(Captain) James Cook
James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland 1st Baronet ( 8 May 1735 &ndash 15 October 1811) was a notable English Portrait painter 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Born	October 27, 1728(1728-10-27) Marton, Yorkshire, England
Died	February 14, 1779 (aged 50) Hawaii
Nationality	British
Education	Postgate School, Great Ayton
Occupation	Explorer, navigator, cartographer
Title	Captain
Spouse	Elizabeth Batts
Children	James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook
Parents	James Cook, Grace Pace
Signature

Blue plaque for Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook FRS RN (27 October 1728 (O.S.) – 14 February 1779) was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. The National Maritime Museum (NMM in Greenwich, England is the leading Maritime museum of the United Kingdom and may be the largest museum Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1728 ( MDCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Great Ayton is a Village and Civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire on the edge of the North York Moors in Please see " Captain " for other versions of this rank Captain is a rank in the British armed forces that is used in the Army, Royal Navy In the United Kingdom, a blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event Captain is the traditional customary title given to the person in charge in command of a Ship at sea The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1728 ( MDCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. For information specifically on the Royal Navy rank of captain see Captain (Royal Navy. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Cook was the first to map Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an Archipelago of 19 Islands and Atolls numerous smaller New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island ^[1]

Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager^[2] and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) He saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk This allowed General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham, and helped to bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society. General James Wolfe ( 2 January, 1727 &ndash 13 September, 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms The Plains of Abraham is a historic 108- Acre (44- Hectare) Plateau within The Battlefields Park in Quebec City, Canada, The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 This notice came at a crucial moment both in his personal career and in the direction of British overseas exploration, and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. Construction The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in

Cook charted many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on Europeans' maps for the first time. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes His achievements can be attributed to a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (for example dipping into the Antarctic circle repeatedly and exploring around the Great Barrier Reef), an ability to lead men in adverse conditions, and boldness both with regard to the extent of his explorations and his willingness to exceed the instructions given to him by the Admiralty. Seamanship is the art of operating a ship or boat It involves a knowledge of a variety of topics and development of specialised skills including Navigation and international The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles (or parallels of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi ^[2]

Cook died in Hawaii in a fight with Hawaiians during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress.

Early life

Cook was born in relatively humble circumstances in the village of Marton in Yorkshire, today a suburb belonging to the town of Middlesbrough. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England He was baptised in the local church of St. Cuthberts where today his name can be seen in the church register. Cook was one of five children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer, and his locally-born wife Grace. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. ^[2][3] As a child, Cook moved with his family to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where he was educated at the local school (now a museum), his studies financed by his father's employer. Great Ayton is a Village and Civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire on the edge of the North York Moors in At 13 he began work with his father, who managed the farm. Cook's Cottage, his parents' last home and which he may have visited, is now in Melbourne having been moved brick by brick from England. Cooks' Cottage (also known as Captain Cook's Cottage) is located in the Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 ^[3]

In 1745, when he was 16, Cook left home to be apprenticed in a grocery/haberdashery in the fishing village of Staithes. Beginning as early as the 14th century a grocer (also called purveyor) was a dealer in comestible dry goods such as spices pepper sugar and (later cocoa tea and coffee A haberdasher is a person who sells small articles for Sewing, such as buttons ribbons and zippers ||-| |-||-||-||} Staithes is a seaside village in North Yorkshire, England. According to legend, Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. ^[2]

After a year and a half in Staithes, William Sanderson, the shop's owner, found Cook unsuited to the trade. Sanderson took Cook to the nearby port town of Whitby and introduced him to John and Henry Walker. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ^[3] The Walkers were prominent local ship-owners and Quakers, and were in the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Captain Cook Memorial Museum is in Whitby on the coast of Yorkshire, England 70 km north of York. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters sailing between the Tyne and London. Collier is an historical term used to describe a Bulk cargo Ship designed to carry Coal. See also Merchant ship Coastal trading vessels, also known as coasters, are shallow-hulled Ships used for trade between locations on the same island The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

For this new apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation, astronomy, skills he would need one day to command his own ship. Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Circle-trig6svg|300px|thumb|right|All of the Trigonometric functions of an angle θ can be constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at O. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study ^[2]

His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. He soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his 1752 promotion to Mate (officer in charge of navigation) aboard the collier brig Friendship. In nautical terms, a brig is a vessel with two square-rigged masts In 1755 he was offered command of this vessel, but within the month he volunteered for service in the British Royal Navy. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) ^[3]

In 1755, the Kingdom of Great Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Cook saw that his career could advance more quickly in military service. However, this required starting again in the naval hierarchy, and on June 17 he began as able seaman aboard HMS Eagle under the command of Captain Hugh Palliser. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Royal Navy In the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century the term Able Seaman (abbreviated AB) referred to a Seaman with at Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser 1st Bart ( 22 February 1722 &ndash 19 March 1796) was an officer of the British Royal He was very quickly promoted to Master's Mate. By 1757, within two years of joining the Royal Navy, he passed his master's examination qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet. Captain is the traditional customary title given to the person in charge in command of a Ship at sea ^[4]

Family life

Cook married Elizabeth Batts (1742-1835), the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn, Wapping^[5] and one of his mentors, on December 21, 1762 at St. Wapping (pronounced 'Wopping' is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which forms part of the Docklands to the east of the City of London. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. Barking is a suburban town in east London, England and the main district of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. The couple had six children: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1781), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) and Hugh (1776-1793). When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London. He attended St. Paul's Church, Shadwell, where his son James was baptised. St Paul's Church Shadwell, is a historic church located between The Highway and Shadwell Basin, on the edge of Wapping, in the East End

Start of Royal Navy career

James Cook's 1775 Chart of Newfoundland

During the Seven Years' War, as master of Pembroke (his second command, after Solebay),^[6] Cook participated in the siege of Quebec City before the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Nine ships and a number of shore establishments of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Pembroke. Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Solebay after the Battle of Solebay on 7 June 1672, the first battle of the Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the He showed a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway General James Wolfe ( 2 January, 1727 &ndash 13 September, 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms The Plains of Abraham is a historic 108- Acre (44- Hectare) Plateau within The Battlefields Park in Quebec City, Canada,

Captain Cook monument, Corner Brook, Newfoundland

Cook's surveying skills were put to good use in the 1760s, mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Cook surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. The Burin Peninsula is a Canadian Peninsula located on the south coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador Cape Ray is a headland located at the southwestern extremity of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador Cook’s five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island’s coasts; they also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his personal career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660

Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, it was at this time that Cook wrote, he intended to go not only:

". . . farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go. "^[7]

First voyage (1768–71)

Captain Cook landing place plaque.

Main article: First voyage of James Cook

In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. The First voyage of James Cook was the initial Pacific exploratory voyage of James Cook (he had previously sailed with the merchant navy and Royal Navy The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the Planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. ^[1] He sailed from England in 1768, rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on April 13, 1769, where the observations were to be made. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a However, the result of the observations were not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Cook later mapped the complete New Zealand coastline, making only some minor errors. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island He then sailed west, reaching the south-eastern coast of the Australian continent on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday ^[8] On 23 April he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal ". Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Bawley Point is a small coastal hamlet in New South Wales, Australia, in the Shoalhaven. . . and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not. "^[9] On April 29 Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as Kurnell, which he named Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Kurnell is a Suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist He continued northwards, and a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, on June 11. Construction The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. The ship was badly damaged and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 ^[2] Once repairs were complete the voyage continued, sailing through Torres Strait and on 22 August he landed on Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline he had just explored as British territory. The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Possession Island ( is a small island and national park in the Torres Strait in far north Queensland, Australia. He returned to England via the Cape of Good Hope and Saint Helena, arriving on 12 July 1771. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Interlude

Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private The scientific community consists of the total body of Scientists its relationships and interactions Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a bigger hero. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of ^[2] Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage, but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage. Johann Reinhold Forster ( October 22, 1729 &ndash December 9, 1798) was a German naturalist of partial Scottish Johann Georg Adam Forster (November 27 1754 – January 10 1794 was a German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, Journalist Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage. ^[10]

The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.

Second voyage (1772–75)

James Cook's 1777 South-Up map of South Georgia

Statue of Captain James Cook at Admiralty Arch, London

Shortly after his return, Cook was promoted from Master to Commander. Admiralty Arch is a large office building in London which incorporates an archway providing road and Pedestrian access between The Mall, which extends to London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Then once again he was commissioned by the Royal Society to search for the mythical Terra Australis. Terra Australis ( Latin, "land of the south" was a theorized continent appearing on European maps from the 15th to the 18th century On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south; and although by charting almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia he had shown it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis being sought was supposed to lie further to the south. Despite this evidence to the contrary Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that this massive southern continent should exist.

Cook commanded HMS Resolution on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, HMS Adventure. Captain Tobias Furneaux ( August 21, 1735 – September 19, 1781) was an English Navigator and Royal Navy officer Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on January 17, 1773. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles (or parallels of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He also surveyed, mapped and took possession for Britain of South Georgia explored by Anthony de la Roché in 1675, and navigated the South Sandwich Islands. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Anthony de la Roché (spelled also Antoine de la Roché, Antonio de la Roché or Antonio de la Roca in some sources was an English Merchant South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men following a fight with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica, but turned back north towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage he brought with him a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. Omai was a young Tahitian man who in August 1773 embarked on the British ship HMS ''Adventure'', commanded by Commander Tobias Furneaux, which had Tupaia (c 1725 &ndashDecember 1770) was a Polynesian Navigator and Arioi (Tohunga or Priest) originally from On his return voyage, in 1774 he landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles Norfolk Island ( Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen) is a small inhabited island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu ( French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is an Island His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis. Terra Australis ( Latin, "land of the south" was a theorized continent appearing on European maps from the 15th to the 18th century

Another accomplishment of the second voyage was the successful employment of the Larcum Kendall K1 chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Larcum Kendall ( 21 September 1721 in Charlbury, Oxfordshire to 22 November 1795 in London) was a British Watchmaker A marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable Time standard; it can therefore be used to determine Longitude by means of Celestial Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Cook's log was full of praise for the watch and the charts of the southern Pacific Ocean he made with its use were remarkably accurate - so much so that copies of them were still in use in the mid 20th century. ^[11]

Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of Captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, as an officer in the Greenwich Hospital. Please see " Captain " for other versions of this rank Captain is a rank in the British armed forces that is used in the Army, Royal Navy His fame now extended beyond the Admiralty and he was also made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal, painted by Nathaniel Dance-Holland, dined with James Boswell and described in the House of Lords as "the first navigator in Europe". The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland 1st Baronet ( 8 May 1735 &ndash 15 October 1811) was a notable English Portrait painter James Boswell 9th Laird of Auchinleck ( October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a lawyer diarist and Author born in Edinburgh The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" ^[4] But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned to find the Northwest Passage. The Northwest Passage is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways amidst the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Cook travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite way.

Third voyage (1776–79)

A statue of James Cook stands in Waimea, Kauai commemorating his first contact with the Hawaiian Islands at the town's harbour on January 1778

The inscription on the back of the Captain James Cook memorial in Waimea, Kauai

Waimea on the island of Kauai, as seen from the ocean. Waimea was Captain James Cook's first landing point in Hawaii in 1778.

On his last voyage, Cook once again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded HMS Discovery. Captain Charles Clerke RN ( August 22, 1741 – August 1779 was an officer in the Royal Navy who sailed on four voyages of exploration Ostensibly the voyage was planned to return Omai to Tahiti; this is what the general public believed, as he had become a favourite curiosity in London. Principally the purpose of the voyage was an attempt to discover the famed Northwest Passage. The Northwest Passage is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways amidst the Canadian Arctic Archipelago After returning Omai, Cook travelled north and in returning from forrays on the Alaskan coast (see below) in 1778 became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an Archipelago of 19 Islands and Atolls numerous smaller In passing and after initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the "Sandwich Islands" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich, the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. Waimea (literally "red water" in Hawaiian) is a Census-designated place (CDP in Kaua{{okina}}i County, Hawai{{okina}}i Kauai (in standard Hawaiian kauˈaʔi in Kauai- Ni{{okina}}ihau dialect; usually spelled Kauai outside the Hawaiian Islands and ˈkaʊɑɪ or /kaʊˈɑɪ/ An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate Earl of Sandwich is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1660 for the prominent naval commander Admiral Sir Edward Montagu. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy.

