Citizendia

In New Zealand society, iwi (IPA: [iwi]) form the largest everyday social units in Māori populations. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Māori culture is the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, and Eastern Polynesian people and forms a distinctive part of New Zealand culture The word iwi means "people" or "folk"; in many contexts it might translate as "tribe" or as "clan", with the distinction that it may sometimes refer to a larger grouping of tribes. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor Anthropological research however, tends to indicate that most Māori in pre-European times gave their primary allegiance to relatively small groups such as whānau (extended families) or hapū (sub-tribes). Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Whānau is a Māori-language word for extended Family. Other meanings though less commonly used in English are to give birth, or genus A hapū is a division of a Māori Iwi ( Tribe)&mdashoften translated as 'subtribe'

Contents

Bones or roots

In the Māori language, iwi also means "bones". Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The Māori author, Keri Hulme, named her best known (1985 Booker Prize) novel The Bone People, a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Keri Hulme (born March 9, 1947) is a New Zealand Writer, best known for The Bone People, her only novel The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, also known in short as the Booker Prize, is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original full-length Novel The Bone People is a 1984 Novel by New Zealand author Keri Hulme. Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i Many societies might use the analogous concept of "roots".

Hierarchies of structures

Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Māori settlers who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki. A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of The Māori name Hawaiki refers to the mythical land to which some Polynesian cultures trace their origins In turn, one can conceptualise some iwi as clustering into even larger groupings based on genealogical tradition, known as waka (literally: "canoes", with reference to the original migration voyages), but these super-groupings generally serve symbolic rather than practical functions. Whakapapa or Genealogy is a fundamental principle that permeates the whole of Māori culture. In the Māori language and New Zealand English, waka (IPAwɔka are Māori watercraft usually Canoes ranging in size from small unornamented A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors Each iwi sub-divides into a number of hapū ("sub-tribes"). A hapū is a division of a Māori Iwi ( Tribe)&mdashoften translated as 'subtribe' For example, the Ngāti Whātua iwi consists of four hapū: Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa, Te Taou, and Ngāti Whātua ki Ōrākei. Ngāti Whātua is a Māori Iwi (tribe of New Zealand. It consists of three hapu (subtribes Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa and Ngāti Whātua

Perceived problems with identification

In modern-day New Zealand, iwi groups may exercise significant political power in the recovery and management of land and of other assets. (Note for example the 1997 settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu, compensating that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements have been a significant feature of New Zealand race relations and politics since 1975 Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British ) Iwi affairs can have a very real impact on New Zealand politics and society. The politics of New Zealand takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Monarchy. A current claim by some iwi that they own the seabed and foreshore in their areas has polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy is a debate in the politics of New Zealand.

However, increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to a situation where a significant percentage do not identify with an iwi. The following extract from a recent High Court of New Zealand judgment (discussing the process of settling fishing-rights) illustrates some of the issues:

". The High Court of New Zealand was established in 1841 and known as the Supreme Court until 1980 . . 81 percent of Māori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 percent live outside the traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Māori reject tribal affiliation because of a working class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi, a particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. "

In the 2001 census, 32. 6 percent of the 604,110 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not state their iwi, or only stated a general geographical region or merely gave a canoe-name. It seems that the number who "don’t know" has remained relatively constant over the last three censuses, despite measures such as the "Iwi Helpline".

Challenge from urban Māori

In recent years, "urban Māori" have challenged the established tribal (iwi-based) power-base. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Urban Māori form groups of people that, while unashamedly Māori, either choose not to identify with any particular iwi, or are unable to (possibly because they do not know their ancestral iwi). Individual Māori persons or groups may decide to support non-tribal structures because (for example) they believe the existing iwi do not give significant value to them, or that they believe that iwi cannot understand their point-of-view.

Urban Māori, typically urban bred, may identify with European culture to a much larger degree than rural Māori, and often feel that a non-iwi group best represents their needs. It remains unclear how the traditional iwi groups will respond to this phenomenon. (As yet, some appear dismissive of these notions. ) Notably, one such group established itself in the belief that urban Māori do not get their fair share of " Treaty settlements" between the Māori people and the New Zealand government. Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements have been a significant feature of New Zealand race relations and politics since 1975

Well-known iwi groups

Prominent iwi include:

Note that each iwi has a generally recognised territory (rohe), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. Ngā Puhi is a Māori Iwi located in the Northland region of New Zealand. Geography Northland is located in what is often referred to by New Zealanders as the Far North, or because of its mild climate The Winterless North. Ngāti Kahungunu is a Māori Iwi located along the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Geography The region is situated on the east coast of the North Island. for the electorate see Wairarapa (NZ electorate Wairarapa - pronounced "Wy-ra-ra-pa" (often known as "The Wairarapa" is a geographical Ngāti Maniapoto is an Iwi (tribe based in the Waikato-Waitomo region of New Zealand's North Island. Waitomo is a district-type Municipality in the north of the King Country region in the North Island of New Zealand. Ngāti Porou is a Māori Iwi traditionally located in the East Cape and Gisborne regions on the North Island of New Zealand For other uses of Gisborne see Gisborne (disambiguation. Gisborne (Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa is the name of a unitary authority in New Zealand For other uses see East Cape (disambiguation. East Cape ( is the easternmost point of the main islands of New Zealand. Ngāti Tama is a Māori Iwi of New Zealand. See also List of Māori iwi Geography and people Taranaki is situated on the west coast of the North Island surrounding the volcanic peak Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the Ngāti Toa ( Ngāti Toarangatira) an Iwi ( New Zealand Māori tribe traces its descent from the eponymous ancestor Toarangatira History The name "Porirua" is of Māori origin It is possibly a variant of "Pari-rua" ("two tides" a reference to the two arms of the Porirua Kawhia Harbour is one of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealand 's North Island. Te Rauparaha (1760s-1849 was a Māori chief and war leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. Ngāti Ruanui is a Māori Iwi traditionally based in the Taranaki region of New Zealand. Geography and people Taranaki is situated on the west coast of the North Island surrounding the volcanic peak Ngāti Whātua is a Māori Iwi (tribe of New Zealand. It consists of three hapu (subtribes Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa and Ngāti Whātua The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Orakei is a suburb of Auckland city in the North Island of New Zealand. Tainui is a tribal waka confederation of New Zealand Māori Iwi. For the canoe from Māori tradition see Arawa (canoe. Te Arawa is a confederation of Māori Iwi and History According to local Māori traditions, the Bay of Plenty was the landing point of several migration canoes that brought Māori settlers to New Zealand Te Āti Awa is a Māori Iwi with traditional bases in the Taranaki and Wellington regions of New Zealand. Geography and people Taranaki is situated on the west coast of the North Island surrounding the volcanic peak Lower Hutt (Awakairangi is a City in the Wellington region of New Zealand. Ngāi Tūhoe (IPA'ŋaɪː 'tuːhoe a Māori Iwi ("tribe" of New Zealand, takes its name from an ancestral figure Tūhoe-pōtiki Te Urewera National Whakatane (ɸakaˈtaːne in Māori; fɒkəˈtɑːni or /ʍɒkəˈtɑːni/ in English is a City in the Bay of Plenty region in the North Island Ngāti Tūwharetoa is an Iwi ( Māori tribe descended from Ngātoro-i-rangi, the priest who navigated the Arawa canoe to New Zealand The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. Te Whakatōhea are a Māori Iwi located in the eastern Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. Opotiki is a town in the eastern Bay of Plenty in the North Island of New Zealand. Rohe is a word used by the Māori of New Zealand to describe the territory or boundaries of tribal groups [1] This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty-claims. The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of commercial fisheries claims.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Waitangi Tribunal - About the Reports
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic