| 日本国 Nihon-koku Japan | ||||||
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| Anthem: Kimi ga Yo (君が代?) | ||||||
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| Capital (and largest city) | Tokyo (de facto) 1 | |||||
| Official languages | Japanese (de facto) | |||||
| Demonym | Japanese | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Emperor | Akihito | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Yasuo Fukuda | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | National Foundation Day | February 11, 660 BC3 | ||||
| - | Meiji Constitution | November 29, 1890 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | May 3, 1947 | ||||
| - | Treaty of San Francisco | April 28, 1952 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 377,873 km² (62nd) 145,883 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 0. The national flag of Japan is a white Flag with a large red circle (representing the rising sun) in the center The Imperial Seal of Japan is a mon or crest used by members of the Japanese Imperial family A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's often translated as "May your reign last forever" is Japan's National anthem, and is also one of the world's shortest national anthems in current use often translated as "May your reign last forever" is Japan's National anthem, and is also one of the world's shortest national anthems in current use As of June 2008 Japan 's Population is around 1277 million making it the world's tenth most populated country officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. is the current of Japan, and the 125th Emperor according to Japan's traditional order of succession. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime was the 91st Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008 The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts is a national holiday in Japan celebrated annually on February 11. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Attending countries Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 8 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 estimate | 127,433,494 (10th) | ||||
| - | 2004 census | 127,333,002 | ||||
| - | Density | 337/km² (30th) 872. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 8/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $4. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 346 trillion[1] (3rd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $33,800[2] (24th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $4. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 886 trillion[3] (2nd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $38,341 (14th) | ||||
| Gini | 38. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 1 (2002)[4] | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 953 (high) (8th) | |||||
| Currency | International Symbol ¥ Pronounced (Yen) Japanese Symbol 円 Pronounced (En) ( JPY) | |||||
| Time zone | JST (UTC+9) | |||||
| Internet TLD | .jp | |||||
| Calling code | +81 | |||||
| 1 | Yokohama is the largest incorporated city. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Japan Standard Time or JST (日本標準時 or 中央標準時 is the standard Timezone of Japan, and is 9 hours ahead of UTC A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area | |||||
| 2 | World Factbook; Japan—Economy. CIA (2006-12-19). near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of | |||||
| 3 | According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic. also known as Kamuyamato Iwarebiko; given name Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto, born according to the legendary account in the Kojiki on | |||||
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East Asia. An island country is a Country that is wholly confined to an Island, several islands an Island group or several island groups and has no territory on Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Sea of Okhotsk ( Russian: Охо́тское мо́ре English Transliteration: Okhotskoye More) is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, The East China Sea is a Marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1249000 km² The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun". are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana
Japan comprises over 3,000 islands[5] making it an archipelago. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. is the smallest (225 km long and between 50 and 150 km wide and least populous (4141955 as of 2005 of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the is the highest Mountain in Japan at.An Active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08 it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Japan has the world's tenth largest population, with about 128 million people. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. The Greater Tokyo Area is a large Metropolitan area in Japan consisting of most of the prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama Tokyo, the seat of the Government of Japan and home of the Emperor, is the capital of Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The prefectures of Japan are the country's 47 sub-national Jurisdictions one "metropolis" (都 to) Tokyo; one " circuit
Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century AD. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era
Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet. The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights A unitary state is a State whose three Organs of state are governed Constitutionally as one single unit with one Constitutionally created A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The is Japan's Bicameral Legislature. It is composed of a Lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an Upper house, called
A major economic power,[6] Japan has the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE It is a member of the United Nations, G8, G4, OECD and APEC, with the world's fifth largest defense budget. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security This is a list of countries by military expenditures using the latest information available It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and sixth largest importer and a world leader in technology and machinery. This is a list of countries by Exports, based on The World Factbook. This is a list of countries by Imports, based on The World Factbook.
Contents |
Etymology
The English word Japan is an exonym not used in the Japanese language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん) and Nihon (にほん). is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech.
Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Before Japan had relations with China, it was known as Yamato and Hi no moto, which means "source of the sun". This is summary of two more detailed articles Kofun period and Asuka period. [7]
The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer The modern Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect 呉語) pronunciation of characters 日本 (Japan) is still Zeppen [zəʔpən]. Shanghainese (上海閒話 in Shanghainese sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang (modern spelling Jepun, although Indonesian has retained the older spelling), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan.
History
The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts The, which forms the Country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland washing upon the northwestern The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware [8][9][10]
The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. The is an era in the history of Japan from about 500 BC to 300 AD. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan. [11][12][13][14]
The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han. The Book of Han ( is a classic Chinese Historical writing completed in 111 CE covering the history of Western Han from 206 BCE to According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku. The Records of Three Kingdoms ( is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, was an ancient country in Wa (Japan during the late Yayoi period.
Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are The history of Buddhism in Japan can be roughly divided into three periods namely the Nara period (up to 784 the Heian period (794–1185 and the post-Heian period China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [15] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period. The history of Buddhism in Japan can be roughly divided into three periods namely the Nara period (up to 784 the Heian period (794–1185 and the post-Heian period The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. [16]
The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. in Nara, was the Imperial Palace of Japan (710-784 AD during most of the Nara Period. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720). The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. [17] (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state. Fujiwara-kyō (藤原京 in Japanese also Fujiwara no miyako) was the Imperial capital of Japan for sixteen years between 694 and 710 was one of the Imperial Capitals of Japan during the Asuka period ( 538 A )
In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium. (737&ndash806 was the 50th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession was the Capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyo Kyoto Heian-kyō (平安京 literally "tranquility and peace capital" was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. [18] This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of When Japanese poets first encountered Chinese poetry, it was at its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time. Murasaki Shikibu ( 紫[[wikt 式|式]] 部; c 973&ndashc 1014 or 1025 or Lady Murasaki as she is sometimes known in English was a Japanese is a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century around the peak of the Heian Period often translated as "May your reign last forever" is Japan's National anthem, and is also one of the world's shortest national anthems in current use [19]
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. For other uses of the word Taira see Taira (disambiguation The was a major Japanese clan in historical Japan was the founder and the first Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, about 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. See the Late Hōjō clan for the Hōjō clan of the Sengoku Period. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate ( Japanese: 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the Shoguns from The of 1274 and 1281 were major Military operations undertaken by Kublai Khan to invade the Japanese Islands after conquering Korea Kamikaze (神風 is a Japanese word usually translated as divine wind, believed to be a gift from the gods The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336. The was a period of Japanese history that occurred from 1333 to 1336. was the founder and 1st Shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338 beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with [20] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period. was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the Shoguns of the Ashikaga family The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings The was a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period in Japan. [21]
During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade). The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Nanban trade ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易 nanban-bōeki, "Southern barbarian trade" or the Nanban trade period ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易時代
Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. ( June 23, 1534 &ndash June 21, 1582) was a major Daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [22]
After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. was the founder and first Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate Toyotomi Hideyori (豊臣 秀頼 Toyotomi Hideyori) 1593 - June 5, 1615, was the son and designated successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Background and pretext Even though Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan and consolidated his power following the Siege of Odawara in 1590 his ill-fated Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. The buke shohatto (武家諸法度 lit "Various points of laws for warrior houses" was a collection of edicts issued by Japan's Tokugawa shogunate governing the In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves. Kokugaku ( Kyūjitai: 國學/ Shinjitai: 国学 lit National study was a school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Tokugawa [23]
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Matthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 &ndash March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U The Black Ships (in Japanese, 黒船 kurofune) was the name given to Western vessels arriving in Japan between the 15th and 19th centuries On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew Perry of the U Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. are the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the The was an act in 1871 of the new Meiji government of the Empire of Japan to replace the traditional feudal domain ( han) system and to introduce The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The is the Executive branch of the Government of Japan. It consists of the Prime Minister and up to fourteen other members called Ministers of State was an advisory council to the Emperor of Japan that operated from 1888 to 1947 The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 The is Japan's Bicameral Legislature. It is composed of a Lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an Upper house, called The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated [24]
The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign In general expansionism consists of expansionist policies While some have linked the term to promoting Economic growth (in contrast to no growth / Sustainable policies refers to the Ideology in the Empire of Japan that Militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation and that the strength of the military is World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. Japan participated in from 1914 to 1917 as one of the major Entente Powers, played an important role in securing the sea lanes in South Pacific Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. was a report generated by a League of Nations commission in December 1931 to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941. The Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries on November 25, 1936 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries [25]
In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [26] On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This act brought the United States into World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day). The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Victory over Japan Day ( V-J Day, also known as Victory in the Pacific Day, or V-P Day) is a name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of [27] The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. [28]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[29] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British Attending countries Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. Japanese post-war economic miracle is the name given to the historical phenomenon of Japan's record period of economic growth following World War II, spurred This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Japanese post-war economic miracle The was an Economic bubble in Japan from 1986 to 1990 in which Real estate and Stock prices greatly inflated Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery. [30]
Government and politics
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime The is Japan's Bicameral Legislature. It is composed of a Lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an Upper house, called The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan [31] The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. is the current of Japan, and the 125th Emperor according to Japan's traditional order of succession. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne. Education He received bachelor's and Master's degrees in history from Gakushuin University in 1982 and 1988 respectively
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The is Japan's Bicameral Legislature. It is composed of a Lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an Upper house, called TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. The is the Lower house of the Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors of Japan is the Upper house. The is the Upper house of the Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the Lower house. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[6] with a secret ballot for all elective offices. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential [31] The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993. Liberal conservatism is a variant of Conservatism which combines conservative and liberal values and positions The, frequently abbreviated to LDP or, is a Centre right, conservative, Political party and the largest party in Japan. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate [32] The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or The is a liberal Political party in Japan founded in 1998 by the merger of several smaller parties
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The is Japan's Bicameral Legislature. It is composed of a Lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an Upper house, called The is the Lower house of the Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors of Japan is the Upper house. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. The is the Executive branch of the Government of Japan. It consists of the Prime Minister and up to fourteen other members called Ministers of State Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a Parliamentary system. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan. was the 91st Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008 [33]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. Chinese Law is one of the oldest Legal traditions in the world Law of Japan was historically heavily influenced by Chinese law and developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 Kujikata Osadamegaki (公事方御定書 lit "book of rules for public officials" was a two-volume rulebook for Japanese judicial bureaucrats during the However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. In the judicial system of Japan, the postwar constitution guarantees that "all judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. A civil code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of Private law. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan. [34] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor. A rubber stamp, as a political metaphor, refers to a person or institution with De jure considerable formal power but little De facto power one that rarely The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation. [31] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. The Supreme Court of Japan (最高裁判所 Saikō-Saibansho; called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short located in Chiyoda, Tokyo is the highest [35] The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes. Six Codes, (Japanese 六法 (roppō Chinese 六法 (liufa refers to the six main Legal codes that makes up the main body of law in Taiwan and Japan [34]
Foreign relations and military
Japan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. Since the surrender after World War II and the return to the international community by the Treaty of San Francisco, Japanese diplomatic policy has been The, or JSDF, are the military forces in Japan that were established after the end of the post- World War II American occupation of Japan The is one of Cabinet -level ministries of the Japanese government. was the 91st Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The, or JMSDF, is the maritime branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, tasked with the naval defense of Japan. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The relationship between Japan and the United States of America is one of very close economic and military cooperation coupled with extensive cultural exchange Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P [36] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 18 years, most recently in 2005–2006. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Since 1966, the UN Security Council has included 10 elected (non-permanent members It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council. [37] As a member of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a forum held annually by leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region It is also the world's second-largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$8. Official Development Assistance (ODA is a category of Development aid. 86 bn in 2004. [38] Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. [39]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and the EEZ around Okinotorishima. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Kuril Island dispute ( Russian: Проблема принадлежности Курильских островов Japanese: 北方領土問題 Hoppō South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ) is a seazone over which a State has special rights over the exploration and use of marine is an Atoll, which in English has multiple designations ( Okinotori Coral reefs, Okinotori Islands)
Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks). North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens from Japan by agents of the North Korean government happened during a period of six years from 1977 to 1983 North Korea claims to possess Nuclear weapons and the CIA asserts that it has a substantial arsenal of Chemical weapons. The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed. [40]
Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution is a "No War" clause Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The is one of Cabinet -level ministries of the Japanese government. The, or JGSDF, is the Military ground force ( Army) of Japan The largest of the three services of the JSDF, the Ground Self-Defense Force operates The, or JMSDF, is the maritime branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, tasked with the naval defense of Japan. The, or JASDF, is the Aviation branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces responsible for the defense of Japanese Airspace and other aerospace The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II. Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace Background The Koizumi administration originally ordered the controversial formation and deployment of the JIRSG at the request of the United States. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [39]
Administrative divisions
While there exist eight commonly defined regions of Japan, administratively Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. The Regions of Japan are not official administrative units but have been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts The prefectures of Japan are the country's 47 sub-national Jurisdictions one "metropolis" (都 to) Tokyo; one " circuit The former city of Tokyo is further divided into twenty-three special wards, each with the same powers as cities. was a municipality in Japan. It existed from May 1, 1889 to July 1, 1943, when it was merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form The are 23 municipalities that together make up the core and the most populous part of Tokyo, Japan.
The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. are actions taken either within one municipality or between multiple municipalities after making a consensus agreement to do so This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs. [41]
Japan has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy. Japan has many major cities. Many of these cities are crowded into a relatively small area of land along the Pacific coast of Honshū, between Those in the list below of the ten most populous are all prefectural capitals and government ordinance cities, except where indicated:
Geography
Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. is the highest Mountain in Japan at.An Active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08 it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. The high peak lies in the southern part of the Hida Mountains (Northern Alps of Japan, on the border of WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of the island of Honshū is an island within the Ryukyu Islands, administered by Motobu, Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of is the smallest (225 km long and between 50 and 150 km wide and least populous (4141955 as of 2005 of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit Okinawa Island (沖縄本島 Okinawa-hontō, or 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima) is the largest of the Ryukyu Islands, and is home to Naha, the capital Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago. The, which forms the Country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland washing upon the northwestern
About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous,[42][43] and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² [44]
Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when [45] The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. The began at 556 pm on Saturday October 23, 2004 (0856 UT, same day The Great Hanshin Earthquake, or Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known outside of Japan, was an Earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts. An is a term for Hot springs ' in the Japanese language, though the term is often used describe the bathing facilities and inns around the hot springs [46]
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. [47] Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
- Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric
- Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. The Sea of Japan is a Marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea and Russia In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon. A foehn wind or föhn wind is a type of dry downslope wind which occurs in the lee of a mountain range
- Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. The, or, is an inland Region on central Honshū in Japan. It comprises most of Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures as well as the Hida Precipitation is light.
- Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year. An inland sea is a shallow Sea that covers central areas of continents during high stands of Sea level that result in marine transgressions In modern days The or is the westernmost region of Honshū, the largest Island of Japan. is the smallest (225 km long and between 50 and 150 km wide and least populous (4141955 as of 2005 of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū
- Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions
- Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding
The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40. 9 degrees Celsius — was recorded on August 16, 2007. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [48]
The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain. [47]
Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. Japan is home to a nine forest Ecoregions which reflect its climate and geography They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial Biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest [49]
Environment
Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. Japan 's environmental policy has reflected a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection In the rapid economic growth after the World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see Pollution in Japan) occurred in 1950s and 1960s. The were a group of manmade diseases all caused by environmental pollution due to improper handling of industrial wastes by Japanese corporations In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws[50] in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971. The of Japan was formed in 2001 from the sub-cabinet level Environmental Agency established in 1971 The Oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of [51] Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Conservation can be confused with Conversation and vice versa Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences [52]
Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of Fuel required to move the Automobile over a given Distance. [53] This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering.
Japan also takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. The Japanese Ministry of the Environment (MOE began advocating the Cool Biz campaign in summer 2005 as a means to help reduce electric consumption by limiting use of air conditioning Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort [54]
Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the Environmental Sustainability Index. [55]
Economy
Japan's economy is characterized by low overall taxation[56] and overwhelmingly private sector economy compared to most Western countries[56], high economic freedom, close government-industry cooperation for economic growth, emphasis on science and technology, and strong work ethic. Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Work ethic is a set of values based on the moral virtues of hard work and diligence Extraordinary relationship-based - rather than productive - arrangements in the financial sector and employment, along with relatively shallow international competition in domestic markets, are among widely acknowledged causes behind the protracted lost decade in the 1990s. [57][56] Slowly progressing reforms took pace in the mid-2000s and higher growth rates were seen after 2005. Japan is the second largest economy in the world,[58] after the United States, at around US$4. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP[58] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity. This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. [59]
Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Transportation in Japan is modern and infrastructure spending has been large Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. A motor Vehicle is a Machine which incorporates a motor (sometimes known as an Engine) and which is used for Transportation Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A machine tool is a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by Machining, which is the selective removal of metal Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by [60] Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations. A is a set of companies with interlocking Business relationships and shareholdings. has been the rule in big Japanese companies beginning with the first economic successes in the 1920s [61] Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability. [62]
Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry. In Business, a group, business group, corporate group, or (sometimes alliance is most commonly a legal entity that is a type of conglomerate A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with is one of the largest Keiretsus ' founded by Masatomo Sumitomo. The, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi The is a group of companies that work together and mostly share the Toyota brand It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money or ゆうちょ for short is a Japanese Bank headquartered in Tokyo. 2 trillion)[63] and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1. This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. () or MUFG, is a Japanese Bank headquartered in Tokyo Japan. It holds an Asset of around US$1 2 trillion),[64] Mizuho Financial Group (US$1. abbreviated as MHFG, or simply called Mizuho is a Banking Holding company headquartered in the Ōtemachi district of Chiyoda Tokyo 4 trillion)[65] and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1. ( or SMFG, is a Japanese financial group the third largest bank in Japan. 3 trillion). [66] The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock Capitalization (or capitalisation &mdash see spelling differences) is writing a word with its first letter as a Majuscule (upper case letter 7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world. This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. [67]
From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s. Japanese post-war economic miracle is the name given to the historical phenomenon of Japan's record period of economic growth following World War II, spurred [68] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Japanese post-war economic miracle The was an Economic bubble in Japan from 1986 to 1990 in which Real estate and Stock prices greatly inflated Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy. [60] However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2. 8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5. 5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [69]
Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation,[70] a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, while the agricultural subsidies and protection are costly to the economy. Japan imports about 50%[71] of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. [60] Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Overall taxation as a percentage of GDP was 26. 4% in 2007, less than any major Western country. Less than half of employees pay income tax at all and VAT is very low at 5%, albeit corporate tax rates are high. [56]
Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 s) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. [60] Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). also known as or ANA, is an airline headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. The Japan Railways Group, more commonly known as, consists of seven for-profit companies that took over most of the Assets and Operations of the government-owned There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.
Japan's main export partners are the United States 22. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 8%, the European Union 14. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in 5%, China 14. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 3%, South Korea 7. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 8%, Taiwan 6. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 8% and Hong Kong 5. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders 6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals. A motor Vehicle is a Machine which incorporates a motor (sometimes known as an Engine) and which is used for Transportation Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. [60] With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Its main import partners are China 20. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 5%, U.S. 12. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 0%, the European Union 10. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in 3%, Saudi Arabia 6. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi 4%, UAE 5. 5%, Australia 4. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 8%, South Korea 4. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 7% and Indonesia 4. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [72]
Science and technology
Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers [73] For instance some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity An industrial robot is officially defined by ISO as an automatically controlled reprogrammable multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application [74] It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. QRIO (" Q uest for cu' RIO' sity" originally named Sony is a Humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Company. Standing at 130 Centimeters (4 feet 3 Inches) and weighing 54 Kilograms (119 AIBO ( A rtificial I ntelligence ro' BO' t homonymous with "pal" in Japanese was one of several types of Robotic Pets designed Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles[75] and home to six of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles This article lists the top 20 largest semiconductor companies by sales leaders over the past 20 years A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that
Japan has plans in space exploration, including building a moonbase by 2030. History First orbital flights The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik The colonization of the Moon is the proposed establishment of permanent human communities on the Moon. [76] The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. The, or JAXA, is Japan's national Aerospace agency JAXA was formed on October 1 2003 as an Independent Administrative Institution through the It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) is slated to be added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM ( Japanese: Kibō きぼう Hope is a Japanese science module for the International Space Station NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States [77]
Demographics
Japan's population is estimated at around 127. 3 million. [78] For the most part, Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers, Zainichi Koreans, Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians and others. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Statistics According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan there were 593489 Koreans in Japan in 2007 Chinese people in Japan, also referred to as Kakyō (華僑 literally Chinese sojourners) or Zai-Nichi Chūgokujin (在日中国人 literally Filipinos in Japan ( Japanese: 在日フィリピン人 formed a population of 202592 individuals at year-end 2007, making them Japan 's fourth-largest A Japanese Brazilian' (日系ブラジル人 in Kanji and Kana Japanese writing nikkei burajiru-jin in Rōmaji Japanese The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin. The are the dominant native Ethnic group of Japan. It is a term that came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the residents of the Mainland ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. Ryukyuans ( Japanese: 琉球民族 Ryūkyū minzoku; Japanese Gairaigo based on Uchinaguchi ウチナンチュ Uchinanchu) are the Indigenous Burakumin (ja {{linktext 部 落 民}} buraku, tribe + min, people is a term often used to describe a Japanese social Minority group.
Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81. Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age 25 years of age as of 2006. [79] The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. As is often the case after a major war the end of World War II brought a Baby boom to many countries notably those in Europe, Asia, North America In 2004, about 19. 5% of the population was over the age of 65. [80]
The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** [81] Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100. [80] Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. [81] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term [82] [83]
| Japanese religiosity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion | percent | |||
| Shinto and Buddhism | 95% | |||
| Others | 4% | |||
| Christianity | 0. 8% | |||
The highest estimates for the amount of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84-96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions. [6][84] However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. [85] Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion. is a private, Coeducational university located in Aichi, Japan. [85]
Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A minority (0. 7%) profess to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings [78] In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, such as Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo (or Aleph). is a term used in Japan to describe New religious movements They are also known as in Japanese and are most often called simply Japanese new religions Tenrikyo ( 天[[wiktionary 理|理]] 教; Tenrikyō, lit Teaching of Divine Reason) is a panentheist Japanese New Religion Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese new religious movement organization
About 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities [78] It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together The Japanese language has many Honorifics parts of speech which show Respect, and their use is mandatory in many social situations @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words comprise 49. Japanese dictionaries have a history that began over 1300 years ago when Japanese Buddhist priests who wanted to understand Chinese Sutras adapted Chinese character Sino-Japanese or Kango (ja [[wikt漢語 漢語]] in Japanese, refers to that portion of the Japanese vocabulary that originated in the 1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33. 8% and other loanwords are 8. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation 8%. [86] The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals. The modern Japanese writing system uses three main scripts Kanji, characters of Chinese origin, Hiragana are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Kana is a general term for the syllabic Japanese scripts Hiragana (ひらがな and Katakana (カタカナ as well as the old system A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages. The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands, and make up a subfamily of the Japonic Language family. The Japonic languages or Japanese-Ryukyuan languages is a Language family that descended from a common ancestral language known as Proto-Japonic or is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū [87] The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō. The Ainu language (Ainu ain アイヌ イタク aynu itak; Japanese: ja アイヌ語 ainu-go) is spoken by the Ainu In Linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction, and sometimes pejoratively as linguicide) is a process A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's [88] Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English. [89]
| Largest cities of Japan | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core City | Prefecture | Population | Core City | Prefecture | Population | |||||
| 1 | Tokyo | Tokyo | 8,483,050 |  Tokyo  Yokohama | 11 | Hiroshima | Hiroshima | 1,159,391 | ||
| 2 | Yokohama | Kanagawa | 3,579,133 | 12 | Sendai | Miyagi | 1,028,214 | |||
| 3 | Osaka | Osaka | 2,628,776 | 13 | Kitakyushu | Fukuoka | 993,483 | |||
| 4 | Nagoya | Aichi | 2,215,031 | 14 | Chiba | Chiba | 924,353 | |||
| 5 | Sapporo | Hokkaidō | 1,880,875 | 15 | Sakai | Osaka | 835,333 | |||
| 6 | Kobe | Hyōgo | 1,525,389 | 16 | Niigata | Niigata | 813,847 | |||
| 7 | Kyoto | Kyoto | 1,474,764 | 17 | Hamamatsu | Shizuoka | 804,067 | |||
| 8 | Fukuoka | Fukuoka | 1,400,621 | 18 | Shizuoka | Shizuoka | 710,944 | |||
| 9 | Kawasaki | Kanagawa | 1,327,009 | 19 | Sagamihara | Kanagawa | 701,568 | |||
| 10 | Saitama | Saitama | 1,176,269 | 20 | Okayama | Okayama | 696,172 | |||
| Source: 2005 Census | ||||||||||
Education and health
Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure [90] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution The, also known as MEXT or Monkashō, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. 9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries [91] Japan's education is very competitive,[92] especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. The, abbreviated as, is a major Research university located in Tokyo, Japan. or is a major national university in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest university in Japan and formerly one of the Imperial Universities of [93] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world. [94]
In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. [95] Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice. [96]
Culture and recreation
Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of The many and varied traditional handicrafts of Japan enjoy official recognition and protection and owing to the folk art movement, are much in demand is the Japanese art of Flower arrangement, also known as. Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement (from oru meaning "folding" and kami meaning "paper" is the ancient Japanese Art of Paper folding. "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th Traditional dolls in Japan are known by the name, ningyō which means human figure in Japanese In a general sense lacquer is a clear or coloured Varnish, that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard durable finish in any Japanese pottery and porcelain (陶芸 Jp tōgei also 焼きもの Jp also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 There are two types of Japanese traditional dance: Odori which originated in the Edo period and Mai which originated in the western part of Japan is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers or is a major form of classic Japanese musical Drama that has been performed since the 14th century Rakugo (落語 literally "fallen words" is a Japanese verbal entertainment This is a list of traditional Japanese games. Many of them are localized games but some especially the more challenging games such as the board game Go, are enjoyed by players The Japanese tea ceremony is called chanoyu (茶の湯 lit "tea hot-water" or also chadō or sadō (ja is a Japanese term describing Martial arts. In English it is used almost exclusively in reference to Japanese martial arts. has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. that is Gardens in traditional Japanese style can be found at private homes in neighborhood or city parks and at historical Landmarks such as Buddhist A is a type of Japanese sword ( nihontō) and often is called a "samurai sword Japanese Cuisine has developed over the centuries as a result of many political and social changes The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative [97] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames (anime in Japanese, Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s. [98]
Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. The modern Japanese music scene includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern ranging from rock electro punk folk metal reggae salsa and tango Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The koto ( 琴 or 箏) is a traditional Japanese stringed Musical instrument derived from the Chinese Zither ( Guzheng The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Recitative /rɛsɪtə'tiv/ (also known by its Italian name "recitativo" (/retʃita'tivo/ is a style of delivery (much used in Operas Oratorios or is a major form of classic Japanese musical Drama that has been performed since the 14th century The shamisen or samisen ( Japanese: 三[[wiktionary 味|味]] 線, literally "three flavor strings" also called sangen (literally [99] Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Western music is the genres of Music originating in the Western world (Europe and its former colonies including Western classical music, American Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop. J-pop is an abbreviation of Japanese pop. It refers to Japanese popular musicians and was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese musicians from foreign musicians [100]
Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. (kɑːrɑːˌoʊkɛ in Japanese karaoke) is a form of Entertainment in which Amateur Singers sing along with recorded Music (and/or a A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony. The is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education (MEXT Floristry is the general term used to describe the professional floral trade The Japanese tea ceremony is called chanoyu (茶の湯 lit "tea hot-water" or also chadō or sadō (ja [101]
The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. that is Gardens in traditional Japanese style can be found at private homes in neighborhood or city parks and at historical Landmarks such as Buddhist Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. is the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime in the Nara or early Heian periods The anthology is one of the most revered of Japan's [102] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with Hiragana, Kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Japanese 竹取物語 Taketori Monogatari) is a 10th century Japanese folktale, also known as [103] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Sadako during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian Sei Shōnagon (清少納言 ( c966 -1017 was a Japanese author and a Court lady who served the Empress Teishi /Empress Sadako around the year is a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century around the peak of the Heian Period Murasaki Shikibu ( 紫[[wikt 式|式]] 部; c 973&ndashc 1014 or 1025 or Lady Murasaki as she is sometimes known in English was a Japanese During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 was a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. is a type of Japanese book from the Edo period (1603–1867 that was influenced by Chinese vernacular novels such as Water Margin. [103] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. was the Pen name of, who is widely considered to be the foremost Japanese novelist of the Meiji Era (1868-1912 ( 17 February, 1862 – 8 July, 1922) was a Japanese Physician, translator Novelist and Poet. (March 1 1892 - July 24 1927 was a Japanese writer active in Taishō period Japan was a Japanese author, one of the major writers of modern Japanese literature, and perhaps the most popular Japanese novelist after Natsume Sōseki was a Japanese Short story writer and novelist whose spare lyrical subtly-shaded prose won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 the first Japanese author was the pseudonym of, a Japanese author poet and is a popular contemporary Japanese Writer and Translator. His work has been described by the Virginia Quarterly Review as "easily accessible Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994). The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred was a Japanese Short story writer and novelist whose spare lyrical subtly-shaded prose won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 the first Japanese author is a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His works strongly influenced by French and American literature and Literary theory, engage with political social [103]
Sports
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport and it is one of the most popular spectator sports in Japan. is a competitive Contact sport where two Wrestlers ( rikishi) attempt to force one another out of a circular ring ( Dohyo) or to touch the ground A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. [104] Martial arts such as judo, karate and kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. Japanese martial arts refers to the enormous variety of Martial arts native to Japan. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. or " way of the sword " is the Japanese and South Korean martial art of sword-fighting After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system. [105]
The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936. Nippon Professional Baseball or NPB is the highest level of Baseball in Japan. [106] Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each A spectator sport is a Sport that is characterized by the presence of spectators or watchers at its matches One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays in North American Major League Baseball. often known simply as, (born October 22 1973 in Toyoyama, Nishikasugai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan) is an Outfielder for the Seattle Mariners Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in America. Sadaharu Oh or officially Wang Chenchih ( Hepburn: Ō Sadaharu, born May 20 1940) is a former baseball player and manager of the Henry Louis "Hank" Aaron (born February 5 1934 in Mobile Alabama) nicknamed "Hammer" "Hammerin' Hank” or "Bad Henry” is a retired
Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a wide following. The, or, is the top professional Football (soccer league in Japan and one of the most successful leagues in Asian club football Football in Japan has become one of the most popular sport in the country [107] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea. The European/South American Cup, commonly referred to as the Intercontinental Cup or Toyota Cup, was a football competition endorsed by The 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 17th staging of the World Cup, was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup three times.
Golf is also popular in Japan,[108] as is auto racing, the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing. Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, motor racing or car racing) is a Motorsport involving Racing Cars It The Super GT series formerly known as the All-Japan Grand Touring Car Championship or JGTC (全日本GT選手権 Zen Nihon GT Sensyuken) is a grand Formula Nippon is a type of Formula racing and the top level of single-seater racing in Japan. [109] Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan. Twin Ring Motegi is an automobile racing track located at Motegi, Japan. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan.
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- ^ Jomon Fantasy: Resketching Japan's Prehistory. web-japan. org (1999-06-22). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
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- ^ Kelley L. Ross. The Pearl Harbor Strike Force. friesian. com. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Roland H. Worth, Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0141-9.
- ^ Japanese Instrument of Surrender. educationworld. net. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ The Nanking Atrocities: The Postwar Judgment. University of Missouri-Columbia. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Joseph Coleman (2006-03-06). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of '52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA. The Japan Times. The Japan Times is one of the few independent English language Newspapers published in Japan: it mainly competes with English editions of Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Japan scraps zero interest rates. BBC News Online (2006-07-14). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ a b c The Constitution of Japan. House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan (1946-11-03). Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ A History of the Liberal Democratic Party. Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet. Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ a b "Japanese Civil Code". Encyclopædia Britannica (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ The Japanese Judicial System. Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Michael Green. Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo's New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington. Real Clear Politics. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ UK backs Japan for UNSC bid. Cenral Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ Table: Net Official Development Assistance In 2004 (PDF).PDF (32. 9 KiB) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005-04-11). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ a b Tokyo says it will bring troops home from Iraq. International Herald Tribune (2006-06-20). The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Russia
- ^ Mabuchi, Masaru (May 2001). Municipal Amalgamation in Japan (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ "Japan". Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Japan Information—Page 1. WorldInfoZone. com. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ World Population Prospects. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan. Oregon State University. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Attractions: Hot Springs. JNTO. The Japan National Tourist Organization (国際観光振興機構 Kokusai Kankō Shinkō Kikō or JNTO provides information about Japan to promote travel to and in Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ a b Essential Info: Climate. JNTO. The Japan National Tourist Organization (国際観光振興機構 Kokusai Kankō Shinkō Kikō or JNTO provides information about Japan to promote travel to and in Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Gifu Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 40.9. Japan News Review Society (2007-08-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness. Embassy of Japan in the USA. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史, Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency
- ^ Japan' international cooperation for energy efficiency & conservation in Asian region., Takeshi Sekiyama, Energy Conservation Center, 2008
- ^ OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- ^ Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies, Union of Concerned Scientists, 10/15/07. History The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge Massachusetts
- ^ http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ
- ^ 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Yale University and Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, 2005. The Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy is a joint initiative between the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and the Yale Law School. The Earth Institute was established at Columbia University in 1995. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.
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- ^ a b World Economic Outlook Database; country comparisons. IMF (2006-09-01). The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ NationMaster; Economy Statistics. NationMaster. NationMaster is a web site that features a large database of variables for comparing countries Retrieved on 2007-03-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b c d e World Factbook; Japan—Economy. CIA (2006-12-19). near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Japan's Economy: Free at last. The Economist (2006-07-20). The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
- ^ Why Germany's economy will outshine Japan. MoneyWeek (2007-02-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ Corporate Profile, Japan Post Bank Co. or ゆうちょ for short is a Japanese Bank headquartered in Tokyo. , Ltd.
- ^ Company Overview, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc. () or MUFG, is a Japanese Bank headquartered in Tokyo Japan. It holds an Asset of around US$1
- ^ Company Information, Mizuho Financial Group. abbreviated as MHFG, or simply called Mizuho is a Banking Holding company headquartered in the Ōtemachi district of Chiyoda Tokyo
- ^ Company Profile, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group. ( or SMFG, is a Japanese financial group the third largest bank in Japan.
- ^ Market data. New York Stock Exchange (2006-01-31). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- ^ Japan: Patterns of Development. country-data. com (January 1994). Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Masake, Hisane. A farewell to zero. Asia Times Online (2006-03-02). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Kingshuk Roy. Water Resources in relation to Major Agro-Environmental Issues in JapanPDF (111 KiB). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Japan: Country Information. Strategis. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Blustein, Paul. "China Passes U.S. In Trade With Japan: 2004 Figures Show Asian Giant's Muscle". The Washington Post (2005-01-27). The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ McDonald, Joe. "China to spend $136 billion on R&D. " BusinessWeek (2006-12-04). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ The Boom in Robot Investment Continues—900,000 Industrial Robots by 2003. and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Press release 2000-10-17. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ World Motor Vehicle Production by Country. oica.net (2006). The Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles ( English: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers) commonly called the Retrieved on 2007-07-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
- ^ Japan Plans Moon Base by 2030. MoonDaily (2006-08-03). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (2006-08-03). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ a b c World Factbook; Japan—People. CIA (2008-07). near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The World Factbook: Rank order—Life expectancy at birth. CIA (2006-12-19). near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ a b Statistical Handbook of Japan: Chapter 2—Population. Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ a b Ogawa, Naohiro. "Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's Future" The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Transcript of speech delivered on (7 March 1997). Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Retrieved on 14 May 2006. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Hidenori Sakanaka (2005-10-05). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Japan Immigration Policy Institute: Director's message. Japan Immigration Policy Institute. Retrieved on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ French, Howard. "Insular Japan Needs, but Resists, Immigration". "The New York Times" (2003-07-24). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006-09-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. International Religious Freedom Report 2006. U. S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ a b Kisala, Robert (2005). in Robert Wargo: The Logic Of Nothingness: A Study of Nishida Kitarō. University of Hawaii Press, 3-4. ISBN 0824822846.
- ^ Shinsen-kokugojiten (新選国語辞典), Kyōsuke Kindaichi, Shogakukan, 2001, ISBN 4095014075
- ^ 言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). was an eminent Japanese linguist from Morioka, Iwate Prefecture. is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries, Literature, Manga, Non-fiction, DVDs and other media in Japan. "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands). 三省堂 1997
- ^ 15 families keep ancient language alive in Japan. UN. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Lucien Ellington (2005-09-01). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Japan Digest: Japanese Education. Indiana University. Retrieved on 2006-04-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ Lucien Ellington (2003-12-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions About Japanese Education. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ School Education (PDF). MEXT. The, also known as MEXT or Monkashō, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ Kate Rossmanith (2007-02-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Rethinking Japanese education. The University of Sydney. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ The Times Higher Education Supplement World University Rankings (PDF). TSL Education Ltd. (2005-10-28). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ OECD’s PISA survey shows some countries making significant gains in learning outcomes, OECD, 04/12/2007. Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale
- ^ Victor Rodwin. Health Care in Japan. New York University. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ Health Insurance: General Characteristics. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ A History of Manga. NMP International. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Leonard Herman, Jer Horwitz, Steve Kent, and Skyler Miller. The History of Video Games. Gamespot. GameSpot is a video gaming Website that provides News, Reviews Previews Downloads and other information Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Japanese Culture, The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, 1983 edition, © Columbia University Press ISBN 0-380-63396-5
- ^ J-Pop History. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group. Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. The Observer. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Kelly, Bill. (1998). "Japan's Empty Orchestras: Echoes of Japanese culture in the performance of karaoke", The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures, p. 76. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000). Meiji Gakuin University. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ a b c Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past. Michigan State University, Office of International Studies and Programs. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Sumo: East and West. PBS. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ Culture and Daily Life. Embassy of Japan in the UK. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Nagata, Yoichi and Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball", in Pete Palmer: Total Baseball, fourth edition, New York: Viking Press, 547.
- ^ Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Fred Varcoe. Japanese Golf Gets Friendly. Metropolis. Metropolis is a 80-page free weekly city guide and Classified ads glossy magazine published by Crisscross KK targeting English-speaking foreigners in Tokyo Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Len Clarke. Japanese Omnibus: Sports. Metropolis. Metropolis is a 80-page free weekly city guide and Classified ads glossy magazine published by Crisscross KK targeting English-speaking foreigners in Tokyo Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
Further reading
- Christopher, Robert C. , The Japanese Mind: the Goliath Explained, Linden Press/Simon and Schuster, 1983 (ISBN 0330284193)
- De Mente, The Japanese Have a Word For It, McGraw-Hill, 1997 (ISBN 0-8442-8316-9)
- Henshall, A History of Japan, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001 (ISBN 0-312-23370-1)
- Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, Belknap, 2000 (ISBN 0-674-00334-9)
- Johnson, Japan: Who Governs?, W. W. Norton, 1996 (ISBN 0-393-31450-2)
- Reischauer, Japan: The Story of a Nation, McGraw-Hill, 1989 (ISBN 0-07-557074-2)
- Sugimoto et al. , An Introduction to Japanese Society, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-521-52925-5)
- Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power, Vintage, 1990 (ISBN 0-679-72802-3)
External links
- Official
- Kantei.go.jp—Official prime ministerial and cabinet site
- Kunaicho.go.jp—Official site of the Imperial family. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime The Imperial House of Japan (also referred to as the Imperial Family or kōshitsu, 皇室 comprises those members of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs—Detailed papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life.
- Shugi-in.go.jp—Official site of the House of Representatives
- National Diet Library (English)
- Media
- Tourism
- Other
- CIA World Factbook—Japan
- Encyclopaedia Britannica's Japan portal site
- Guardian Unlimited—Special Report: Japan
Wikimedia Atlas of Japan- Works by Government of Japan at Project Gutenberg containing the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
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