 1 October 2007 Chrétien was playing at the Royal Montreal Golf Club, north of Montreal, at a charity golf event. The Royal Montreal Golf Club is the oldest golf club in the America's having been founded in 1873 Playing alongside a cardiologist, he mentioned his discomfort, saying he "had been suffering some symptoms for some time" and the doctor advised he come for a check up. Cardiology (from Greek grc καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of Internal medicine After examination, Chrétien was hospitalized at the Montreal Heart Institute, with unstable angina, a sign a heart attack might be imminent. The Montreal Heart Institute (French Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal) in Montreal Quebec, is a specialty Hospital dedicated to the development of Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart He underwent quadruple heart bypass surgery as a result on the morning of October 3, 2007. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The operation forced Chrétien to delay a promotional tour for his book. He is "expected to have a full and complete recovery". ^[11]

Trivia

• During the 1998 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Chrétien made a bet with American President Bill Clinton on the playoff series between the Ottawa Senators and the Washington Capitals where the loser of the series had to wear the opposing team's jersey. The 1997–98 NHL season was the 81st Regular season of the National Hockey League. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Ottawa Senators (Les Sénateurs d'Ottawa are a professional Ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada For the BAA team see Washington Capitols. For the ABA team see Washington Caps. The Capitals won the series four games to one and Chrétien had to wear a Capitals jersey. For the BAA team see Washington Capitols. For the ABA team see Washington Caps.
• In 2002, Françoise Ducros, a top aide to Chrétien allegedly called American President George W. Bush "a moron". Françoise (Francie Ducros is a Canadian government official and former lawyer best known for a comment attributed to her in 2002 in which she referred to United States President George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Chrétien later commented on the situation by saying that Bush is "a friend of mine. He's not a moron at all. " Francoise Ducros soon resigned stating that her position had become untenable. Françoise (Francie Ducros is a Canadian government official and former lawyer best known for a comment attributed to her in 2002 in which she referred to United States President
• In 1997, Chrétien was a guest on This Hour Has 22 Minutes as Rick Mercer took him to lunch at a Harvey's fast food restaurant, where the topic of conversation was Chrétien's life. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer (born October 17, 1969 in St The scene was the longest of Chrétien's several guest appearances (as himself) on Canadian sketch comedy shows such as The Royal Canadian Air Farce and This Hour Has 22 Minutes. Rick Mercer has praised Chrétien's comedic timing. He appeared with Mercer again, this time on The Rick Mercer Report, on Tuesday November 20, 2007. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. They again ate at a Harvey's restaurant and discussed many issues.

References

General

• Chrétien, Jean (2007). My Years as Prime Minister. Toronto: Knopf Canada. ISBN 0676979009.  
• Chrétien, Jean (1985). Straight from the Heart. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1550135767.  
• Martin, Lawrence (1995). Chrétien: The Will to Win. Toronto: Lester Publishing. ISBN 1-895555-95-7.  
• Martin, Lawrence (2003). Iron Man: The Defiant Reign of Jean Chrétien. Toronto: Penguin Group (Canada). ISBN 0-670-04310-9.  

Academic

• Harder, Lois, and Steve Patten, eds. (2006). The Chrétien Legacy: Politics and Public Policy in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773531076.  
• McWhinney, Edward. Chrétien and Canadian Federalism: Politics and the Constitution, 1993-2003. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press. ISBN 1553800060.  

Notes

External links

• Political biography from the Library of Parliament
• Article about Jean Chrétien's Honourary degrees
• Jean Chrétien Editorial Cartoon Gallery
• CBC Digital Archives – Jean Chrétien: From pool hall to Parliament Hill
• Joseph-Jacques-Jean Chrétien, by Robert Bothwell
• The Red Book
• Jean Chretien at the Internet Movie Database
• Order of Canada Citation