From the South Pacific he travelled northeast to explore the west coast of North America, landing near the First Nations village at Yuquot in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, although he unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Yuquot (meaning "Wind comes from all directions" or Friendly Cove is a small settlement of less than 25 on in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget He explored and mapped the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Bering Strait (Берингов пролив Beringov proliv) is a sea Strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43' Cook Inlet stretches from the Gulf of Alaska to Anchorage in south-central Alaska. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent It has been said that, in a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American North West coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska and closed the gaps in Russian (from the West) and Spanish (from the South) exploratory probes of the Northern limits of the Pacific. ^[4]

The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although he made several attempts to sail through it. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage, and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they found inedible. The walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered Marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and ^[12]

Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay, on what is now the 'Big Island' of Hawaii. Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawai'i about 12 miles south of Kailua-Kona. The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island, is a volcanic Island in the U The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Cook's arrival may have coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. The Makahiki season was the Hawaiian New Year in honor of the god Lono. A harvest festival is an annual celebration which occurs around the time of the main harvest of a given region In Hawaiian mythology, Lono is a fertility and music god who descended to Earth on a Rainbow to marry Laka. Indeed the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artifacts that formed part of the season of worship. ^[2][12] Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the islands before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono (as was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, although the idea that any Hawaiians took Cook to be Lono and the evidence presented in support of it was strongly challenged in 1992^[12]). Marshall David Sahlins (born December 27, 1930, Chicago, Illinois is a prominent American Anthropologist.

The original painting by Cleveley was discovered in 2004 and depicts Captain Cook as a violent man.

One of the most famous reproductions of Cleveley's Death of Cook hangs at the Honolulu Academy of Arts. It depicts Captain Cook as a peacemaker.

The death of Captain James Cook at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. In: "A Collection of Voyages round the World . . . Captain Cook's First, Second, Third and Last Voyages . . . . " Volume VI, London, 1790. Archival Photograph by Mr. Sean Linehan, NOS, NGS

After a month's stay, Cook got under sail again to resume his exploration of the Northern Pacific. However, shortly after leaving the Big Island, the foremast of the Resolution broke and the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. It has been hypothesized that the return to the islands by Cook's expedition was not just unexpected by the Hawaiians but unwelcome because the season of Lono had recently ended; in any case, tensions rose and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians. On February 14 at Kealakekua Bay, some Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Normally, as thefts were quite common in Tahiti and the other islands, Cook would have taken hostages until the stolen articles were returned. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security ^[2] Indeed, he attempted to take hostage the Chief of Hawaii, Kalaniopu'u. The Hawaiians prevented this, and Cook's men had to retreat to the beach. As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf. ^[13] The Hawaiians dragged his body away. Four of the Marines with Cook were also killed and two wounded in the confrontation.

Some scholars suggest that Cook's return to Hawaii outside the season of worship for Lono, which was synonymous with 'peace', and thus in the season of 'war' (being dedicated to Kū, god of war) may have upset the equilibrium and fostered an atmosphere of resentment and aggression from the local population. Coupled with a jaded grasp of native diplomacy and a burgeoning but limited understanding of local politics, Cook may have inadvertently contributed to the tensions that ultimately brought about his demise.

The esteem in which he was nevertheless held by the Hawaiians resulted in his body being retained by their chiefs and elders (possibly, as some claim, for partial human consumption, though this remains contentious) and the flesh cut and roasted from his bones. This was a similar burial ritual reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. Some of Cook's remains, disclosing some corroborating evidence to this effect, were eventually returned to the British for a formal burial at sea following an appeal by the crew. Burial at sea describes the procedure of disposing of human remains in the ocean normally from a ship or boat ^[14]

Clerke took over the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait. Following the death of Clerke, Resolution and Discovery returned home in October 1780 commanded by John Gore, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, and Captain James King. Captain John Gore (d1790 was an American sailor who circumnavigated the globe four times with the Royal Navy in the 18th century and accompanied Captain James Captain James King, FRS (1750–1784, served under James Cook on his last voyage around the world specialising in taking important astronomical readings using a Cook's account of his third and final voyage was completed upon their return by King.

Cook's protégés

A number of the junior officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments of their own.

