| Iskander Mirza | |
 | |
| In office 23 March 1956 – 27 October 1958 | |
| Prime Minister | Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon and Mohammad Ayub Khan |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | Office Created |
| Succeeded by | Ayub Khan |
| In office 6 October 1955 – 23 March 1956 | |
| Prime Minister | Chaudhry Muhammad Ali |
| Preceded by | Ghulam Muhammad |
| Succeeded by | Office Abolished |
| Born | 13 November 1899 Murshidabad, British India |
| Died | November 12, 1969 (aged 69) London, UK |
| Political party | Republican Party |
Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE, or Iskander Mirza (Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (October 6, 1955 to March 23, 1956) and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958). The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali ( Urdu: چوہدری محمد علی) ( July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy ( September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar ( Urdu: ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر) (commonly known as I Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon (1893-1970 was a Politician from Pakistan. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali ( Urdu: چوہدری محمد علی) ( July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani Malik Ghulam Muhammad ( Urdu: ملک غلام محمد) served as Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955 shortly before his death in 1956 Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Murshidabad (মুর্শিদাবাদ is a city in Murshidabad district of West Bengal For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The party was formed in October 1955 by a break away of the Muslim League and other politicians supporting the creation of the West Pakistan province Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Sahib ( Urdu: صاحب) (traditionally ˈsɑːɪb or /ˈsɑːb/ in English now often /səˈhiːb/ is a South Asian term of respect meaning Sir master For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of Chivalry founded by Victoria in 1878 The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established in 1947 as a result of the Partition of India into two sovereign dominions the Union The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
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Early life
Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza was born at Murshidabad on November 13, 1899, the eldest son of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza (1876-1948), a prince of the ruling house of Murshidabad and grandson of Nawab Mansur Ali Khan, the last Nawab of Bengal. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Murshidabad (মুর্শিদাবাদ is a city in Murshidabad district of West Bengal Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nawab Sayyid Mansur Ali Khan ( 29 October 1830 - 4 November 1884) was Nawab of Bengal until his abdication The Nawabs of Bengal were the hereditary nazim s or Subadars (provincial governors of the Subah (province of Bengal during Iskander Mirza was therefore a descendant of Mir Jafar. Sayyid Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan, formal title Shuja ul-Mulk Hashim ud-Daula Nawab Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mahabat Jang commonly known as Mir Jafar He was a Shi'a Muslim, as his emblem below displays the sign of the Zulfiqar, the sword of Ali (son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad). Zulfiqar "Spinecleaver" (ذو الفقار Dhū l-Fiqār) is the legendary sword of the Islamic leader ‘Alī. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH He grew up in Bombay. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial After completing his early education at Elphinstone College Bombay, he was later educated at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, becoming the first graduate from the Indian subcontinent at the academy, and was commissioned into the British Indian Army in 1920. Elphinstone College is an institution of higher education affiliated to the University of Mumbai. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst ( RMAS) commonly known simply as Sandhurst, is the British Army officer initial training centre This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. He was attached to the 2nd Btn. , Cameronians 16 July 1920, and served in the Khodad Khel Operations 1921 and at Waziristan 1924. He transferred to the 17th Poona Hse(Queen Victoria's Own) later that year, and joined the Indian Political Service in 1926. The Indian Political Service was a department of the Indian Civil Service during the British Raj. He was Assistant Commissioner at Abbottabad 1926-1928, Bannu 1928-1930, Nowshera 1930-1933, and Tonk 1933, a Department Commissioner at Hazara 1933-1936 & at Marda 1936-1938. He was a Political Agent Khyber 1938-1940, Dep. Cmsnr. Peshawar & Political Agent to the Mohmands 1940, Political Agent Orissa States 1945-1946, Joint Defence Sec. India 1946-1947, Defence Sec. Mirza only served in the army for six years, after which he was the first Indian to be accepted in the elite Indian Political Service, eventually becoming a joint secretary in the Ministry of Defence of British India. In this position, he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India.
Defence Secretary and Governor-General
Upon the formation of Pakistan, Mirza was made the Defence Secretary of the new nation, this appointment owed to Mirza's ranking as the highest Muslim civil servant in India at the time. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and In 1954, he was made governor of East Pakistan to bring order to a politically distressed region. This position was followed by his being appointed Minister of Interior and Frontier Regions in Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra's cabinet. Muhammad Ali Bogra (1909 - 1963 (মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া محمد علی بوگرہ Urdu was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin In 1955, he became acting Governor-General, before becoming the last Governor-General of Pakistan. Iskander Mirza was also a great advocate of the One Unit scheme and believed in the separation of state and religion. When Mirza succeeded the ailing Ghulam Mohammad as Governor-General, he was married to his second wife, Mrs Nahid Mirza, an Iranian lady who was previously the wife of the Military Attaché of Iran in Pakistan.
President of Pakistan
In 1956, Pakistan established its first constitution, and the position of Governor-General was replaced by that of President. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The two were essentially the same, but Mirza was officially elected as President by the Assembly. During his presidency, Pakistan was politically unstable, this was marked by four different prime ministers in two years.
Military Coup D'état
By 1958, realising that the 1956 Constitution was contributing to political instability, Mirza declared martial law on October 7th with the view to introducing a new constitution "more suited to the genius of the Pakistani people" in November. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice However, it is disputed that even though, he became the first President of Pakistan under the new constitution, he was not very fond of it. He is quoted in the book, Shahabnama [1], holding the constitution in his hand, and referring it as a "trashy book. " Mirza's efforts and energies, as Shahab relates, were geared to one principal purpose, his continuation in office. Mirza was apprehensive that general elections could lead to a change in the Office of President and so elections had to be deferred under some pretext or other, which led to his declaration of Martial Law on October 7, 1958. He appointed the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, Ayub Khan, as the martial law administrator. The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 Once the deed was done, he realized that he forfeited his own political legitimacy. Less than three weeks into martial law he was ushered out of the Presidential Palace, first to Quetta and then to exile in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He thus precipitated his departure from the Office of President rather than prolong his tenure. Ayub Khan declared himself President on October 27th after a bloodless coup d'état.
Honours
India General Service Medal (1936)
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal-1935
King George VI Coronation Medal-1937
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)-1939
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE)-1945
Pakistan Independence Medal-1948
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal-1953
Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran-1956
Order of the Supreme Sun, 1st Class of the Kingdom of Afghanistan-1958
Family
On 24 November 1922, Iskander married Rif'a'at Begum (1907-23 March 1967). The Indian General Service Medal ( 1936 IGSM) was a campaign Medal approved on 3rd August 1938 for issue to officers and men of the British and The King George V Silver Jubilee Medal was a commemorative medal made to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Coronation of King George V. The King George VI Coronation Medal was a commemorative medal made to celebrate the Coronation of King George VI. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of Chivalry founded by Victoria in 1878 The Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal was a commemorative medal made to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Reign of Mohammed Nadir Shah 1929-1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah quickly abolished most of Amanullah Khan 's reforms but despite his efforts to rebuild an army Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The couple had two sons and four daughters.
In October 1954, Iskander married Naheed Begum (1914-), the couple had no children. October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Death
Mirza lived in exile in London till his death in 1969. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He died of a heart-attack in London about 5:30 pm just a day before his 70th birthday on the 12th November 1969. After Yahya Khan's military government refused to allow him to be buried in his own country, his body was flown to Tehran where the Shah of Iran gave him a State Funeral befitting a Head of State. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of
Major-General Iskander Mirza Photo Gallery
 Iskander Mirza with British Officers. |  The Head of British Naval Commands in the centre. Major-General Iskander Mirza on the left and one his officers and the right. |  Major Syed Iskander Mirza First Indian Officer in Politics. Capt Syed Iskander Ali Mirza Cavalry Officer Poona horse. Major Iskander Mirza, First Indian Political Agent Khyber 1936-41 . Major Iskander Mirza with Sons. (From Left To Right . . Bottom: Left To right) |  Copy Right Dawn News Paper |
 Major-General Iskander Mirza |  Major-General Iskander Mirza's Family Crest |  Major-General Iskander Mirza in army uniform. (1956). |
Excerpts From Major General Iskander Mirza's Letter to His Children
Mr. Chundrigar is now Prime Minister and I hope the present Government will continue until general election in November 1958. I am quite sure there will be a new President in the new set-up. I am tired of trying to keep the country on the rails and wish all the luck to my successor. With 15% literacy we are trying to run a Constitution which requires 70% literacy - This is the basis of all our troubles. I trusted the Army and in Military honour of General Ayub khan. This was an error of judgment, and people who got on top and misjudge as I did have no right to complain and deserve what they get. This is the end of an episode as far as I am concerned. Individuals don't count, it is the country which matters.
Signed I. A. M.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman | Governor of East Bengal 29 May 1954 - May, 1955 | Succeeded by Muhammad Shahabuddin (acting) |
| Preceded by Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani | Interior Minister of Pakistan 24 October 1954 - 7 August 1955 | Succeeded by A. K. Fazlul Huq |
| Preceded by Ghulam Mohammad | Governor-General of Pakistan 6 October 1955 - 23 March 1956 | Succeeded by Office abolished |
| Preceded by Office created | President of Pakistan 23 March 1956 – 27 October 1958 | Succeeded by General Ayub Khan |
References
- Shahab, Qudrat-Ullah (2005 (21st Edition)). Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman was an Indian Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League in the United Provinces (now Uttar East Bengal ( Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbobôngo) was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Muhammad Shahabuddin ( Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین) was born on 13 May 1895 at Ellore in Madras. Mushtaque Ahmed Gurmani (b1905 was a Pakistani politician In his role as Minister without Portfolio he signed the Karachi Agreement of 1949 that established a ceasefire The Interior Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Interior Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Sher-e-Bangla redirects here For other uses of the term see Sher-e-Bangla (disambiguation. Malik Ghulam Muhammad ( Urdu: ملک غلام محمد) served as Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955 shortly before his death in 1956 The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 Qudrat-Ullah Shahab (1919-1986 was an Indian civil servant who migrated to Pakistan after partition of the sub-continent Shahabnama. Karachi: Sang-e-Meel. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ISBN 969-35-0025-3.
- Mirza, Humayun (2002). From Plassey to Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America . Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D University Press of America is an academic book publisher based in the United States. ISBN 978-0761815099.
- http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India4/murshid14.htm Description of family and achievements.
See also
The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic