| İstanbul | |||
 | |||
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  İstanbul | |||
| Coordinates: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Country |  Turkey | ||
| Region | Marmara | ||
| Province | Istanbul | ||
| Founded | 667 BC as Byzantium | ||
| Roman/Byzantine period | AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantine's reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantine's death in 337) | ||
| Ottoman period | 1453 as Konstantiniyye (for official use in Ottoman Turkish) but informally with various other names, such as Stamboul | ||
| Turkish Republic period | 1923 as Istanbul (de facto), officially renamed Istanbul in 1930 | ||
| Districts | 27 | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 1,830. The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The provinces of Turkey are organized into 7 census-defined regions ( bölge) which were originally defined at the First Geography Congress in 1941 Turkey is divided into 81 provinces called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The term " New Rome " has been used in the following contexts Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The city of Istanbul has been known through the ages under a large number of different names Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 92 km² (706. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 100 m (328 ft) | ||
| Population (2007)[1] | |||
| - Total | 11,372,613 (3rd) | ||
| - Density | 6,211/km² (16,086. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit This is a list of the most populous cities of the World defined according to the concept of city proper. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 4/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal code | 34010 to 34850 and 80000 to 81800 | ||
| Area code(s) | (+90) 212 (European side) (+90) 216 (Asian side) | ||
| Licence plate | 34 | ||
| Website: Istanbul Portal | |||
| Historic Areas of Istanbul* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| State Party | Turkey |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | I, II, III, IV |
| Reference | 356 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1985 (9th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other names of Istanbul) is Europe's most populous city (the world's 3rd largest city proper and 20th largest urban area) and Turkey's cultural and financial center. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Turkish car number plates are License plates found on Turkish vehicles A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The city of Istanbul has been known through the ages under a large number of different names This is a list of the most populous cities of the World defined according to the concept of city proper. This is a list of contiguous Urban areas of the world ordered according to population as of 2008 Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The city covers 27 districts of the Istanbul province. Istanbul Province is a province located in north-west Turkey. [2] It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbor known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) side of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world which is situated on two continents. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions In its long history, Istanbul served as the capital city of the Roman Empire (330–395), the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The city was chosen as joint European Capital of Culture for 2010. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The historic areas of Istanbul were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
Contents |
Names
- Further information: Names of Istanbul
The modern Turkish name İstanbul (IPA: [isˈtanbul] or colloquial [ɨsˈtanbul]) can be attested, in a range of different variants, from as far back as the 10th century; it has been the common name for the city in normal Turkish speech since before the conquest of 1453. The city of Istanbul has been known through the ages under a large number of different names The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Etymologically, it derives from the Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" [istimˈbolin] or in the Aegean dialect "εἰς τὰν Πόλιν" [istamˈbolin] (modern Greek "στην Πόλι" [stimˈboli]), which means "in the city", "to the city" or "downtown". Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a [3]
Byzantium is the first known name of the city. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM When Roman emperor Constantine I (Constantine the Great) made the city the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire on May 11, 330, he conferred on it the name Nova Roma ("New Rome"). Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Constantinople ("City of Constantine") was the name by which the city became instead more widely known. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS It is first attested in official use under emperor Theodosius II (408–450). Flavius Theodosius ( 10 April, 401 – July 28, 450) called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was [4] It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century.
The city has also been nicknamed "The City on Seven Hills" because the historic peninsula, the oldest part of the city, was built on seven hills (just like Rome), each of which bears a historic mosque. City of Seven Hills usually refers to Rome. There are many other cities claimed to be built on seven hills Amman, Jordan A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger [5] The hills are represented in the city's emblem with seven triangles, above which rise four minarets. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة Two of many other old nicknames of Istanbul are Vasilevousa Polis (the Queen of Cities), which rose from the city's importance and wealth throughout the Middle Ages; and Dersaadet, originally Der-i Saadet (the Door to Happiness) which was first used towards the end of 19th century and is still remembered today.
With the Turkish Postal Service Law of March 28, 1930, the Turkish authorities officially requested foreigners to adopt Istanbul as the sole name also in their own languages. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [6]
History
| “ | If the Earth were a single state, Istanbul would be its capital. The History of Istanbul explains the historical development of the city Istanbul, which has been inhabited since prehistoric times | ” |
The first human settlement in Istanbul, the Fikirtepe mound on the Anatolian side, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500–3500 BC. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos ' Copper stone' period or Copper Age period known as the '''Eneolithic''' ('''Æneolithic''' is a [8] A port settlement dating back to the Phoenicians has been discovered in nearby Kadıköy (Chalcedon). Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. Cape Moda in Chalcedon was the first location which the Greek settlers of Megara chose to colonize in 685 BC, prior to colonising Byzantion on the European side of the Bosphorus under the command of King Byzas in 667 BC. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Megara ( Greek:, "Big Houses" is an ancient city (pop This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM In Greek legend Byzas ( Greek Βύζας Βύζαντας was the eponymous founder of Byzantium ( Greek Βυζάντιον the city later Byzantion was established on the site of an ancient port settlement named Lygos, founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, along with the neighbouring Semistra,[9] of which Plinius had mentioned in his historical accounts. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Only a few walls and substructures belonging to Lygos have survived to date, near the Seraglio Point (Turkish: Sarayburnu), where the famous Topkapı Palace now stands. Sarayburnu ( Turkish: Sarayburnu, meaning Palace Point; known in English as the Seraglio Point) is a Promontory separating the Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and During the period of Byzantion, the Acropolis used to stand where the Topkapı Palace stands today.
After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Roman emperor Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by the Romans and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Gaius Pescennius Niger (c 140&ndash194 was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Byzantium was rebuilt by Severus and quickly regained its previous prosperity, being temporarily renamed as Augusta Antonina by the emperor, in honor of his son. [10]
The location of Byzantium attracted Constantine I in 324 after a prophetic dream was said to have identified the location of the city; but the true reason behind this prophecy was probably Constantine's final victory over Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) on the Bosphorus, on September 18, 324, which ended the civil war between the Roman Co-Emperors, and brought an end to the final vestiges of the Tetrarchy system, during which Nicomedia (present-day İzmit, 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul) was the most senior Roman capital city. The Galata Tower ( Turkish: Galata Kulesi) also called Christea Turris ( Tower of Christ) by the Genoese and Megalos For other Romans of this name see Licinius (gens. Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c The Battle of Chrysopolis was fought on 18 September 324 in Chrysopolis ( Üsküdar) near Chalcedon ( Kadıköy) between Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens İzmit (ancient Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality [11] Byzantium (now renamed as Nova Roma which eventually became Constantinopolis, i. The term " New Rome " has been used in the following contexts e. "The City of Constantine") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire six years later, in 330. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ As well as being the centre of an imperial dynasty, the unique position of Constantinople at the centre of two continents made the city a magnet for international commerce, culture and diplomacy. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Byzantine Empire was distinctly Greek in culture and became the centre of Greek Orthodox Christianity, while its capital was adorned with many magnificent churches, including the Hagia Sophia, once the world's largest cathedral. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, still remains in the Fener (Greek: Phanar) district of Istanbul. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Fener, Fanar or Phanar ( Greek Φανάρι) is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn, within the borough of Fatih in [12]
In 1204, the Fourth Crusade was launched to capture Jerusalem, but had instead turned on Constantinople, which was sacked and desecrated. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the [13] The city subsequently became the centre of the Catholic Latin Empire, created by the crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire, which was divided into a number of splinter states, of which the Empire of Nicaea was to recapture Constantinople in 1261 under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus. The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11
In the last decades of the Byzantine Empire, the city had decayed as the Byzantine state became increasingly isolated and financially bankrupt, its population had dwindled to some thirty or forty thousand people whilst large sections remained uninhabited. [14] Due to the ever increasing inward turn the Byzantines took, many facets of their surrounding empire were now falling apart, leaving them vulnerable to attack. Ottoman Turks began a strategy by which they took selected towns and smaller cities over time, enveloping Bursa in 1326, Nicomedia in 1337, Gallipoli in 1354, and finally Adrianople in 1362. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu Yarımadası is located in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost This essentially cut off Constantinople from its main supply routes, strangling it slowly. [15]
On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople after a 53-day siege and proclaimed that the city was now the new capital of his Ottoman Empire. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar Sultan Mehmed's first duty was to rejuvenate the city economically, creating the Grand Bazaar and inviting the fleeing Orthodox and Catholic inhabitants to return. See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" Captured prisoners were freed to settle in the city whilst provincial governors in Rumelia and Anatolia were ordered to send four thousand families to settle in the city, whether Muslim, Christian or Jew, to form a unique cosmopolitan society. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions [14] The Sultan also endowed the city with various architectural monuments, including the Topkapı Palace and the Eyüp Sultan Mosque. The Eyüp Sultan Mosque is situated outside the Walls of Constantinople, near the Golden Horn, in the district of Eyüp on the European side of Religious foundations were established to fund the construction of grand imperial mosques (such as the Fatih Mosque which was built on the spot where the Church of the Holy Apostles once stood), adjoined by their associated schools, hospitals and public baths. For other structures of this name including in the Moscow Kremlin, see Church of the Holy Apostles (disambiguation. Suleiman the Magnificent's reign of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 was a period of great artistic and architectural achievements. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The famous architect Sinan designed many mosques and other grand buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of ceramics and calligraphy also flourished. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, Ceramics and ceramic art in the art world means artwork made out of clay bodies and fired to form a ceramic. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17
When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the capital was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. In the early years of the republic, Istanbul was overlooked in favour of the new capital Ankara. However, in the 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new roads and factories were constructed throughout the city. Wide modern boulevards, avenues and public squares were built in Istanbul, sometimes at the expense of the demolition of many historical buildings. During the 1970s, the population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase as people from Anatolia migrated to the city in order to find employment in the many new factories that were constructed at the outskirts of the city. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black This sudden sharp increase in the population caused a rapid rise in housing development, and many previously outlying villages became engulfed into the greater metropolis of Istanbul. Illegal construction, combined with corner-cutting methods, have accounted for the reason why 65% of all of the buildings in Istanbul are not up to standard. The concerns have increased due to the serious nature of the Izmit earthquake of 1999. [16]
Geography
Istanbul is located in the north-west Marmara Region of Turkey. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the It encloses the southern Bosphorus which places the city on two continents—the western portion of Istanbul is in Europe, while the eastern portion is in Asia. The city boundaries cover a surface area of 1,539 square kilometres (594 sq mi), while the metropolitan region, or the Province of Istanbul, covers 6,220 square kilometres (2,402 sq mi). Istanbul Province is a province located in north-west Turkey.
Climate
The city has a Mediterranean climate with hot and humid summers; and cool, rainy and often snowy winters. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Humidity is generally rather high which can make temperatures feel much warmer or colder than they actually are. Yearly precipitation for Istanbul averages 640 millimetres (25. 2 in). [17] Snowfall is quite common, snowing for a week or two during the winter season, but it can be heavy once it snows. It is most likely to occur between the months of December and March. The summer months between June and September bring average daytime temperatures of 28 °C (82 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 23. 3 °C (74 °F), the coldest is January with 5. 6 °C (42 °F). The weather becomes slightly cooler as one moves toward eastern Istanbul. Summer is by far the driest season, although there is no real summer drought such as those occurring at Mediterranean climates or in the arid interior of Turkey. The city is quite windy, having an average wind speed of 17 km/h (11 mph).
| Weather averages for Istanbul | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C | 8 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 19 | 14 | 10 | 18 |
| Average low °C | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 6 | 11 |
| Precipitation mm | 94 | 71. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 1 | 58. 4 | 43. 2 | 30. 5 | 22. 9 | 17. 8 | 15. 2 | 27. 9 | 53. 3 | 88. 9 | 101. 6 | 640. 1 |
| Average high °F | 46 | 47 | 51 | 60 | 69 | 78 | 82 | 82 | 76 | 67 | 57 | 50 | 64 |
| Average low °F | 37 | 37 | 40 | 47 | 54 | 62 | 66 | 67 | 61 | 55 | 47 | 42 | 51 |
| Precipitation inches | 3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7 | 2. 8 | 2. 3 | 1. 7 | 1. 2 | 0. 9 | 0. 7 | 0. 6 | 1. 1 | 2. 1 | 3. 5 | 4. 0 | 25. 2 |
| Source: Weatherbase[17] 2008-01-04 | |||||||||||||
Geology
Istanbul is situated near the North Anatolian fault line, which runs from northern Anatolia to the Marmara Sea. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The North Anatolian Fault (NAF ( Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı is a major active right lateral-moving Geologic fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the Tectonic Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian Two tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian, push against each other here. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere This fault line has been responsible for several deadly earthquakes in the region throughout history. In 1509 a catastrophic earthquake caused a tsunami which broke over the sea-walls of the city, destroying over 100 mosques and killing 10,000 people. In 1766 the Eyüp Sultan Mosque was largely destroyed. The 1894 earthquake caused the collapse of many parts of the Grand Bazaar. See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" A devastating earthquake in August 1999, with its epicenter in nearby Kocaeli, left 18,000 dead and many more homeless. Kocaeli is a province of Turkey. Its capital is İzmit, which is sometimes referred to as Kocaeli itself [18] In all of these earthquakes, the devastating effects are a result of the close settlement and poor construction of buildings. Seismologists predict another earthquake, possibly measuring magnitude 7. TalkMoment magnitude scale#Real world examples please.--> The moment magnitude scale 0, occurring before 2025. [19]
Architecture
Throughout its long history, Istanbul has acquired a reputation for being a cultural and ethnic melting pot. See also Istanbul, List of architectural structures in Istanbul The Architecture of Istanbul describes a large mixture of structures which reflect As a result, there are many historical mosques, churches, synagogues, palaces, castles and towers to visit in the city. Some of these historical structures, which draw millions to the city every year, reflect the heart and soul of Istanbul. [20]
The famous Maiden's (Leander's) Tower, one of the symbols of Istanbul, was originally built by the ancient Athenian general Alcibiades in 408 BC to control the movements of the Persian ships in the Bosphorus strait. This article is about the Maiden's Tower in Istanbul Turkey For the similarly named historic tower in Baku Azerbaijan see Maiden Tower (Baku. This article is about the Maiden's Tower in Istanbul Turkey For the similarly named historic tower in Baku Azerbaijan see Maiden Tower (Baku. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the [21] Back then it was located between the cities of Byzantion and Chrysopolis. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next The tower was later enlarged and rebuilt as a fortress by the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus in 1110, and was rebuilt and restored several times by the Ottoman Turks, most significantly in 1509 and 1763. Alexios I Komnenos, or Comnenus (Greek Αλέξιος Α' Κομνηνός (1048 &ndash August 15, 1118) Byzantine emperor (1081&ndash1118 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [21]
The most important monuments of Roman architecture in the city include the Column of Constantine (Turkish: Çemberlitaş), which was erected in 330 by Constantine the Great for marking the declaration of the new capital city of the Roman Empire[22] and contained several fragments of the True Cross and other artifacts belonging to Jesus Christ and Virgin Mary, the Mazulkemer Aqueduct, the Valens Aqueduct, the Column of the Goths at the Seraglio Point, the Milion which served for calculating the distances between Constantinople and other cities of the Roman Empire, and the Hippodrome of Constantinople which was built following the model of the Circus Maximus in Rome. The Column of Constantine (or ' Burnt Column') (Çemberlitaş sütunu is a monumental column constructed on the orders of the Roman emperor Constantine the Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which by a Christian tradition are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Valens Aqueduct (Bozdoğan Kemeri meaning "Aqueduct of the grey falcon" Άγωγός του ὔδατος Agōgós tou hýdatos, meaning simply " The Hippodrome of Constantinople (Sultanahmet Meydanı At Meydanı was a horse-racing track that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of The Circus Maximus ( Latin for greatest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Hippodrome and mass entertainment Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Construction of the Walls of Constantinople began under Constantine the Great,[23] who enlarged the previously existing walls of Byzantium in order to defend the new Roman capital city which quickly grew following its proclamation as Nova Roma. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its A new set of walls was built further west during the reign of Theodosius II, and rebuilt after an earthquake in 447 in their current shape. Flavius Theodosius ( 10 April, 401 – July 28, 450) called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was
The early Byzantine architecture followed the classical Roman model of domes and arches, but further improved these architectural concepts, as evidenced with the Hagia Sophia, which is the largest structure on Sultanahmet Square in the Eminönü district. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Eminönü is a district of Istanbul in Turkey. This is the heart of the walled city of Constantine, the focus of a history of incredible richness The Hagia Sophia was designed by Isidorus and Anthemius as the third church to rise on this location, between 532 and 537, following the Nika riots (532) during which the second church was destroyed (the first church, known as the Megala Ekklessia ("Great Church") was inaugurated by Constantius II in 360; the second church was inaugurated by Theodosius II in 405, while the third and current one was inaugurated by Justinian in 537). Isidore of Miletus (Ισίδωρος ο Μιλήσιοςin Greek) was one of the two Greek Architects (the other being Anthemius Anthemius of Tralles (c 474 &ndash c 534 ( Greek) was a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople (present-day Instanbul The Nika riots (Στάση του Νίκα or Nika revolt, took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in 532. Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II ( 7 August, 317 - November 3, 361) was a Roman Emperor Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (commonly known as the Little Hagia Sophia), which was the first church built by Justinian in Constantinople and edificed between 527 and 536, had earlier signaled such an improvement in the design of domed buildings, which require complex solutions for carrying the structure. Little Hagia Sophia ( Küçuk Ayasofya Camii) formerly the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus ( Greek:) is a former Eastern Orthodox The present-day Hagia Irene (which was originally built by Constantine in the 4th century, but was later enlarged by Justinian in the 6th century) and the Basilica Cistern are also from this period. Hagia Irene or Hagia Eirene ( Greek: Αγία Ειρήνη "Holy Peace" Turkish: Aya İrini) is a former Eastern Orthodox The Basilica Cistern (' Yerebatan Sarayı' or ' Yerebatan Sarnıcı') is the largest of several hundred ancient Cisterns that still lie beneath the city
The most important churches which were built after the Byzantines recovered Constantinople from the Latin Crusaders in 1261 include the Pammakaristos Church and Chora Church. The Galata Tower ( Turkish: Galata Kulesi) also called Christea Turris ( Tower of Christ) by the Genoese and Megalos Pammakaristos Church, also known as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos ( Joyous Mother of God) later known as Fethiye Mosque (Fethiye Camii The Chora Church ( Turkish Kariye Müzesi, Kariye Camii, or Kariye Kilisesi — the Chora Museum Mosque or Church) is considered to Also in this period, the Genoese Podestà of Galata, Montano de Marinis, built the Palazzo del Comune (1314), a copy of the San Giorgio Palace in Genoa, which still stands in ruins on the back streets of Bankalar Caddesi in Galata, together with its adjacent buildings and numerous Genoese houses from the early 1300s. For information on the phantom island of the same name see Podesta (island. Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The Genoese also built the Galata Tower, which they named as Christea Turris (Tower of Christ), at the highest point of the citadel of Galata, in 1348. The Galata Tower ( Turkish: Galata Kulesi) also called Christea Turris ( Tower of Christ) by the Genoese and Megalos
The Ottoman Turks built the Anadoluhisarı on the Asian side of the Bosphorus in 1394, and the Rumelihisarı at the opposite (European) shore, in 1452, a year before the conquest of Constantinople. Anadoluhisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey on the Anatolian ( Asian side of the Bosporus, which also gives Rumelihisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey, on a hill at the European side of the Bosporus just north of the Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The main purpose of these castles, armed with the long range Balyemez (Faule Metze) cannons, was to block the sea traffic of the Bosphorus and prevent the support ships from the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea ports, such as Caffa, Sinop, and Amasra, from reaching Constantinople and helping the Byzantines during the Turkish siege of the city. The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Amasra (pop 7000 anciently called Amastris) is a small Black Sea port town in the Bartın Province, Turkey.
Following the Ottoman conquest of the city, Sultan Mehmed II initiated a wide scale reconstruction plan, which included the construction of grand buildings such as the Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Fatih Mosque, Topkapı Palace, the Grand Bazaar and the Yedikule (Seven Towers) Castle which guarded the main entrance gate of the city, the Porta Aurea (Golden Gate). The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and The Eyüp Sultan Mosque is situated outside the Walls of Constantinople, near the Golden Horn, in the district of Eyüp on the European side of The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" In the centuries following Mehmed II, many new important buildings, such as the Süleymaniye Mosque, Sultanahmet Mosque, Yeni Mosque and numerous others were constructed. The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey. The Yeni Mosque, New Mosque or Mosque of the Valide Sultan ( Yeni Cami, Yeni Valide Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque In the 18th and 19th centuries, traditional Ottoman architectural styles were gradually replaced by European styles, such as the Baroque style interiors of the Aynalıkavak Palace (1677–1679) and Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1748–1755, the first Baroque style mosque in the city, also famous for its Baroque fountain), and the 18th century Baroque additions to the Harem section of the Topkapı Palace. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Following the Tanzimat reforms which effectively started Turkey's Europeanization process in 1839, new palaces and mosques were built in Neoclassical, Baroque and Rococo styles, or a mixture of all three, such as the Dolmabahçe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace and Ortaköy (Mecidiye) Mosque. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design. The Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı in Istanbul, Turkey, located at the European side of the Bosphorus, served as the main administrative The Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Sarayı is a palace located in Beylerbeyi neighbourhood of Istanbul, Turkey at the Asian side of the Bosphorus Ortaköy Mosque, officially the Büyük Mecidiye Camii (Grand Imperial Mosque of Sultan Abdülmecid) in İstanbul, is situated at the waterside of
Starting from the early 19th century, the areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grandiose embassy buildings belonging to prominent European states, and rows of European (mostly Neoclassical and later Art Nouveau) style buildings started to appear on both flanks of the avenue. İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Istanbul especially became a major center of the Art Nouveau movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with famous architects of this style like Raimondo D'Aronco building many palaces and mansions in the city proper and on the Princes' Islands. Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857-1932 was an Italian Architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: His most important works in the city include several buildings of the Yıldız Palace complex, and the Botter House on İstiklal Avenue. Yıldız Palace is a collection of pavilions and villas in Istanbul, Turkey, built in the 19th and early 20th centuries The famous Camondo Stairs on Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karaköy (Galata) is also a beautiful example of Art Nouveau architecture. The Camondo family was a well-known European family of Jewish Financiers and Philanthropists Part of the Sephardic community in Karaköy, the modern name for the ancient Galata, is a commercial neighborhood in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, located at the northern Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. Other important examples are the Hıdiv Kasrı (Khedive Palace) on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, Flora Han in Sirkeci, and Frej Apartmanı in the Şişhane quarter of Beyoğlu. Sirkeci is an area in the Eminönü district of the city of Istanbul, Turkey. Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the
Urbanism
- See also: Urban centers
 The 6 km (4 mi) long Bağdat Avenue on the Anatolian side has rows of shops, cafés, pubs and restaurants lining up its wide granite pavements on both flanks |
The urban landscape is constantly changing. The list of urban centers in Istanbul lists the relevant civic centers (Markets neighborhoods and places within the city limits of Istanbul Trivia Akmerkez has been featured on Turkish television many times including the hit TV series Çılgın Bediş. Etiler is a district on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, and officially a quarter within the borough of Beşiktaş, located close Bağdat Avenue (Bağdat Caddesi literally Baghdad Avenue) is a notable High street located in the Anatolian part of İstanbul, Turkey In the Greek, Roman and Byzantine periods, the city was largely made up of the historic peninsula of Constantinople, with the citadel of Galata (also called Sykae or Pera) at north, and Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) and Chalcedon (Kadıköy) at east, across the Bosphorus. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the These were all independent cities back then. The present City of Istanbul can be considered the metropolitan area of old Constantinople, encompassing every single settlement around the original city, and expanding even further with the establishment of new neighbourhoods and districts since the 19th century.
Until the early 19th century, the city walls of Galata, the medieval Genoese citadel, used to stand. Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. These Genoese fortifications, of which only the Galata Tower stands today, were demolished in the early 1800s to give way for a northwards expansion of the city, towards the neighbourhoods of Beşiktaş, Şişli, Nişantaşı, and beyond. The Galata Tower ( Turkish: Galata Kulesi) also called Christea Turris ( Tower of Christ) by the Genoese and Megalos This article is about a District in İstanbul For the sports club see Beşiktaş J Şişli is a crowded central District of İstanbul, Turkey. It is a business shopping and residential area north of Taksim, the entertainment Nişantaşı is a quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, comprising neighbourhoods like Teşvikiye Osmanbey Maçka and Pangaltı
In the last decades, numerous tall structures were built around the city to accommodate a rapid growth in population. İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Surrounding towns were absorbed into Istanbul as the city rapidly expanded outwards. The tallest highrise office and residential buildings are mostly located in the northern areas of the European side, and especially in the business and shopping districts of Levent, Maslak, and Etiler which are situated between the Bosphorus Bridge and Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city Maslak is one of the main Business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city Etiler is a district on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, and officially a quarter within the borough of Beşiktaş, located close The Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkish: Boğaziçi Köprüsü or 1 The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü, F Levent and Etiler also have numerous upmarket shopping malls, like Kanyon, Metrocity, Akmerkez, Mayadrom and Mayadrom Uptown. Kanyon is a multi-purpose complex in the Levent financial district of Istanbul, Turkey, which consists of a shopping mall a 30-floor office tower Trivia Akmerkez has been featured on Turkish television many times including the hit TV series Çılgın Bediş. The headquarters of Turkey's largest companies and banks are also located in this area.
Starting from the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side of Istanbul, which was originally a tranquil place full of seaside summer residences and elegant chalet mansions surrounded by lush and vast umbrella pine gardens, experienced a massive urban growth. The construction of the long, wide and elegant Bağdat Avenue, with its rows of upscale shops and restaurants, contributed much to the initial expansion in the area. Bağdat Avenue (Bağdat Caddesi literally Baghdad Avenue) is a notable High street located in the Anatolian part of İstanbul, Turkey The fact that these areas were largely empty until the 1960s also provided the chance for developing better infrastructure and a tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. But the real expansion of the Asian side came with the opening of Ankara Asfaltı, the Asian extension of the E5 highway, which is located to the north of Bağdat Avenue, parallel to the railway line. Another important factor in the recent growth of the Asian side of the city was migration from Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Today, more than 1/3 of the city's population live in the Asian side of Istanbul.
As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth during the second half of the 20th century, a significant portion of the city's outskirts consists of gecekondus, a Turkish word created in the 1940s meaning ‘built overnight’ and referring to the illegally constructed squatter buildings that comprise entire neighbourhoods and run rampant outside the historic centers of Turkey's largest cities, especially Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, and Bursa. Gecekondu (plural Gecekondular) is a Turkish word meaning a house put up quickly without proper permissions a * squatter 's house and by extension Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds.
Administration
Organization
- See also: List of mayors of Istanbul
The mayor of Istanbul, currently Kadir Topbaş, serves as the prefect of the city, as well as governor of the province. This is a list of Mayors of Istanbul, Turkey. Ottoman Empire (1453-1923 During 1453-1858 In the Ottoman Empire the duty of Kadir Topbaş (born January 8, 1945) is a Turkish Architect, right-wing regional Politician and the current Mayor of [24] Istanbul is a home rule city and municipal elections are mainly partisan. Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level In politics a partisan is a committed member of a party In multi-party systems the term is typically understood to describe a person who supports their party's measures without an The metropolitan model of governance has been used with the establishment of metropolitan administration in 1930. The metropolitan council is responsible for all authority when it comes to making city decisions. [25] The metropolitan government structure consists of three main organs: (1) The Metropolitan Mayor (elected every five years), (2) The Metropolitan Council (decision making body with the mayor, district Mayors, and one fifth of the district municipal councilors), (3) The metropolitan executive committee. There are three types of local authorities: (1) municipalities, (2) special provincial administrations, (3) village administrations. Among the local authorities, municipalities are gaining greater importance with the rise in urbanization.
Districts
Istanbul Province has 32 districts, of which 27 form the city proper of Istanbul, also called Greater Istanbul, administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (or Municipality of Metropolitan Istanbul) (Turkish: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: Avcılar is a state of İstanbul, Turkey out of town on the European side of the city just to the west of the Küçükçekmece inlet of the Bağcılar is a Working class Suburb of İstanbul, Turkey. Located behind Bahcelievler on the European side of the city This article is about a district of Istanbul See also Bahçelievler Ankara Bahçelievler (meaning 'houses with gardens' in Turkish Location Bakırköy is a large densely populated Middle class Residential Suburb of İstanbul, Turkey on its Bayrampaşa (bɑjrɑmpɑʃɑ is a Working class residential and industrial Suburb of İstanbul, Turkey on the European side of the This article is about a District in İstanbul For the sports club see Beşiktaş J Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Büyükçekmece is a district in the Suburbs of İstanbul, Turkey on the Marmara coast of the European side west of the city Beykoz is a district in the suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey at the upper end of the Bosphorus on the Anatolian side History Rural area farmland providing food and dairy produce for the city Eminönü is a district of Istanbul in Turkey. This is the heart of the walled city of Constantine, the focus of a history of incredible richness History Although this area lies outside the city walls, there was always a village here as the two streams provided plenty of fresh water and in the Byzantine period Esenler is a suburb of Istanbul, Turkey on its European side Esenler is mainly densely packed working class residential in the midst of its industrial Fatih (in turkish: conqueror) is one of the largest and central districts of Istanbul, Turkey, in the heart of the city Gaziosmanpaşa (old name Taşlıtarla) is an impoverished Working class Suburb of İstanbul, Turkey, on its European side Güngören is a small industrial and working class residential district of Istanbul, near Bakırköy. See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. Kağıthane is a Working class District of the city of İstanbul, Turkey in a valley inland from the upmarket Etiler. Kartal is a district of Istanbul, Turkey located on the Asian side of the city on the coast of the Marmara Sea between Maltepe and Pendik Location Küçükçekmece is on the Marmara coast on the eastern shore (nearest the city of an inlet of the Marmara called Küçükçekmece Gölü Maltepe is a district in the Suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey between Kadıköy and Kartal on the Marmara sea Pendik is a quiet district in the Suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey on the Asian side between Kartal and Tuzla on the Marmara Sea. Sarıyer is the northernmost district of İstanbul on the European side of the city Silivri is a district of Istanbul along the Sea of Marmara in Turkey, used mainly as holiday and weekend homes for residents of the city Sultanbeyli is a grey windswept working class suburb Slum, of Istanbul, Turkey on the Asian side far from the city inland from Kartal See River Sile for the river in Italy Síle is also a girl's name in Irish, usually anglicized as Sheila. Şişli is a crowded central District of İstanbul, Turkey. It is a business shopping and residential area north of Taksim, the entertainment Tuzla is a small town a suburb of Istanbul, Turkey on the Asian side of the city beyond Kartal and Pendik. Ümraniye is a very large working class district of Istanbul, Turkey with a population of over 850000 Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Zeytinburnu (literally Olive Point) is a working class suburb of Istanbul, Turkey on its European side on the shore of the Marmara Sea just Istanbul Province is a province located in north-west Turkey. Greater Istanbul refers to the immediate city and centre of the Istanbul, Turkey and hence operates as a Municipality and administrative area Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. These city districts, each of which forms a municipality with an elected mayor and council,[26] can be grouped into three main areas: (1) the historic peninsula, (2) the areas north of the Golden Horn, and (3) the Asian side. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the
The historic peninsula of old Istanbul corresponds approximately to the extent of Constantinople in the 15th century; it comprises the districts of Eminönü and Fatih. Eminönü is a district of Istanbul in Turkey. This is the heart of the walled city of Constantine, the focus of a history of incredible richness Fatih (in turkish: conqueror) is one of the largest and central districts of Istanbul, Turkey, in the heart of the city This area lies on the southern shores of the Golden Horn, which separates the old city center from the northern and younger parts of the European side. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the The historic peninsula ends with the Theodosian Land Walls in the west. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its The peninsula is surrounded by the Sea of Marmara on the south and the entrance of the Bosphorus on the east. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the
North of the Golden Horn are the historical Beyoğlu and Beşiktaş districts, where the last Sultan's palace is located, followed by a chain of former villages such as Ortaköy and Bebek along the shores of the Bosphorus. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the This article is about a District in İstanbul For the sports club see Beşiktaş J The Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı in Istanbul, Turkey, located at the European side of the Bosphorus, served as the main administrative Ortaköy (literally Middle Village in Turkish) is a neighbourhood formerly a small village within the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul Bebek is one of the wealthiest neighbourhoods of Istanbul. It is located on the European shores of the Bosphorus and is surrounded by other wealthy districts such On both the European and Asian sides of the Bosphorus, wealthy Istanbulites built luxurious chalet mansions, called yalı, which were used as summer residences. A yalı ( Turkish: yalı, from Greek yiáli γιαλή (mod γιαλός) literally "seashore beach"
The quarters of Üsküdar (Chrysopolis) and Kadıköy (Chalcedon) which are located on the Asian side were originally independent cities, like Beyoğlu (Pera) also used to be. Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Today they are full of modern residential areas and business districts, and are home to around one-third of Istanbul's population.
Demographics
- Further information: Historical population values and Demographics of Turkey
The city of Istanbul has a population of 11,372,613 residents according to the latest count as of 2007,[1] and is one of the largest cities in Europe today. As of 2007 the population of Turkey stood at 705 million The Turkish population is relatively young with 25 [27] Currently Istanbul has 54 municipalities, and stretches over an area of about 65 miles (approximately 100 km). The rate of population growth in the city is currently at 3. 45% a year on average, mainly due to the influx of people from the surrounding rural areas. Istanbul's population density of 2,742 people per square mile (1,700 per square km) far exceeds Turkey's 130 people per square mile (81 people per square km). [28]
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Religion
- Further information: Mosques, Churches, Synagogues
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The urban landscape of Istanbul is shaped by many communities. See also Religion in Istanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. This is a list of notable Synagogues in the Republic of Turkey. The Chora Church ( Turkish Kariye Müzesi, Kariye Camii, or Kariye Kilisesi — the Chora Museum Mosque or Church) is considered to Pammakaristos Church, also known as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos ( Joyous Mother of God) later known as Fethiye Mosque (Fethiye Camii The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey. The most important and most populous major religion is Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The first mosque in Istanbul was built in Kadıköy (ancient Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of Constantinople across the Bosphorus, on the European side. See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The first mosque on the European side of Istanbul was built inside the Rumeli Castle in 1452. Rumelihisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey, on a hill at the European side of the Bosporus just north of the The first grand mosque which was built in the city proper was the Eyüp Sultan Mosque in around 1459. The Eyüp Sultan Mosque is situated outside the Walls of Constantinople, near the Golden Horn, in the district of Eyüp on the European side of The mosque was built on the site of the grave of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad who had died fighting in the Arab army in a siege to take the city in 669,[30] making Istanbul one of the holy cities of Islam. Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (576-645 - born Khalid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb in Yathrib - hailed from the tribe of Banu Najjar and was a close companion ( Arabic IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the Fatih Mosque (1470) which was built on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles, an important Byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of Constantine the Great. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its For other structures of this name including in the Moscow Kremlin, see Church of the Holy Apostles (disambiguation. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous Süleymaniye Mosque (1557) which was ordered by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, and the famous Sultan Ahmet Mosque (1616) which is also known as the Blue Mosque for the blue tiles which adorn its interior. The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09,
Istanbul was the final seat of the Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history The personal belongings of Mohammed and the earliest Caliphs who followed him are today preserved in the Topkapı Palace, the Eyüp Sultan Mosque and in several other prominent mosques of Istanbul. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and The Eyüp Sultan Mosque is situated outside the Walls of Constantinople, near the Golden Horn, in the district of Eyüp on the European side of The seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of the Greek Orthodox Church is located in the Fener (Greek: Φανάρι) district. The Church of St George ( Greek: Καθεδρικός ναός του Αγίου Γεωργίου Kathedrikós Naós tou Agíou Geōrgíou, Turkish "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor Fener, Fanar or Phanar ( Greek Φανάρι) is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn, within the borough of Fatih in Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Also based in Istanbul are the archbishop of the Turkish-Orthodox community, an Armenian archbishop, and the Turkish Grand-Rabbi. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master
According to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 26 active synagogues in Istanbul; as well as 109 Muslim cemeteries and 57 non-Muslim cemeteries. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Religious minorities include Greek Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, Catholic Levantines and Sephardic Jews. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Some neighbourhoods have sizeable populations of these ethnic groups, such as the Kumkapı neighbourhood, which has a sizeable Armenian population, the Balat neighbourhood, which has a sizeable Jewish population, the Fener neighbourhood which has a sizeable Greek population, and some neighbourhoods in Nişantaşı and Beyoğlu, which have sizeable Levantine populations. Kumkapı (meaning 'sand gate' in Turkish) is part of the Eminönü district of Istanbul. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Balat is the traditional Jewish quarter in the district of Fatih of Istanbul. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Fener, Fanar or Phanar ( Greek Φανάρι) is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn, within the borough of Fatih in The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Nişantaşı is a quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, comprising neighbourhoods like Teşvikiye Osmanbey Maçka and Pangaltı Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the In some quarters, such as Kuzguncuk, an Armenian church sits next to a synagogue, and on the other side of the road a Greek Orthodox church is found beside a mosque. Kuzguncuk is a district of Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the two Istanbul quarters deeply associated with Jewish settlement the other one being
Economy
Historically, Istanbul has been the center of the country's economic life because of its location as an international junction of land and sea trade routes. Economy of Istanbul covers the issues related to the Economy of the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkish: Boğaziçi Köprüsü or 1 Gülhane Park (Gülhane Parkı - "Rosehouse Park" from Persian: Gulkhāna - "house of flowers") is a historical The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city Maslak is one of the main Business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city Nişantaşı is a quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, comprising neighbourhoods like Teşvikiye Osmanbey Maçka and Pangaltı Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city In 2005 the City of Istanbul had a GDP of $133 billion. [31] In 2005 companies based in Istanbul made exports worth $41,397,000,000 and imports worth $69,883,000,000; which corresponded to 56. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion In Economics, an import is any good (eg a Commodity) or Service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion 6% and 60. 2% of Turkey's exports and imports, respectively, in that year. [32] According to Forbes magazine, Istanbul had a total of 35 billionaires as of March 2008 (up from 25 in 2007), ranking 4th in the world behind Moscow (74 billionaires), New York City (71 billionaires) and London (36 billionaires), while ranking above Hong Kong (30 billionaires), Los Angeles (24 billionaires), Mumbai (20 billionaires), San Francisco (19 billionaires), Dallas (15 billionaires) and Tokyo (15 billionaires). Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The City of New York London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. [33]
Istanbul has always been the financial capital of Turkey and the opening of specific markets in the city during the 1980s further strengthened this status. Inaugurated at the beginning of 1986, the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is the sole securities market of Turkey, established to provide trading in equities, right coupons, Government bonds, Treasury bills, revenue sharing certificates, bonds issued by the Privatization Administration and corporate bonds, and to carry out overnight transactions. The Istanbul Stock Exchange ( ISE) ( Turkish: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, İMKB is the only corporation in Turkey for Securities [34] In 1993 the ISE decided on gold market liberalization, and in 1995 the Istanbul Gold Exchange was established, which ended the gold bullion imports monopoly of the Turkish Central Bank and transferred it to the private sector members of the gold exchange. The Istanbul Stock Exchange ( ISE) ( Turkish: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, İMKB is the only corporation in Turkey for Securities [35]
Istanbul is also Turkey's largest industrial center. It employs approximately 20% of Turkey's industrial labor and contributes 38% of Turkey's industrial workspace. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In addition, the city generates 55% of Turkey's trade and 45% of the country's wholesale trade, and generates 21. Wholesaling is the sale of Goods or Merchandise to Retailers to industrial commercial institutional or other professional Business users 2% of Turkey's gross national product. Istanbul contributes 40% of all taxes collected in Turkey and produces 27. 5% of Turkey's national product. Istanbul and its surrounding province produce cotton, fruit, olive oil, silk, and tobacco. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Food processing, textile production, oil products, rubber, metal ware, leather, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, glass, machinery, automotive, transport vehicles, paper and paper products, and alcoholic drinks are among the city's major industrial products.
Istanbul is one of the most important tourism spots of Turkey. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist oriented industries in the city, catering to both vacationers and visiting professionals. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of In 2006 a total of 23,148,669 tourists visited Turkey, most of whom entered the country through the airports and seaports of Istanbul and Antalya. Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern [36] The total number of tourists who entered Turkey through Atatürk International Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul reached 5,346,658, rising from 4,849,353 in 2005. Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yeşilköy International Airport) (Atatürk Uluslararası Havalimanı is the major international Airport in Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport is one of the Airports serving Istanbul, Turkey. [37] Istanbul is also one of the world's major conference destinations and is an increasingly popular choice for the world's leading international associations. [38]
Infrastructure
Health and medicine
- See also: List of hospitals in Istanbul
The city has many public and private hospitals, clinics and laboratories within its bounds and numerous medical research centers. The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü, F Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city This is a list of hospitals in Istanbul. State hospitals Bakırköy Dr Many of these facilities have high technology equipment, which has contributed to the recent upsurge in "medical tourism" to Istanbul,[39] particularly from West European countries like the United Kingdom and Germany where governments send patients with lower income to the city for the relatively inexpensive service of high-tech medical treatment and operations. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [40] Istanbul has particularly become a global destination for laser eye surgery and plastic surgery. [41][42] The city also has an Army Veterans Hospital in the military medical center.
Pollution-related health problems increase especially in the winter, when the combustion of heating fuels increase. The rising number of new cars in the city and the slow development of public transportation often cause urban smog conditions. Mandatory use of unleaded gas was scheduled to begin only in January 2006. [43]
Utilities
The first water supply systems which were built in Istanbul date back to the foundation of the city. Utilities in Istanbul covers the topic of Public utility services in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The Valens Aqueduct (Bozdoğan Kemeri meaning "Aqueduct of the grey falcon" Άγωγός του ὔδατος Agōgós tou hýdatos, meaning simply " The Basilica Cistern (' Yerebatan Sarayı' or ' Yerebatan Sarnıcı') is the largest of several hundred ancient Cisterns that still lie beneath the city Two of the greatest aqueducts built in the Roman period are the Mazulkemer Aqueduct and the Valens Aqueduct. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The Valens Aqueduct (Bozdoğan Kemeri meaning "Aqueduct of the grey falcon" Άγωγός του ὔδατος Agōgós tou hýdatos, meaning simply " These aqueducts were built in order to channel water from the Halkalı area in the western edge of the city to the Beyazıt district in the city center, which was known as the Forum Tauri in the Roman period. [44] After reaching the city center, the water was later collected in the city's numerous cisterns, such as the famous Philoxenos (Binbirdirek) Cistern and the Basilica (Yerebatan) Cistern. For cisterns in Neuroanatomy, see Cistern (neuroanatomy.For the village in England see Syston. The Basilica Cistern (' Yerebatan Sarayı' or ' Yerebatan Sarnıcı') is the largest of several hundred ancient Cisterns that still lie beneath the city Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned Sinan, his engineer and architect-in-chief, to improve the water needs of the city. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, Sinan constructed the Kırkçeşme Water Supply System in 1555. [44] In later years, with the aim of responding to the ever-increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to the public fountains by means of small supply lines; see German Fountain. The German Fountain ( Alman Çeşmesi) is a Gazebo styled fountain in the northern end of old hippodrome (Sultanahmet Square Istanbul,
Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a sewage disposal system managed by the government agency İSKİ. [45] There are also several private sector organizations distributing clean water. Electricity distribution services are covered by the state-owned TEK. The first electricity production plant in the city, Silahtarağa Termik Santrali, was established in 1914 and continued to supply electricity until 1983. [46]
The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in the city on October 23, 1840. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year [47] The first post office was the Postahane-i Amire near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. The Yeni Mosque, New Mosque or Mosque of the Valide Sultan ( Yeni Cami, Yeni Valide Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque [47] In 1876 the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the vast Ottoman Empire was established. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [47] In 1901 the first money transfers were made through the post offices and the first cargo services became operational. [47] Samuel Morse received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861-1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention. Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27, 1791 &ndash April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic The Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Sarayı is a palace located in Beylerbeyi neighbourhood of Istanbul, Turkey at the Asian side of the Bosphorus Abdülmecid is a name Variants include Abdülmecit, Abdül Mecid, Abulmecid, Abdul Mecid, Abdul Mejid Abd-ul-Mejid Abdul Medjit etc [48] Following this successful test, installation works of the first telegraph line between Istanbul and Edirne began on August 9, 1847. Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [49] In 1855 the Telegraph Administration was established. [47] In July 1881 the first telephone circuit in Istanbul was established between the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in Soğukçeşme and the Postahane-i Amire in Yenicami. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information [49] On May 23, 1909, the first manual telephone exchange with a 50 line capacity was established in the Büyük Postane (Grand Post Office) of Sirkeci. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [49]
Transportation
Air
Istanbul has two international airports: The larger one is the Atatürk International Airport located in the Yeşilköy district on the European side, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) west from the city center. Public transport in Istanbul comprises an extensive Bus network various rail systems Funiculars and maritime services for the more than 11 million Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yeşilköy International Airport) (Atatürk Uluslararası Havalimanı is the major international Airport in Istanbul Yeşilköy (prior to 1926 known as San Stefano or Santo Stefano, Greek: Άγιος Στέφανος pronounced Ayios Stefanos When it was first built, the airport used to be at the western edge of the metropolitan area but now lies within the city bounds.
The smaller one is the Sabiha Gökçen International Airport located in the Kurtköy district on the Asian side, close to the Istanbul Park GP Racing Circuit. Sabiha Gökçen International Airport is one of the Airports serving Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul Park (İstanbul Park also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially Istanbul Otodrom, is a Motor sports Race track in It is situated approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the Asian side and 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of the European city center.
Rail
In 1883, a Belgian entrepreneur, Georges Nagelmackers, began rail service between Paris and Constantinople, using a steamship to ferry passengers from Varna to Constantinople. İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Georges Nagelmackers (born 1845 in Liège Belgium, and died 1905 in Villepreux, France) was the founder of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Varna (Варна is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv In 1889, a rail line was completed going through Bucharest to Constantinople, making the whole journey via land possible. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. His company, La Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands Express Européens, provided the trains, which were renowned for their luxury and their beautiful Oriental style. The route was known as the Orient Express, made even more famous by the works of Agatha Christie and Graham Greene. The Orient Express is the name of a long-distance Passenger train originally operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. Agatha Mary Clarissa Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 &ndash 12 January 1976 commonly known as Agatha Christie, was an English Henry Graham Greene OM, CH (2 October 1904 &ndash 3 April 1991 was an English writer best known as a novelist but who also produced Short stories [50]
Today, the Sirkeci Terminal of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is the terminus of all the lines on the European side and the main connection node of the Turkish railway network with the rest of Europe. Istanbul Sirkeci ( Sirkeci Garı) is a terminus main station of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD in Sirkeci, on the European part of Istanbul Turkish Republic State Railways (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları or TCDD) is the state corporation that operates the public Railway system in Currently, international connections are provided by the line running between Istanbul and Thessaloniki, Greece, and the Bosphorus Express serving daily between Sirkeci and Gara de Nord in Bucharest, Romania. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Gara de Nord Bucureşti ( North Station in English is the main railway station in Bucharest and the largest railway station in Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Lines to Sofia, Belgrade, Budapest, and Chişinău are established over the Bosphorus Express connection to Bucharest. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Chişinău (kiʃi'nəw (also known as Kishinev, Кишинёв Kishinyov) is the capital and largest city of Moldova. Sirkeci Terminal was originally opened as the terminus of the Orient Express. The Orient Express is the name of a long-distance Passenger train originally operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits.
Beyond the Bosphorus, the Haydarpaşa Terminal on the Asian side serves lines running several times daily to Ankara, and less frequently to other destinations in Anatolia. Istanbul Haydarpaşa is a terminus main station of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD in Haydarpaşa close to Kadiköy at the Anatolian part of Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The railway networks on the European and Asian sides are currently connected by the train ferry across the Bosphorus, which will be replaced by an underwater tunnel connection with the completion of the Marmaray project, scheduled for 2009. See also Merchant ship A train ferry is a Ship designed to carry railway vehicles Marmaray is an undersea Rail tunnel being constructed to link the European and Asian halves of Istanbul, running under the Bosphorus strait Marmaray (Bosphorus Rail Tunnel) will also connect the metro lines on the European and Asian parts of the city. The subway system in Istanbul was initiated in 1992 and was completed in 2000 Haydarpaşa Terminal was originally opened as the terminus of the Istanbul-Baghdad and Istanbul-Damascus-Medina railways. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Ottoman Empire planned to construct a Baghdad Railway under German control History A railway had been suggested in 1864 to relieve the suffering of the hajis on their forty day journey through the wilderness of Midian the Nafud and the Hejaz Mountains
Road
The E5, E90 and Trans European Motorway (TEM) are the three main motorway connections between Europe and Turkey. The Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkish: Boğaziçi Köprüsü or 1 The motorway network around Istanbul is well developed and is constantly being extended. Motorways lead east to Ankara and west to Edirne. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost There are also 2 express highways circling the city. The older one, the E5, is mostly used for inner city traffic while the more recent one, the TEM highway, is mostly used by intercity or intercontinental traffic. The Bosphorus Bridge on E5 and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge on TEM establish the motorway connection between the European and the Asian sides of the Bosphorus. The Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkish: Boğaziçi Köprüsü or 1 The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü, F
Sea
Sea transport is vital for Istanbul, as the city is practically surrounded by sea on all sides: the Sea of Marmara, the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus and the Black Sea. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Many Istanbulites live on the Asian side of the city but work on the European side (or vice-versa) and the city's famous commuter ferries form the backbone of the daily transition between the two parts of the city - even more so than the two suspension bridges which span the Bosphorus. The commuter ferries, along with the high speed catamaran Seabus (Deniz Otobüsü), also form the main connection between the city and the Princes' Islands. The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek:
İDO (İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri - Istanbul Sea Buses) was established in 1987 and operates the high speed catamaran Seabus which run between the European and Asian parts of Istanbul, also connecting the city with the Princes' Islands and other destinations in the Sea of Marmara. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience İDO Istanbul Fast Ferries Co Inc ( Turkish: İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri, meaning Istanbul Sea Buses) was founded in 1987 by the Istanbul Metropolitan İDO Istanbul Fast Ferries Co Inc ( Turkish: İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri, meaning Istanbul Sea Buses) was founded in 1987 by the Istanbul Metropolitan The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Seabus are built by Kvaerner Fjellstrand of Norway and Austal Ships Pty. of Australia. The Yenikapı High Speed Car Ferry Port on the European side, and the Pendik High Speed Car Ferry Port on the Asian side, are where the high speed catamaran "car ferries" are based. These are larger than the other Seabus, and were likewise built or designed in Australia and Norway. The car ferries which operate between Yenikapı (on the European side of Istanbul) and Bandırma reduce the driving time between Istanbul and İzmir and other major destinations on Turkey's Aegean coast by several hours; while those which operate between Yenikapı or Pendik (on the Asian side of Istanbul) and Yalova significantly reduce the driving time between Istanbul and Bursa or Antalya. This article is about the Balıkesir Province district of Bandırma İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Pendik is a quiet district in the Suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey on the Asian side between Kartal and Tuzla on the Marmara Sea. Yalova is a city located in northwestern Turkey, on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara, and is the capital of the Yalova Province. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern
The port of Istanbul is the most important one in the country. The old port on the Golden Horn serves primarily for personal navigation, while Karaköy port in Galata is used by the large cruise liners. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the Karaköy, the modern name for the ancient Galata, is a commercial neighborhood in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, located at the northern Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience Regular services as well as cruises from both Karaköy and Eminönü exist to several port cities in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Eminönü is a district of Istanbul in Turkey. This is the heart of the walled city of Constantine, the focus of a history of incredible richness The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Istanbul's main cargo port, on the other hand, is located in the Harem district, within the borough of Üsküdar, on the Asian side of the city. Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next
Istanbul also has several marinas of varying size for harboring private yachts, the largest of which are the Ataköy Marina on the European side and Kalamış Marina on the Asian side.
 Istanbul's Tünel (1875) is the world's second-oldest subway line after London's Underground |  Sirkeci Terminal was opened in 1890 as the terminus of the Orient Express |  Haydarpaşa Terminal was opened in 1908 as the terminus of the Istanbul-Baghdad and Istanbul-Medina railways |  Subway connection between Kabataş and Taksim Square |
Life in the city
Art & culture
Istanbul is becoming increasingly colorful in terms of its rich social, cultural, and commercial activities. The Tünel is a short subway line in Istanbul, Turkey. It is an underground Funicular with only two stations and an uphill track of approximately The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire Istanbul Sirkeci ( Sirkeci Garı) is a terminus main station of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD in Sirkeci, on the European part of Istanbul The Orient Express is the name of a long-distance Passenger train originally operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. Istanbul Haydarpaşa is a terminus main station of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD in Haydarpaşa close to Kadiköy at the Anatolian part of In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Ottoman Empire planned to construct a Baghdad Railway under German control History A railway had been suggested in 1864 to relieve the suffering of the hajis on their forty day journey through the wilderness of Midian the Nafud and the Hejaz Mountains The subway system in Istanbul was initiated in 1992 and was completed in 2000 Taksim Square (Taksim Meydanı situated in the European part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a major shopping tourist and leisure district famed for its restaurants See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" The list of museums and monuments in Istanbul lists the relevant architectural entities within the city limits of Istanbul While world famous pop stars fill stadiums, activities like opera, ballet and theater continue throughout the year. During seasonal festivals, world famous orchestras, chorale ensembles, concerts and jazz legends can be found often playing to a full house. The Istanbul International Film Festival is one of the most important film festivals in Europe, while the Istanbul Biennial is another major event of fine arts. The article is about the older festival held in April For the newer festival held in February see If Istanbul Independent Film Festival. The International Istanbul Biennial is a Contemporary art exhibition held every two years in Istanbul, Turkey since 1987
Istanbul Modern, located on the Bosphorus with a magnificent view of the Seraglio Point, resembles Tate Modern in many ways and frequently hosts the exhibitions of renowned Turkish and foreign artists. Pera Museum (Pera Müzesi is a museum in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in 2005 by the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Istanbul Modern Art Museum (İstanbul Modern Sanat Müzesi usually just called İstanbul Modern, is a museum for Contemporary art in Istanbul, The Tate Modern in London is Britain 's national museum of international Modern art and is with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, Pera Museum and Sakıp Sabancı Museum have hosted the exhibitions of world famous artists like Picasso, Rodin, Rembrandt and many others, and are among the most important private museums in the city. Pera Museum (Pera Müzesi is a museum in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in 2005 by the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation The Sabancı University Sakıp Sabancı Museum is a private fine arts museum in Istanbul, Turkey, dedicated to calligraphic art, religious Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. The Rahmi M. Koç Museum on the Golden Horn is an industrial museum, largely inspired by the Henry Ford Museum in the United States. The Rahmi M Koç Museum is a private industrial Museum in Istanbul, Turkey dedicated to history of transport industry and communications The Henry Ford, a National Historic Landmark, (also known as the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, and more formally as the Edison Institute It exhibits historic industrial equipment such as cars and locomotives from the 1800s and early 1900s, as well as boats, submarines, aircraft, and other similar vintage machines from past epochs.
Istanbul Archaeology Museum, established in 1881, is one of the largest and most famous museums of its kind in the world. The museum contains more than 1,000,000 archaeological pieces from the Mediterranean basin, the Balkans, the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. Istanbul Mosaic Museum contains the late Roman and early Byzantine floor mosaics and wall ornaments of the Great Palace of Constantinople. The Great Palace Mosaic Museum (Büyük Saray Mozaikleri Müzesi is located close to Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul, Turkey, at Arasta Bazaar The Byzantine Great Palace of Constantinople, (Μέγα Παλάτιον Turkish: Büyük Saray also known as the Sacred Palace ( Latin The nearby Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, originally the Ibrahim Pasha Palace (1524) on Sultanahmet Square, displays a vast collection of items from various Islamic civilizations. The Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (Türk ve İslam Eserleri Müzesi is a museum located in Sultanahmet Square in Eminönü district of Istanbul, Sadberk Hanım Museum on the Bosphorus contains a wide variety of artifacts, dating from the earliest Anatolian civilizations to the Ottomans. The Sadberk Hanım Museum is a private museum located at the Bosporus in Büyükdere Istanbul, Turkey, which was established by the Vehbi Koç Foundation
Occasionally, in November, the Silahhane (Armory Hall) of Yıldız Palace hosts the Istanbul Antiques Fair, which brings together rare pieces of antiques from the Orient and Occident. Yıldız Palace is a collection of pavilions and villas in Istanbul, Turkey, built in the 19th and early 20th centuries The items are sold either directly, or through auction. The multi-storey Mecidiyeköy Antikacılar Çarşısı (Mecidiyeköy Antiques Bazaar) in the Mecidiyeköy quarter of Şişli is the largest antiques market in the city, while the Çukurcuma neighbourhood of Beyoğlu has rows of antiques shops in its streets. Şişli is a crowded central District of İstanbul, Turkey. It is a business shopping and residential area north of Taksim, the entertainment Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the The Grand Bazaar, edificed between 1455-1461 by the order of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and later enlarged in the 16th century during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent also has numerous antiques shops, along with shops selling jewels, carpets and other items of art and artisanship. See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Historic and rare books are found in the Sahaflar Çarşısı near Beyazıt Square, which was known as the Forum Tauri in the Roman period. It is one of the oldest book markets in the world, and has continuously been active in the same location since the late Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods.
A significant culture has been developed around what is known as a Turkish Bath (Hamam), the origins of which can be traced back to the ancient Roman Bath, which was a part of the Byzantine lifestyle and customs that were inherited first by the Seljuk Turks and later the Ottomans, who developed it into something more elaborate. The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the It was a culture of leisure during the Ottoman period. The hamams in the Ottoman culture started out as structural elements serving as annexes to mosques, however quickly evolved into institutions and eventually with the works of the great Ottoman architect Sinan, into monumental structural complexes, the finest example being the Çemberlitaş Hamamı (1584) in Istanbul, located on the Çemberlitaş (Column of Constantine) Square. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, [51]
Live shows and concerts are hosted at a number of locations including historical sites such as the Hagia Irene, Rumeli Fortress, Yedikule Castle, the courtyard of Topkapı Palace, and Gülhane Park; as well as the Atatürk Cultural Center, Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall and other open air and modern theater halls. Hagia Irene or Hagia Eirene ( Greek: Αγία Ειρήνη "Holy Peace" Turkish: Aya İrini) is a former Eastern Orthodox Rumelihisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey, on a hill at the European side of the Bosporus just north of the The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and Gülhane Park (Gülhane Parkı - "Rosehouse Park" from Persian: Gulkhāna - "house of flowers") is a historical Atatürk Cultural Center (Atatürk Kültür Merkezi called also simply as AKM, is a multi-purpose Cultural center located in Taksim Square Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall is a Concert hall located in the Harbiye neighbourhood of İstanbul, Turkey. For those who enjoy night life, there are many night clubs, pubs, restaurants and taverns with live music. The night clubs, restaurants and bars increase in number and move to open air spaces in the summer. The areas around Istiklal Avenue and Nişantaşı offer all sorts of cafés, restaurants, pubs and clubs as well as art galleries, theaters and cinemas. İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Nişantaşı is a quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, comprising neighbourhoods like Teşvikiye Osmanbey Maçka and Pangaltı
Media
The first Turkish newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi, was printed on 1 August 1831 in the Bâbıâli (Bâb-ı Âli, meaning The Sublime Porte) district. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court Bâbıâli became the main center for print media. Istanbul is also the printing capital of Turkey with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions. [43] Major newspapers with their headquarters in Istanbul include Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah, Radikal, Cumhuriyet, Zaman, Türkiye, Akşam, Bugün, Star, Dünya, Tercüman, Güneş, Vatan, Posta, Takvim, Vakit, Yeni Şafak, Fanatik and Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet (meaning Liberty) is an influential high-circulation broadsheet daily Turkish newspaper. Milliyet ( Turkish for " nationality " is a major Turkish Daily newspaper founded in 1950. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Radikal is a daily Turkish language newspaper published in Istanbul. Cumhuriyet (English Republic) is a centre-left Turkish daily Newspaper, founded on May 7, 1924 by Journalist The Turkish Daily News is a Turkish daily. It was established in March 1961 and is considered Turkey's first and largest English-language daily There are also numerous local and national TV and radio stations located in Istanbul, such as CNBC-e, CNN Türk, MTV Türkiye, Fox Türkiye, Fox Sports Türkiye, NTV, Kanal D, ATV, Show TV, Star TV, Cine5, SKY Türk, TGRT Haber, Kanal 7, Kanal Türk, Flash TV and many others. CNBC-e is a hybrid Business and Financial / Entertainment channel operated in Turkey by CNBC Europe and the NTV Group. CNN Türk is the Turkish version of the popular cable news channel CNN. MTV (Music Television Türkiye is the Turkish subsidiary of MTV, officially launched on October 23, 2006. Fox Sports Türkiye was a division of Fox Sports that created Turkish voiceovers for Fox Sports on Digiturk channel 70 and featuring sporting events in NTV Turkey is a Turkish nationwide Television news channel NTV was founded in 1996 and has partnered with MSNBC since May 2000 Kanal D is a nation-wide television channel in Turkey. The company is owned by media tycoon Aydın Doğan. ATV is a nationwide TV channel in Turkey, founded in 1993 Avrupa Yakası, a popular sitcom in Turkey is one of the channel's most popular programs Show TV is a nation-wide television channel in Turkey owned by Çukurova Holding. Star TV is a Turkish nation wide TV channel It was owned by Cem Uzan until it was sold to Aydın Doğan for 3065 Mio Cine5 is the first subscription based television channel in Turkey.
Recreation
The most popular places for swimming in the city are in Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece, Sarıyer and the Bosphorus. Büyükada ( Turkish, meaning "Big Island" Greek Πρίγκηπος Prinkipos or Prinkipo, meaning "Prince" or "Foremost" The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: Location Bakırköy is a large densely populated Middle class Residential Suburb of İstanbul, Turkey on its Location Küçükçekmece is on the Marmara coast on the eastern shore (nearest the city of an inlet of the Marmara called Küçükçekmece Gölü Sarıyer is the northernmost district of İstanbul on the European side of the city The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the Outside the city are the Marmara Sea's Princes' Islands, Silivri and Tuzla; as well as Kilyos and Şile on the Black Sea. The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: Silivri is a district of Istanbul along the Sea of Marmara in Turkey, used mainly as holiday and weekend homes for residents of the city See River Sile for the river in Italy Síle is also a girl's name in Irish, usually anglicized as Sheila.
The Princes' Islands (Prens Adaları) are a group of islands in the Marmara Sea, south of the quarters Kartal and Pendik. The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: Kartal is a district of Istanbul, Turkey located on the Asian side of the city on the coast of the Marmara Sea between Maltepe and Pendik Pendik is a quiet district in the Suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey on the Asian side between Kartal and Tuzla on the Marmara Sea. Pine and stone-pine wooden neoclassical and art nouveau-style Ottoman era summer mansions from the 19th and early 20th centuries, horse-drawn carriages (motor vehicles are not permitted) and seafood restaurants make them a popular destination. The (Italian Stone Pine (or Umbrella Pine) ( Pinus pinea; family Pinaceae) is a species of Pine native of Southern Europe in Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on They can be reached by ferry boats or high-speed catamaran Seabus (Deniz otobüsü) from Eminönü and Bostancı. Eminönü is a district of Istanbul in Turkey. This is the heart of the walled city of Constantine, the focus of a history of incredible richness For the village in Azerbaijan see Bostançı. Bostancı is a neighborhood located on the Anatolian Of the nine islands, only five are settled.
Şile is a distant and well-known Turkish seaside resort on the Black Sea, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Istanbul, where unspoiled white sand beaches can be found. See River Sile for the river in Italy Síle is also a girl's name in Irish, usually anglicized as Sheila. Kilyos is a small calm seaside resort not far from the northern European entrance of the Bosphorus at the Black Sea. The place has good swimming possibilities and has become popular in the recent years among the inhabitants of Istanbul as a place for excursions. Kilyos offers a beach park with seafood restaurants and night clubs, being particularly active in the summer with many night parties and live concerts on the beach.
Shopping
- See also: List of shopping malls in Istanbul
| “ | If one had but a single glance to give the world, one should gaze on Istanbul. This is a list of historical modern and projected shopping malls in Istanbul, Turkey. | ” |
Istanbul has numerous historic shopping centers, such as the Grand Bazaar (1461), Mahmutpaşa Bazaar (1462) and the Egyptian Bazaar (1660). Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de Lamartine ( October 21, 1790 - February 28, 1869) was a French See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" Mahmutpaşa Bazaar, ( Mahmutpaşa Çarşısı) is a historical bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey. The Spice Bazaar, ( Mısır Çarşısı, or Egyptian Bazaar) in Istanbul, Turkey is one of the oldest bazaars in the city The first modern shopping mall was Galleria Ataköy (1987), which was followed by dozens of others in the later decades, such as Akmerkez (1993) which is the only mall to win both "Europe's Best" and "World's Best" awards by the ICSC; Metrocity (2003); Cevahir Mall (2005) which is the largest mall in Europe; and Kanyon Mall (2006) which won the 2006 Cityscape Architectural Review Award for its interesting design. Galleria Ataköy, the first modern Shopping mall in Turkey, is situated in the western suburb of Ataköy, İstanbul. Trivia Akmerkez has been featured on Turkish television many times including the hit TV series Çılgın Bediş. The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC is an international Trade association of the Shopping center industry Cevahir Shopping Centre, opened on 15 October 2005, is a modern shopping and entertainment centre located in the Şişli district of Istanbul Kanyon is a multi-purpose complex in the Levent financial district of Istanbul, Turkey, which consists of a shopping mall a 30-floor office tower İstinye Park (2007) and City's Nişantaşı (2008) are two new malls which target high-end consumers and are almost exclusively dedicated to world-famous fashion brands.
Bars, cafés and restaurants
Along with the traditional Turkish restaurants, many European and Far Eastern restaurants and numerous other cuisines are also thriving in the city.
Most of the city's historic pubs and winehouses are located in the areas around İstiklal Avenue in Beyoğlu. Çiçek Pasajı (literally Flower Passage) originally called the Cité de Péra, is a famous historic Passage ( Galleria or arcade İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Etiler is a district on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, and officially a quarter within the borough of Beşiktaş, located close İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the The 19th century Çiçek Pasajı (literally Flower Passage in Turkish, or Cité de Péra in French, opened in 1876) on İstiklal Avenue can be described as a miniature version of the famous Galleria in Milan, Italy, and has rows of historic pubs, winehouses and restaurants. Çiçek Pasajı (literally Flower Passage) originally called the Cité de Péra, is a famous historic Passage ( Galleria or arcade The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is a covered double arcade formed of two glass-vaulted arcades at right angles intersecting in an Octagon; it is prominently Pano, established by Panayot Papadopoulos in 1898, and the neighbouring Viktor Levi, established in 1914, are among the oldest winehouses in the city and are located on Hamalbaşı Avenue near the British Consulate and Galatasaray Square. Cumhuriyet Meyhanesi (literally Republic Winehouse), called this way since the early 1930s but originally established in the early 1890s, is another popular historic tavern and is located in the nearby Sahne Street, along with the Hazzopulo Winehouse, established in 1871, inside the Hazzopulo Pasajı which connects Sahne Street and Meşrutiyet Avenue. The famous Nevizade Street, which has rows of historic pubs next to each other, is also in this area.
Other historic pubs are found in the areas around Tünel Pasajı and the nearby Asmalımescit Street. Some historic neighbourhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been recreated, such as Cezayir Street near Galatasaray Lisesi, which became known as La Rue Française and has rows of francophone pubs, cafés and restaurants playing live French music. Galatasaray Lisesi, known in other languages by its French name Lycée de Galatasaray was known in Turkish as the Galata Sarayı Enderun-u Hümayunu ( The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places
Istanbul is also famous for its historic seafood restaurants. Kanyon is a multi-purpose complex in the Levent financial district of Istanbul, Turkey, which consists of a shopping mall a 30-floor office tower Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city İstinye is a neighbourhood in Istanbul, on the European side Many of them were originally established by the local Greeks, such as Aleko'nun Yeri in Yeniköy on the European side of the Bosphorus, or Koço Restaurant in the Moda neighbourhood on the Asian side of the city, which also has a small Greek Orthodox Chapel and Hagiasma (Holy Spring) inside. See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. The most popular seafood restaurants are generally found along the shores of the Bosphorus and by the Marmara Sea shore towards the south of the city; from the south to the north Kumkapı, Ortaköy, Kuruçeşme (Park Fora, Marina), Arnavutköy (Kuyu), Bebek (Bebek Balıkçısı), Rumeli Hisarı (İskele), Yeniköy (İzmirli Balıkçı), Kireçburnu (historic Ali Baba) and Sarıyer on the European side; or Üsküdar, Kuzguncuk (İsmet Baba), Beylerbeyi (Villa Bosphorus), Kandilli, Anadolu Hisarı, Çengelköy (Deniz Yıldızı) on the Anatolian side. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian Kumkapı (meaning 'sand gate' in Turkish) is part of the Eminönü district of Istanbul. Ortaköy (literally Middle Village in Turkish) is a neighbourhood formerly a small village within the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul Arnavutköy (meaning "Albanian village" in Turkish) is a historic neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey, famous for its wooden Ottoman mansions Bebek is one of the wealthiest neighbourhoods of Istanbul. It is located on the European shores of the Bosphorus and is surrounded by other wealthy districts such Rumelihisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey, on a hill at the European side of the Bosporus just north of the Sarıyer is the northernmost district of İstanbul on the European side of the city Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Kuzguncuk is a district of Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the two Istanbul quarters deeply associated with Jewish settlement the other one being " Beylerbeyi " redirects here Beylerbey (from Beylerbeyi, Ottoman Turkish for " Bey of Beys" meaning "Commander Anadoluhisarı is a Fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey on the Anatolian ( Asian side of the Bosporus, which also gives Çengelköy is a district on the Asian shore of Istanbul Turkey. The Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara (Büyük Ada, Heybeli Ada, Kınalı Ada, Burgaz Ada) and Anadolu Kavağı near the northern entrance of the Bosphorus towards the Black Sea (close to Yoros Castle, which was also known as the Genoese Castle due to Genoa's possession of it in the mid-15th century) also have many historic seafood restaurants. The Princes' Islands ( Turkish: Prens Adaları Islands or more commonly Kizil Adalar Islands as they are officially named classical Greek: The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Yoros Castle (Yoros kalesi is a ruined castle at the confluence of the Bosporus and the Black Sea, to the north of Joshua's Hill, just outside Istanbul The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century
Clubs
There are thousands of alternatives for night life in Istanbul but the most popular open air summer time seaside night clubs are found on the Bosphorus, such as Reina, Sortie and Anjelique in the Ortaköy district. Ortaköy (literally Middle Village in Turkish) is a neighbourhood formerly a small village within the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul Babylon and Nu Pera in Beyoğlu are popular night clubs both in the summer and in the winter, while Istanbul Arena in Maslak frequently hosts the live concerts of famous singers and bands from all corners of the world. Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Maslak is one of the main Business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city Parkorman in Maslak hosted the Isle of MTV Party in 2002 and is a popular venue for live concerts and rave parties in the summer. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. Q Jazz Bar in Ortaköy offers live jazz music in a stylish environment.
Education
- Further information: Education in Turkey
 Main entrance gate of Istanbul University on Beyazıt Square, which was known as Forum Tauri in the Roman period. The Turkish Education System was built in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. Istanbul University (İstanbul Üniversitesi is Turkey 's main and oldest prestige University. Beyazıt Tower, located within the campus, is seen in the background. Beyazıt Tower is an 85 Metre tall fire-watch Tower located in the courtyard of Istanbul University 's main campus on Beyazıt Square (known as |
Universities
- See also: List of universities in Istanbul
Istanbul holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Turkey, including more than 20 public and private universities. Boğaziçi University (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey. Marmara University ( Turkish Marmara Üniversitesi) is a public university in Turkey. This list of universities in Istanbul lists the universities within the city limits of Istanbul Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Istanbul University (1453) is the oldest Turkish educational institution in the city, while Istanbul Technical University (1773) is the world's second-oldest technical university dedicated entirely to engineering sciences. Istanbul University (İstanbul Üniversitesi is Turkey 's main and oldest prestige University. Istanbul Technical University ( ITU, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi commonly referred to as İTÜ or Teknik Üniversite is an international Technical university Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable Other prominent state universities in Istanbul are the Boğaziçi University (1863), Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts (1882), Marmara University (1883), Yıldız Technical University (1911) and Galatasaray University (1992). Boğaziçi University (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey. Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts (Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi is a Turkish state university dedicated to the higher education of fine arts Marmara University ( Turkish Marmara Üniversitesi) is a public university in Turkey. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi (YTÜ or YTU for the English name Yıldız Technical University) is a Technical university dedicated to engineering sciences Galatasaray University or Université Galatasaray (Galatasaray Üniversitesi is a Turkish public university established in İstanbul, Turkey, in The major private universities in the city include Koç University (1993), Sabancı University (1994), Yeditepe University (1996), Bilgi University (1996), Işık University (1996), Fatih University (1996), Maltepe University (1997), Beykent University (1997), Kadir Has University (1997), Haliç University (1998), Bahçeşehir University (1998), Okan University (1999), and Istanbul Commerce University (2001). Koç University is a private nonprofit institution founded in 1993 and located in Istanbul, Turkey. Sabancı University (SU is a private research institution located in Istanbul Turkey Yeditepe University is a private university situated in Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul Bilgi University (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi is a private non-profit university in Istanbul, Turkey. Işık University is a Private university located in İstanbul, Turkey. Fatih University is a private (foundation university principally located in Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Maltepe University (Maltepe Üniversitesi is a private university located in Maltepe district of Istanbul, Turkey. Established in Istanbul, Turkey in 1997 the Beykent University has four faculties comprising 28 academic departments in the fields of Engineering and Architecture Kadir Has University (KHU or as mostly preferred by its students (KHAS, was founded in 1997 in Istanbul. Bahçeşehir University is a private educational institution in Turkey, located at the European Side of Istanbul. Okan University is a Private university in Istanbul, Turkey. History The university was founded by Okan Holding a Turkish company
High schools
- See also: List of schools in Istanbul
Galatasaray Lisesi, established in 1481 as Galata Sarayı Enderun-u Hümayunu (Galata Palace Imperial School) and later known as Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultanisi (Galatasaray School of the Sultans) is the oldest Turkish high school in Istanbul and the second oldest Turkish educational institution in the city after Istanbul University which was established in 1453. The list of schools in Istanbul lists the relevant high schools within the city limits of Istanbul Galatasaray Lisesi, known in other languages by its French name Lycée de Galatasaray was known in Turkish as the Galata Sarayı Enderun-u Hümayunu ( Istanbul University (İstanbul Üniversitesi is Turkey 's main and oldest prestige University. Galatasaray gives education primarily in Turkish and French, but there are also courses in English, Italian, Latin, Greek, Ottoman Turkish, Persian and Arabic.
İstanbul Lisesi, also commonly known as İstanbul Erkek Lisesi (established in 1884), abbreviated İEL, is one of the oldest and internationally renowned high schools of Turkey located in İstanbul. İstanbul Lisesi, also commonly known as İstanbul Erkek Lisesi, abbreviated İEL, is one of the oldest and internationally renowned High schools of The school is considered among the elite of Turkish public high schools. Germany recognizes the school as a Deutsche Auslandsschule (German International school).
Almost all Turkish private high schools and universities in Istanbul teach in English, German or French as the primary foreign language, usually accompanied by a secondary foreign language. İstanbul Lisesi, also commonly known as İstanbul Erkek Lisesi, abbreviated İEL, is one of the oldest and internationally renowned High schools of Robert College of Istanbul ( Turkish: Istanbul Amerikan Robert Lisesi) is one of the most selective independent private high schools in Turkey.
Fen Liseleri (Science High Schools) were established with the aim of providing education to exceptionally gifted students in mathematics, physics, chemistry and other sciences. These are boarding schools which offer a three-year program with a curriculum that emphasises science and mathematics. The schools have a standard class size of 24 pupils and the language of instruction is Turkish.
Anadolu Liseleri (Anatolian High Schools) were originally furnished for the Turkish children who returned home from foreign countries, such as the Üsküdar Anadolu Lisesi with German as the primary foreign language and technical instruction in German. Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi on the Asian side, however, is one of the first six special Ministry of Education Colleges (Maarif Koleji) established in 1950s in big cities across Turkey. Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi, also commonly known as Kadıköy Maarif Koleji, abbreviated Kadıköy Maarif or KAL, is one of the oldestthe most prestigious Those English-medium colleges, too, were renamed as "Anadolu Lisesi" in subsequent decades.
There are many foreign high schools in Istanbul, most of which were established in the 19th century in order to give education to the foreigners residing in Istanbul, or to local Stambouliotes with European roots. Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, most of these schools went under the administration of the Turkish Ministry of Education, but some of them still have considerable foreign administration, such as the Liceo Italiano (Özel İtalyan Lisesi, 1861) which is still regarded as an Italian state school by the government of Italy and continues to receive funding and teachers from Rome. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Liceo Scientifico Italiano IMI, more popularly known locally as Özel İtalyan Lisesi, is under legislation a private school which is situated in The oldest such school is the French Lycée Saint-Benoit, established in 1783 with its current name (the school's roots go back to 1362). Robert College, established in 1863, is the world's oldest American school outside the United States. Robert College of Istanbul ( Turkish: Istanbul Amerikan Robert Lisesi) is one of the most selective independent private high schools in Turkey. The first international school in the city, Istanbul International Community School, was founded in 1911 to educate the children of international professors at Robert College. An International school is loosely defined as a School that does not require their students to learn the national or local language of the country the school is located in Istanbul International Community School, the first International school established in Istanbul, was founded in 1911 to educate the children of international Robert College of Istanbul ( Turkish: Istanbul Amerikan Robert Lisesi) is one of the most selective independent private high schools in Turkey. [52] The name of the school was [[Robert College Community School until 1979, when it was changed to its current name, Istanbul International Community School (IICS). Istanbul International Community School, the first International school established in Istanbul, was founded in 1911 to educate the children of international [53] With a law passed by the Turkish Parliament in 1971, foreign universities in Turkey (i. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral e. Boğaziçi University which was originally the university section of Robert College) went under the jurisdiction of the Turkish state, but high schools were allowed to operate with foreign headmasters and curricula, such as the high school section of Robert College which continues to have an American headmaster. Boğaziçi University (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey. Other similar examples are the Lycée Notre Dame de Sion (1856), Deutsche Schule Istanbul (1868), Lycée Saint-Joseph (1870), Üsküdar American Academy (1876), Lycée Saint-Michel (1886), Sankt Georg Austrian High School (1892), Zappeion Greek Girls' High School, Italian Girls' Junior High School, Esayan Armenian Girls' High School, Saint Jean Baptiste French Boys' School, Saint Pulcherie Jesuit School, Zoğrafyon Greek Boys' High School and the British Girls' School. Deutsche Schule Istanbul, also known as Özel Alman Lisesi (" German High School Istanbul " in English is one of the most prestigious high schools in St Joseph High School (İstanbul Özel Saint-Joseph Fransız Lisesi is a private high school located in Istanbul, Turkey. Üsküdar American Academy is a private coeducational high school located in Istanbul, Turkey. St George's Austrian High School ( Turkish: Sankt Georg Avusturya Lisesi, German: Österreichisches Sankt Georgs-Kolleg) is a private Zografeio Lyceum or Zografeion Gymnaseion-Lykeion (Ζωγράφειο Λύκειο is one of the few remaining open Greek schools in Istanbul. Phanar Greek Orthodox College (Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi), established in 1454, is the oldest surviving and most prestigious Greek high school in the city. Phanar Greek Orthodox College ( Turkish: Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi, Greek Μεγάλη του Γένους Σχολή (Great School of the Nation Many Ottoman viziers as well as Wallachian and Moldavian princes appointed by the Ottoman state were graduated from this school.
Libraries
- See also: List of libraries in Istanbul
Istanbul has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods, as well as from other civilizations of the past. The list of libraries in Istanbul lists the libraries within the city limits of Istanbul The most important libraries in terms of historic document collections include the Topkapı Palace Library, Library of the Archaeological Museum, Library of the Naval Museum, Beyazıt State Library, Nuruosmaniye Library, Süleymaniye Library, Istanbul University Library, Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Paşa Library, Atatürk Library and Çelik Gülersoy Library.
Sports
- See also: Sport facilities
During the Roman and Byzantine periods, the most important sporting events were the chariot races that were held at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which had a capacity to accommodate more than 100,000 spectators. The list of sport facilities in Istanbul lists the relevant architectural entities within the city limits of Istanbul Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadı) located in İkitelli a district in the western outskirts of İstanbul, is the largest-capacity stadium of Istanbul Park (İstanbul Park also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially Istanbul Otodrom, is a Motor sports Race track in The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples The Hippodrome of Constantinople (Sultanahmet Meydanı At Meydanı was a horse-racing track that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of
Today, sports like football, basketball and volleyball are very popular in the city. In addition to Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş, which field teams in multiple sports, several other clubs have also excelled in particular team sports; such as Efes Pilsen and Fenerbahçe Ülker in basketball; or Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank in volleyball. Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Sports Club commonly known as Fenerbahçe (feneːɾbatʃe is a professional Sports club based in the district of This article is about a District in İstanbul For the sports club see Beşiktaş J Efes Pilsen Spor Kulübü ( English: Efes Pilsen Sport Club) is a Turkish professional Basketball club based in İstanbul and sponsored Fenerbahçe Ülker is the professional Basketball section of Fenerbahçe SK, a major Sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. Eczacıbaşı Istanbul is a Turkish Volleyball club which is playing their home matches at the Eczacıbaşı Spor Salonu hall in Istanbul. Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta Istanbul is a Turkish Volleyball club which plays its home matches at the Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall in Istanbul.
The Atatürk Olympic Stadium is a five-star UEFA stadium and a first-class venue for track and field, having reached the highest required standards set by the International Olympic Committee and sports federations such as the IAAF, FIFA and UEFA. Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadı) located in İkitelli a district in the western outskirts of İstanbul, is the largest-capacity stadium of The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. The stadium hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final. See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners The UEFA Champions League, which evolved from the European Champion Clubs' Cup is a seasonal club The Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium will host the 2009 UEFA Cup Final. Fenerbahçe Saracoğlu Stadium ( pronounced as /ʃycɾy saɾat͡ʃoɣɫu/ in Turkish) is a football Stadium in the Kadıköy district The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA.
Personal sports like golf, horse riding and tennis are gaining popularity as the city hosts international tournaments such as the WTA Istanbul Cup. The İstanbul Cup is a Tennis Tournament held in İstanbul, Turkey. For aerobics and bodybuilding, numerous fitness clubs are available. Paintball is a sport which has recently gained popularity and is practiced by two large clubs in the proximity of Istanbul. Martial arts and other Eastern disciplines and practices such as Aikido and Yoga can be exercised in several centers across the city. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies philosophy and religious beliefs Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Istanbul also hosts the annual MTB races in the nearby Belgrad Forest and Büyükada Island. Büyükada ( Turkish, meaning "Big Island" Greek Πρίγκηπος Prinkipos or Prinkipo, meaning "Prince" or "Foremost" Two of the most prominent cycling teams of Turkey, namely the Scott/Marintek MTB Team and the Kron/Sektor Bikes/Efor Bisiklet MTB Team, are from Istanbul.
Istanbul hosts several annual motorsports events, such as the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix, the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 and the Le Mans Series 1,000 km (621 mi) races at the Istanbul Park GP Racing Circuit. The Turkish Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race that debuted on August 21, 2005 as part of the 2005 Formula One season. Overview A Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM in 1949 The Turkish Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race that debuted on August 21, 2005 as part of the 2005 Formula One season. The World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC) is an international Touring Car championship organized by the FIA. For the article about the Asian version of the GP2 series see GP2 Asia Series. The Le Mans Series (LMS is a European Sports car racing endurance series based around the 24 Hours of Le Mans race and run by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest Istanbul Park (İstanbul Park also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially Istanbul Otodrom, is a Motor sports Race track in
From time to time Istanbul also hosts the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing on the Bosphorus. F1 Powerboat World Championship is a competition of power Yachts with rules similar to Formula 1 car racing The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the Several annual sailing and yacht races take place on the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Yacht racing is the sport of competitive Sailing. There is a broad variety of kinds of races and sailboats used for racing The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Golden Horn is where the rowing races take place. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004 Major clubs like Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş, and major universities such as the Bosphorus University have rowing teams.
Air racing is new to the city. Air racing is a Sport that involves small aircraft. History The first event in air racing history was held in 1909 the Grand Week of the Champagne On July 29, 2006, Istanbul hosted the 4th round of the spectacular Red Bull Air Race World Series above the Golden Horn. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Red Bull Air Race World Series, established in 2003 and created by Red Bull, is an international series of air races in which competitors have to navigate a challenging The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the
| Club | Sport | Established | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beşiktaş JK | Football | 1903 | Turkcell Super League | İnönü Stadium |
| Galatasaray SK | Football | 1905 | Turkcell Super League | Ali Sami Yen Stadium |
| Fenerbahçe SK | Football | 1907 | Turkcell Super League | Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium |
| Istanbulspor AS | Football | 1926 | Turkish 2nd Division | Güngören Stadium |
| Beşiktaş Cola Turka | Basketball | 1903 | Turkish Basketball League | BJK Akatlar Arena |
| Galatasaray Cafe Crown | Basketball | 1905 | Turkish Basketball League | Ayhan Şahenk Sports Hall |
| Fenerbahçe Ülkerspor | Basketball | 1907 | Turkish Basketball League | Abdi İpekçi Arena |
| Beykoz 1908 | Basketball | 1908 | Turkish Basketball League | R. Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (commonly Beşiktaş, bɛʃɪktɑːʃ ( English: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club) is a professional Sports club Beşiktaş İnönü Stadium (Beşiktaş İnönü Stadyumu is the home of the football club Beşiktaş J Ali Sami Yen Stadı is the home of the football club Galatasaray SK in Istanbul, Turkey. Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Sports Club commonly known as Fenerbahçe (feneːɾbatʃe is a professional Sports club based in the district of Fenerbahçe Saracoğlu Stadium ( pronounced as /ʃycɾy saɾat͡ʃoɣɫu/ in Turkish) is a football Stadium in the Kadıköy district İstanbul SAŞ is a Turkish football and sports club founded by İstanbul Lisesi students in 1926 Güngören M Yahya Baş Stadyumu is a multi-purpose Stadium in the Güngören district of Istanbul, Turkey. Beşiktaş Cola Turka is the basketball team of Beşiktaş JK BJK Akatlar Arena is a multi-purpose Indoor arena located in Akatlar Istanbul, Turkey. Galatasaray Café Crown is a Basketball club part of Galatasaray Sports Club, based in Istanbul, Turkey. Ayhan Şahenk Sports Hall is an Indoor arena located in Istanbul, Turkey. Fenerbahçe Ülker is the professional Basketball section of Fenerbahçe SK, a major Sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. Abdi İpekçi Arena, formerly known as Abdi İpekçi Sports Complex, is a multi-purpose Indoor arena located in the Zeytinburnu district of İstanbul TTNet Beykoz 1908 is a Turkish Sports club based in Beykoz, an İstanbul district Şahin Köktürk Sports Hall |
| Darüşşafaka S.K. | Basketball | 1914 | Turkish Basketball League | Ayhan Şahenk Sports Hall |
| Tekelspor | Basketball | 1941 | Turkish Basketball League | Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall |
| Efes Pilsen S.K. | Basketball | 1976 | Turkish Basketball League | Abdi İpekçi Arena |
| Alpella | Basketball | 2006 | Turkish Basketball League | Caferağa Sports Hall |
| Eczacıbaşı | Volleyball | 1977 | Turkish Women's Volleyball League | Eczacıbaşı Sports Hall |
| Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta | Volleyball | 1986 | Turkish Women's Volleyball League | Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall |
Town twinning
The following is a list of Istanbul's sister cities:[54][55]
Related lists
- List of architectural structures in Istanbul
- List of columns and towers in Istanbul
- List of hospitals in Istanbul
- List of Istanbulites
- List of libraries in Istanbul
- List of mayors of Istanbul
- List of museums and monuments in Istanbul
- List of schools in Istanbul
- List of shopping malls in Istanbul
- List of urban centers in Istanbul
- List of universities in Istanbul
- List of tallest buildings in Istanbul
See also
- 1509 Istanbul earthquake
- 2004 Istanbul Summit
- 2008 Istanbul fireworks explosion
- Istanbul (Not Constantinople), a song about the city's name
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Megacity
Notes
- ^ a b Türkiye istatistik kurumu Address-based population survey 2007. Darüşşafaka Cooper Tires is a Basketball club based in İstanbul, Turkey that plays in the Turkish Basketball League. Ayhan Şahenk Sports Hall is an Indoor arena located in Istanbul, Turkey. Tekelspor is a Basketball club based in İstanbul, Turkey that plays in the Turkish Basketball League. Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall is an Indoor arena located in Istanbul, Turkey. Efes Pilsen Spor Kulübü ( English: Efes Pilsen Sport Club) is a Turkish professional Basketball club based in İstanbul and sponsored Abdi İpekçi Arena, formerly known as Abdi İpekçi Sports Complex, is a multi-purpose Indoor arena located in the Zeytinburnu district of İstanbul Alpella is a Turkish Basketball team founded in 1975 with the name Ülkerspor. Caferağa Sport Hall, (Caferağa Spor Salonu is a multi-purpose Indoor arena located in Kadıköy district of İstanbul, Turkey and opened Eczacıbaşı Istanbul is a Turkish Volleyball club which is playing their home matches at the Eczacıbaşı Spor Salonu hall in Istanbul. Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta Istanbul is a Turkish Volleyball club which plays its home matches at the Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall in Istanbul. Haldun Alagaş Sports Hall is an Indoor arena located in Istanbul, Turkey. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Constanţa (pronunciation in Romanian: /kon'stanʦa/ historical names Tomis, Κωνστάντια or Constantia, Köstence Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Skopje (Скопје; Shkup or Shkupi is the Capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population The Republic of Macedonia (Република ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Johor Bahru, also spelled Johor Baharu, Johor Baru, ( "Baru" means "new" in Malay) or Johore Bahru and abbreviated For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Mary (pronounced Mur-ree is a city of Turkmenistan, capital of the Mary Province. Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Osh ( Kyrgyz: Ош) is the second largest city in Kyrgyzstan located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country and often referred Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is at the southwestern tip of Honshū, facing the Tsushima Strait and also Kitakyushu For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Surabaya (formerly spelled as Soerabaja) is Indonesia 's second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Constantine ( Arabic: is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The list of architectural structures in Istanbul lists the relevant architectural entities within the city limits of Istanbul The following is a list of columns and towers located in İstanbul, Turkey: Columns Column of Constantine (Çemberlitaş This is a list of hospitals in Istanbul. State hospitals Bakırköy Dr This is a list of famous people hailing from the city of Istanbul Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegün, co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records The list of libraries in Istanbul lists the libraries within the city limits of Istanbul This is a list of Mayors of Istanbul, Turkey. Ottoman Empire (1453-1923 During 1453-1858 In the Ottoman Empire the duty of The list of museums and monuments in Istanbul lists the relevant architectural entities within the city limits of Istanbul The list of schools in Istanbul lists the relevant high schools within the city limits of Istanbul This is a list of historical modern and projected shopping malls in Istanbul, Turkey. The list of urban centers in Istanbul lists the relevant civic centers (Markets neighborhoods and places within the city limits of Istanbul This list of universities in Istanbul lists the universities within the city limits of Istanbul An incomplete list of the tallest buildings in Istanbul: The Top 10 Istanbul Skyscrapers Istanbul Skyscrapers that are taller than 100 meters The 2004 Istanbul summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 28 to June 29 2004 2008 Istanbul Fireworks Explosion occurred on February 1, 2008. " Istanbul (Not Constantinople " is a swing -style song with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. The Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, also known as the C40 Cities (and originally as the C20 Cities is a group of cities committed to the reduction of urban A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
- ^ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Districts of Istanbul
- ^ "The Names of Istanbul". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi 5. (1994). Ciltli.
- ^ "The Names of Istanbul". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi 5. (1994). Ciltli.
- ^ Prof. Dr. Murat Belge. Kültür Haritaları Serisi (Turkish). National Geographic Türkiye. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ Robinson, Richard D. (1965). The First Turkish Republic: A Case Study in National Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ 5th World Congress of the International Economic Association (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the ]
- ^ Cultural Details of Istanbul. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved on 2007-10-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Vailhé, S. (1908). "Constantinople". Catholic Encyclopedia 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ "Istanbul". Britannica Online. (September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ "Imperial Battle Descriptions, A.D. 306-363". De Imperatoribus Romanis. (November 2004). Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Vailhé, S. (1908). "Constantinople". Catholic Encyclopedia 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Phillips, Jonathan (2005). The Fourth Crusade. London: Pimlico. ISBN 1844130800.
- ^ a b Kinross, Patrick (2002). John Patrick Balfour 3rd Baron Kinross, (1904-1976 was a writer noted for his biography of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and other works in Islamic Historiography The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Perrenial. ISBN 0688080936. OCLC 57554744. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ Bamber Gascoigne. History of the Byzantine Empire. HistoryWorld. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Ian Traynor. A disaster waiting to happen - why a huge earthquake near Istanbul seems inevitable. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ a b Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information. Retrieved on Jan 4, 2008.
- ^ Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation. Science (2000).
- ^ "Quake increases risk for temblor in Istanbul", MIT News Office, 1999-09-25. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Retrieved on 2006-08-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
- ^ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality attends to Madrid-FITUR Tourism Fair. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ a b Ana Britannica: Turkish edition of Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Çemberlitas (Burnt Column), Istanbul. TurkeyTravelPlanner. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Bury, John Bagnell (1923). John Bagnell Bury ( 16 October 1861 &ndash 1 June 1927) known as J History of the Later Roman Empire Vol. I. Macmillan & Co. , Ltd. , 70.
- ^ Istanbul. Brittanica (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Council. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Districts. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Istanbul population
- ^ Presentation of Reference City: Istanbul. Urban Green Environment. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Ortaylı, İlber. İstanbul'dan Sayfalar, p. 286. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi. ISBN 9944-148-01-6.
- ^ Mansel, Phillip (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924. John Murray, 28.
- ^ PriceWaterhouseCoopers: U. PricewaterhouseCoopers (or PwC is one of the world's largest Professional services firms K. Economic Outlook and Global City GDP Ranking 2005-2020 Full Report (PDF)
- ^ CNN Türk: Dış ticaretin lokomotifi İstanbul (Istanbul is the locomotive of foreign trade)
- ^ Forbes list of "Billionaire Cities" in The Sunday Times article "Turkey's new rich find the Midas touch". March 9, 2008. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Financial sector (PDF). Foreign Economic Relations Board Turkey DEIK. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
- ^ World Gold Council > jewellery:Turkey. World Gold Council. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
- ^ Hürriyet: 2006’da Türkiye’ye gelen turist başına harcama 728 dolara indi
- ^ Sabah: Turist sayısı genelde düştü İstanbul'da arttı
- ^ EIBTM 2007 - The Global Meetings & Incentive Exhibition for the MICE Industry. Reed Exhibitions Limited (member of the Association of Event Organisers (AEO)). Retrieved on 2006-03-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ Med Retreat - Medical Tourism: Turkey
- ^ BBC News - Health - Personal story: IVF in Istanbul
- ^ Med-Istanbul: Laser Eye Surgery in Istanbul
- ^ Plastic Surgery in Turkey
- ^ a b CIA — The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2006-03-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ a b İSKİ İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi: Tarihce. Istanbul water and sewerage administration (history). Retrieved on 2006-03-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ İSKİ Administration. Istanbul water and sewerage administration. Retrieved on 2006-03-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ Silahtarağa Santral becomes Santralistanbul Museum
- ^ a b c d e PTT Chronology
- ^ Istanbul City Guide: Beylerbeyi Palace
- ^ a b c Türk Telekom: History
- ^ "Orient Express". Britannica Online. (September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Istanbul's Hamam. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ Turkish Embassy.org - Republic of Turkey. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2007. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ CIS Directory. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2007. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Sister Cities of Istanbul. Retrieved on 2007-09-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Erdem, Selim Efe. "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş", Radikal, 2003-11-03. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. (Turkish) "49 sister cities in 2003"
External links
- Website of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
- Office of the Governor of Istanbul Province
- WikiSatellite view of Istanbul at WikiMapia
- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982 and 2005
- Emporis Buildings Database: Historic and modern buildings of Istanbul
- Ottoman Engineer-Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul
- Official website of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Monthly Press Magazine
A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
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