• William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of HMS Bounty in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Vice-Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817 was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator For the book about the mutiny by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall see Mutiny on the Bounty (novel. Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis) is a Tree and Fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands Bligh is most known for the mutiny of his crew which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. Mutiny is a conspiracy among members of a group of similarly-situated individuals (typically members of the Military; or the Crew of any ship even For the book about the mutiny by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall see Mutiny on the Bounty (novel. He later became governor of New South Wales, where he was subject of another mutiny — the only successful armed takeover of an Australian colonial government. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
• George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, later led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. Captain George Vancouver For the fish called midshipman see Midshipman fish. The rank of midshipman is one of the oldest ranks still in existence The Vancouver Expedition (1791-1795 was a five-year voyage of exploration and diplomacy commanded by Captain George Vancouver.
• George Dixon sailed under Cook on his third expedition, and later commanded an expedition of his own. Captain George Dixon RN (1755? &ndash 1800 was an English sea captain and explorer

Legacy

Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to European knowledge of the area. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement. "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another

To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude need to be known. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The backstaff or back-quadrant, is a navigational instrument that was used to measure the altitude of a celestial body in particular the sun or moon A quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90° But longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes. The hour (symbol h) is a unit of Time. It is not an SI unit but is accepted for use with the SI A minute is a Unit of measurement of Time or of Angle. The minute is a unit of Time equal to 1/60th of an Hour or 60

A statue of James Cook in Greenwich, London, England

Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage due to his navigational skills, the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method — measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during nighttime to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Charles Green (1735 &ndash January 29, 1771) was a British Astronomer, noted for his assignment by the Royal Society in 1768 to the expedition A nautical almanac is a publication describing the positions and movements of Celestial bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to use Celestial navigation In Celestial navigation, lunar distance is the angle between the Moon and another Celestial body. The Royal Observatory Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO) was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, 13 cm (5 inches) in diameter. Larcum Kendall ( 21 September 1721 in Charlbury, Oxfordshire to 22 November 1795 in London) was a British Watchmaker A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a Watch that is made to be carried in a pocket as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford's journey to Jamaica, 1761-1762. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776 was an English Clockmaker. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea.

Ever the observer, Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly concluded there was a relationship among all the people in the Pacific, despite their being separated by thousands of miles of ocean (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of colonisation. ^[3][2]

James Cook also came up with the theory that Polynesians originated from Asia, which was later proved to be correct by scientist Bryan Sykes. Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. ^[15]

Cook was accompanied by many scientists, whose observations and discoveries added to the importance of the voyages. Joseph Banks, a botanist, went on the first voyage along with fellow botanist Daniel Solander from Sweden. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist Between them they collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks became one of the strongest promoters of the settlement of Australia by the British, based on his own personal observations.

There were several artists on the first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was involved in many of the drawings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life ^[2] Cook's second expedition included the artist William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. William Hodges ( October 28, 1744, London - March 6, 1797) was an English painter. For the art of designing external spaces see Landscape architecture. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the

His contributions were recognized during his era. In 1779, when the American colonies were at war with Britain in their war for independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of American warships at sea,^[16] recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, to:

Captain Cook memorial statue at the Catani Gardens St Kilda, Victoria, Australia

The site where he was killed in Hawaii is marked by a white obelisk and about 25 square feet of land around it is chained off. St Kilda is an Inner city Suburb of the Victorian capital of Melbourne, Australia. This land, though in Hawaii, has been given to the United Kingdom. Therefore, the site is officially a part of the UK. ^[3] With the jurisdictions reversed exactly the same sort of situation exists at Runnymede where the U. Runnymede is a Water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the county of Surrey, England, associated with the signing of the Magna Carta S. has extraterritorial jurisdiction over a monument to John F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of

Cook appeared on a United States coin, the 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial half dollar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Minted during the celebration marking the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of Early United States commemorative coins both scarce and expensive. The Early United States commemorative coins traditionally begins with the 1892 Colombian Half dollar and extends through the 1954 Booker T

The first tertiary education institution in North Queensland, Australia was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970. James Cook University (JCU is a Public University based in Townsville Queensland, Australia and was proclaimed on 20 April Numerous other institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contribution to knowledge of geography. These also include the Cook Islands, the Cook Strait, and Cook crater. The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Cook Strait is a Strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Cook is a lunar crater that lies in the western part of the Mare Fecunditatis, just to the southeast of the prominent Colombo crater.

Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, England, and include a primary school^[17], shopping square^[18] and Claes Oldenburg public artwork, the Bottle 'O Notes, while the James Cook University Hospital, a teaching hospital in Marton, was also named after him. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of The James Cook University Hospital is a 1010 bed major Tertiary hospital and District general hospital in Marton, Middlesbrough, England Marton is also the location of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum. Captain Cook Birthplace Museum is a free-entry public Museum located in Stewart Park in Marton, Middlesbrough within the borough of Middlesbrough The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet. Gallery Footnotes

Notes

References

• Aughton, Peter. 2002, Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage. Cassell & Co. , London.
• John Cawte Beaglehole, biographer of Cook and editor of his Journals. Professor John Cawte Beaglehole OM CMG ( June 13, 1901 &ndash October 10, 1971) was a New Zealand historian whose
• Collingridge, Vanessa. Vanessa Collingridge is an Author and broadcaster. She is the youngest of five children born and raised in Woking in Surrey, England Feb. 2003 Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer, Ebury Press, ISBN 0-09-188898-0
• Edwards, Philip, ed. 2003, James Cook: The Journals. Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955-67. Penguin Books, London.
• Horwitz, Tony. Tony Horwitz (born 1959 is an American Journalist and writer His works include Blue Latitudes, One for the Road Confederates Oct. 2003, Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before, Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-6455-8
• Andrew Kippis, The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook, Westminster 1788, George Newnes, London/Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1904. Andrew Kippis ( 28 March 1725 &ndash 8 October 1795) was an English Nonconformist clergyman and Biographer. Sir George Newnes 1st Baronet ( 13 March 1851 – 9 June 1910) was a Publisher and editor in England. Charles Scribner's Sons is a publisher The firm published Scribner's Magazine for many years
• Obeyesekere, Gananath. Gananath Obeyesekere is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at Princeton University and is one of the world's leading anthropologists who has done much work in 1992, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05752-4.
• Richardson, Brian. 2005. Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0.
• Sydney Daily Telegraph. 1970, Captain Cook: His Artists - His Voyages. The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney.
• Thomas, Nicholas. 2003, The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Walker & Co. , New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9
• Williams, Glyndwr, ed. 1997, Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768-1779. The Folio Society, London.
• Williams, G (Prof. ), 2002 Captain Cook: Explorer, Navigator and Pioneer, BBC History 2002
• Villiers, Alan John, 1903-. Captain Alan John Villiers (23 September 1903 – 3 March 1982 was an author adventurer photographer and Master Mariner. Captain James Cook. Newport Beach, CA : Books on Tape, 1983.

See also

• List of people on stamps of Ireland
• Death of Cook — Painting depicting the event

External links

• 'Cook, James (1728 - 1779)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 243-244
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Captain Cook Society
• The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook - digitised and held by the National Library of Australia
• Captain James Cook: The World's Explorer
• Life in the Pacific of the 1700s: The Cook/Forster Collection of the Georg August University of Göttingen exhibition at the Honolulu Academy of Arts, 23 February - 14 May 2006
• The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage. This is a list of people on the Postage stamps of the Irish Free State between 1922 and 1937 and on the postage stamps of Ireland since 1937, including Death of Cook is the name of several Paintings depicting the 1779 death of British explorer and European discoverer of the The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB or AuDB is a multi-volume project published by Melbourne University Press. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia) The National Library of Australia is the country's largest reference library responsible under the terms of the National Library Act for "maintaining and developing a national 1768-1771, Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.
• Works by James Cook at Project Gutenberg
• See a c. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works 1780 map of Cook's third voyage by Rigobert Bonne, Carte de la Côte N.O. de l'Amérique et de la Côte N.E. de l'Asie reconnues en 1778 et 1779 / par M. Bonne, Ingenieur-Hydrographe de la Marine hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Discovery of New Zealand
• Cook's Voyages of Discovery - State Library of NSW
• Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.
• Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
• Works by or about James Cook in libraries (WorldCat catalog)