- For people named Jahangir Khan, see Jahangir Khan (disambiguation).
| Jahangir | |
| Mughal emperor | |
 | |
| Reign | 1605 - 1627 |
|---|---|
| Full name | Nuruddin Salim Jahangir |
| Born | September 20, 1569 |
| Birthplace | Fatehpur Sikri |
| Died | November 8, 1627 (aged 58) |
| Buried | Tomb of Jahangir |
| Predecessor | Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar |
| Successor | Shah Jahan |
| Wives | Manbhawati Bai Princess Manmati Nur Jahan |
| Issue | Nisar Begum, Khurasw, Parwez, Bahar Banu Begum, Shah Jahan, Shahryar, Jahandar |
| Dynasty | Timurid |
| Father | Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar |
| Mother | Princess Hira Kunwari (a. The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the end of the 17th century Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Princess Manmati, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani Begum Sahiba Jodh Bai, née Rajkumari Shri Manavati Baiji Lall Sahiba (b Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc Khusrau Mirza (August 16 1587 - January 26 1622 was the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Prince Shahryar (شاهزاد شهريار (b 1000 deposed 1068 d Jahandar Shah (1661-1713 was a Mughal Emperor who ruled Hindustan for a brief period in 1712-1713 CE Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Mariam uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba (often shortened to Mariam-uz-Zamani) née Rajkumari Hira Kunwari Sahiba alias Harkha Bai ( October 1, 1542 - 1622 was k. a. Mariam Zamani) (Jodhabai)[1] |
Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi [Jannat-Maksani] (Persian: نور الدین جهانگیر) (September 20, 1569-November 8, 1627) (OS August 31, 1569 – NS November 8, 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگير, meaning "Conqueror of the World," "World-Conqueror. " Alternative spellings of the name include Ghehangir, and Cihangir (in Turkish). Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Nuruddin or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name which means "the Light of the Faith. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language "
Contents |
Birth
Jahangir was a child of many prayers. [2] It is said to be by the blessing of Shaikh Salim Chisti (one of the revered sages of his times) that Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar's first surviving child, the future Jahangir, was born. Shaikh Salim Chisti ( Urdu: شيخ سلیم چشتی) was Sufi saint during Mughal Empire empire in South Asia. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar He was born at the dargah of the Shaikh Salim Chisti, within the fortress at Fatehpur Sikri near Agra. A dargah ( درگه) is a Sufi Shrine built over the grave of a revered religious figure often a Sufi Saint. Shaikh Salim Chisti ( Urdu: شيخ سلیم چشتی) was Sufi saint during Mughal Empire empire in South Asia. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, The child was named Salim after the darvesh and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as Sheikhu Baba.
Akbar developed an emotional attachment with the village Sikri (abode of Chishti). Therefore, he developed the town of Sikri and shifted his imperial court and residence from Agra to Sikri, later renamed as Fatehpur Sikri. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra
Education
Akbar ensured that his son received the best education possible. Salim started his studies at the age of four and was taught Fārsi, Turkish, Arabic, Urdū, history, arithmetic, geography and other sciences by important tutors like Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, a renowned soldier and scholar. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised
Marriage
Salim was made a Mansabdar of ten thousand (Das-Hazari), the highest military rank of the empire, after the emperor. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc Mansabdar was the generic term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal Empire. He independently commanded a regiment in the Kabul campaign of 1581, when he was barely twelve. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with His Mansab was raised to Twelve Thousand, in 1585, at the time of his betrothal to his cousin Manbhawati Bai, daughter of Bhagwan Das of Amber. Amber was a city of Rajasthan state, India, it is now part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation Raja Bhagwant Das, was the son of Raja Bharmal and the brother of Akbar's wife Rajkumari Hira Kunwari, also known as Mariam Zamani. Raja Bhagawant Das (r January 27 1574 - December 10 1589 was a Kacchwaha ruler of Amber, which was later known as Jaipur. Ancestry and accession Bharmal was born in c1491 at Amber He was the fourth son of Raja Prithviraj or Prithvi Singh I of Amber (r Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Mariam uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba (often shortened to Mariam-uz-Zamani) née Rajkumari Hira Kunwari Sahiba alias Harkha Bai ( October 1, 1542 - 1622 was Mariam uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba (often shortened to Mariam-uz-Zamani) née Rajkumari Hira Kunwari Sahiba alias Harkha Bai ( October 1, 1542 - 1622 was
The marriage with Manbhawati Bai took place on February 13, 1585. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Khusraw Mirza was the offspring of this union. Khusrau Mirza (August 16 1587 - January 26 1622 was the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Thereafter, Salim was allowed to marry, in quick succession, a number of accomplished girls from the aristocratic Mughal and Rajput families. One of his favourite wives was a Rajput Princess, known as Jagat Gosain and Princess Manmati, who gave birth to Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan, Jahangir's successor to the throne. Princess Manmati, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani Begum Sahiba Jodh Bai, née Rajkumari Shri Manavati Baiji Lall Sahiba (b Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi The total number of wives in his harem was more than eight hundred. [3]
Jahangir married the extremely beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisa (better known by her subsequent title of Nur Jahan), in May 1611. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc She was the widow of Sher Afghan. Ali Quli Istajlu 'Sher Afghan Khan', also mentioned as Ali Quli Khan Istaju 'Sher Afghan Khan' was a Mughal Courtier of Persian origin earlier She was witty, intelligent and beautiful, which was what attracted Jahangir to her. Her abilities are said to range from fashion designing to hunting. There is also a myth that she had once killed four tigers with six bullets.
Revolt
In 1600, when Akbar was away from the capital on an expedition, Salim broke into an open rebellion, and declared himself Emperor. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of [3] Akbar had to hastily return to Agra and restore order. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, There was a time when Akbar thought of putting Khusraw on the throne instead of Salim. [4] Prince Salim finally succeeded to the throne on November 3, 1605, eight days after his father's death. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Salim ascended to the throne with the title of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi, and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36. Having seized power, he had to fend off his own son Prince Khusraw's claim to the throne. Khusrau Mirza (August 16 1587 - January 26 1622 was the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Khusraw was defeated in 1606 and confined in the fort of Agra. Later on, in 1607 unearthing a conspiracy for his murder, Jahangir had Khusraw blinded as punishment, although his eyesight was not completely lost. Jahangir also executed the fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev and confiscated his property, because he was thought to have blessed Khusraw. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Guru Arjan Dev Ji or Guru Arjun Dev Ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜੁਨ ਦੇਵ (born in Amritsar, Punjab, India on 15 April,
In 1622, Khurram (Shah Jahan), younger brother of Khosraw, had Khusraw murdered in a conspiracy to eliminate all possible contenders to the throne. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Taking advantage of this internal conflict, the Persians seized the city of Qandahar and as a result of this loss, the Mughals lost control over the trade routes to Afghanistan, Persian and Central Asia and also exposed India to invasions from the north-west. [5]
_of_Jahangir,_with_his_portrait,_1611.jpg/180px-Gold_Mohur_(coin)_of_Jahangir,_with_his_portrait,_1611.jpg)
His reign
Jahangir started his reign with several popular acts. During his reign, there was a significant increase in the size of the Mughal Empire, half a dozen rebellions were crushed, prisoners of war were released, and the work of his father, Akbar, continued to flourish. Jahangir promised to protect Islam and granted general amnesty to his opponents. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. He was also well noted for his subsidizes on the work of hundreds of painters and writers, of which he added works of his own.
Jahangir is most famous for his golden “chain of justice. ” The chain was setup as a link between the people and Jahangir himself. Standing outside the castle of Agra with sixty bells, anyone was capable of pulling the chain and having a personal hearing from Jahangir himself.
Furthermore, Jahangir preserved the Mughal tradition of having a highly centralized form of government. The son of a Hindu Rajput mother, Jahangir refrained from making the precepts of Sunni Islam the cornerstone of his state policies. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic A faithful Muslim, as evidenced by his memoirs, he expressed his gratitude to Allah for his many victories which he called the “triumphs” of Islam. Nevertheless, Jahangir did not let his personal beliefs dictate his state policies. Sovereignty, according to Jahangir, was a “gift of God” not necessarily given to enforce God’s law but rather to “ensure the contentment of the world. ” Although, the spread of Islam and the implementation of the Shariah were not the primary aims of the government, Jahangir attempted to implement the sanctions and prohibitions of Islamic law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Even so, it was only in the judicial department of the Mughal administration where Islamic law was applied. In civil cases, Islamic law applied to Muslims and criminal law was the same for both Muslims and Hindus. In matters like marriage and inheritance, both communities had their own laws that Jahangir respected. In the Mughal state, therefore, defiance of imperial authority, whether coming from a prince or anyone else aspiring to political power, or a Muslim or a Hindu, was crushed in the name law and order, not religion.
In this state, Jahangir was also susceptible to the influence of others, a weakness exploited by many. Because of this constant inebriated state, Nur Jehan, the favourite wife of Jahangir, became the actual power behind the throne. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc
His autobiography
Jahangir was a good writer and loved nature. Tuzk-e-Jahangiri or Tuzk-i-Jahangiri ( Persian: تزک جهانگیری) is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor He recorded all sorts of wild tales of his life in his autobiography Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, also referred to as Jahangirnama [6]. Tuzk-e-Jahangiri or Tuzk-i-Jahangiri ( Persian: تزک جهانگیری) is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor He liked paintings and collected many of them in his palace. Some of them are still found in museums.
Nur Jahan
The story of Nur Jahan must occupy a very important place in the history of Jahangir. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc She was the widow of a rebel officer, Sher Afghan, of Mughals. The governor of Bengal was killed by him and consequently he suffered the same fate at the hands of the guards of the Governor. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang His widow,Mahrunnissa, was brought to Agra and placed in the Royal harem in 1607. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Jahangir married her in 1611 and gave her the title of Nur Jahan or 'Light of the world'. Jahangir is thought to have had a hand in the death of her husband. But there is no conclusive evidence to prove that he was guilty of that crime.
The character of Nur Jahan was fascinating and deserves praise. She had a piercing intelligence, a versatile temper and sound common sense. [7] She possessed great physical strength and courage. She went on hunting tours with her husband, and on more than one occasion shot and killed ferocious tigers. [8] Her devotion to Jahangir was unmatched. She loved him so much that he forgot all about the world. No wonder he entrusted all the work of the goverenment to her. [9]
The loss of Kandhar was due to Nur Jahan. [10] When the Persians besieged Kandhar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandhar, but the latter refused to do so. There is no denying that the refusal of the prince was due to her behaviour towards him. [10] She was favouring her son-in-law, Shahriyar, at the cost of Khurram. Khurram suspected that in his absence, Shahriyar might be given promotion and he might be disposed off in battlefield. It was this fear which forced Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the Persians[10] and thereby Kandhar was lost to Persians. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox
Conquests
Jahangir was responsible for ending a century long struggle with the state of Mewar. Geography The northern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain drained by the Bedach & Banas River and its tributaries which empty northwest into the Chambal River The campaign against the Rajputs was pushed so extensively that the latter were made to submit and that too with a great loss of life and property. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India
Jahangir also thought of capturing the fort of Kangra, which Akbar had failed to do so. Consequently a siege was laid, which lasted for fourteen months, and the fort was taken in1620.
The district of Kistwar, in the state of Kashmir, was also conquered. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir
Religious persecution
The seeds of religious persecution were sown in the times of Jahangir. [11] Jahangir was responsible for the death of Guru Arjan Dev and the Jains suffered a lot at his hands. Guru Arjan Dev Ji or Guru Arjun Dev Ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜੁਨ ਦੇਵ (born in Amritsar, Punjab, India on 15 April, Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India.
There are also some accounts of Guru Arjan actively participating in the rebellion and being brought to court to answer the charges, at which time he endorsed the rebellion
| “ | Khusrau had received help from Arjan Dev, the guru or leader of the Sikhs. After Khusrau's defeat, Arjan Dev was summoned to the court to answer for his conduct. Sikh historians say that the enmity of Chandu Lal, the Hindu diwan of Lahore, who had a family quarrel with the guru, was responsible for his troubles. When the guru was unable to give any satisfactory explanation for his part in the rebellion, he was put to death. He might have ended his days in peace if he had not espoused the cause of the rebel, but this punitive action against him marked the beginning of a long and bitter conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughal government. | ” |
[12]It was on his orders and in his presence that a bullock was killed in the temple of Kangra. It was Jahangir who gave the orders for the desecration and destruction of the temples near Pushkar in Ajmer. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Pushkar ( Hindi: पुष्कर is a town in the state of Rajasthan in India This article is about a city in central Rajasthan, for the historical region see Ajmer region. [13]
Death
The health of Jahangir was completely shattered due on account of too much of drinking. Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. [14] He was trying to restore it by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with He went from Kabul to Kashmir but returned to Lahore on account of severe cold.
Jahangir died on the way in 1627 and was buried in Shahdara Bagh, a suburb of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Shahdara Bagh, Lahore is a northern suburb of Lahore. It is situated on the northern side of the Ravi River. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and He was succeeded by his third son, Prince Khurram who took the title of Shah Jahan. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Jahangir's elegant mausoleum is located in the Shahdara locale of Lahore and is a popular tourist attraction in Lahore. Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605
Jahangir in media
Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, his father Akbar the Great and Anarkali, were portrayed in the Hindi film Mughal-e-Azam, in which Jehangir was played by Dilip Kumar. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Anarkali ( Urdu: اناركلى Anārkalī) ("pomegranate blossom" was a legendary slave girl from Lahore (now Pakistan Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Mughal-e-Azam ( Urdu: مغلِ اعظم, Hindi: मुग़ल-ए आज़म is an Indian Epic film, remniscent Yusuf Khan (यूसुफ़ ख़ान Urdu: یوسف خان; jusʊf xan (born December 11, 1922) popularly known as Dilip Kumar Jalal Agha also played the younger Jehangir at the start of the film. Jalal Agha (died March 5, 1995) was an Indian actor and director in Bollywood films
See also
References
- ^ Fatehpur Sikri. Tuzk-e-Jahangiri or Tuzk-i-Jahangiri ( Persian: تزک جهانگیری) is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor Anarkali ( Urdu: اناركلى Anārkalī) ("pomegranate blossom" was a legendary slave girl from Lahore (now Pakistan Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Universal Rule In India.
- ^ a b Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 135.
- ^ Jahangir - Social sciences UCLA
- ^ Jahangiri Intro.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. Muslim Rule In India.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 140.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). "Jahangir", in S. Chand & Co. : Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 140.
- ^ a b c Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 141.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth.
- ^ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_14.html
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 151.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India, fifth, 148.
- Andrea, Alfred J. and Overfield, James H. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500. Fifth Edition.
- Alvi, Sajida S. “Jahangir. ” Religion and State During The Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir: Non-juristical Perspectives. No. 69. [1995]. JSTOR Database. <www. jstor. org>
- Findly, Ellison B. “Jahangir. ” Jahangir’s vow of Non-Violence. No. 2. Vol. 107. [1987]. JSTOR Database. < www. jstor. org >
External links
| Preceded by Akbar | Mughal Emperor 1605–1627 | Succeeded by Shah Jahan |
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