Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער) (November 21, 1902 (see notes below) – July 24, 1991) was a Nobel Prize-winning Polish-born American author and one of the leading figures in the Yiddish literary movement. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Leoncin is a village in Poland located 40 km NE of Warsaw. The town has a neogothic church from 1885 as well as wooden chapel dating Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Knut Hamsun, born Knud Pedersen ( August 4, 1859 - February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German

Birth

Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in 1902 in Leoncin (the family moved to Radzymin, often erroneously cited as his birthplace, some years later), a village inhabited mainly by Jews near Warsaw in Congress Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. Leoncin is a village in Poland located 40 km NE of Warsaw. The town has a neogothic church from 1885 as well as wooden chapel dating Radzymin is a town in Poland and is one of the distant suburbs of the city of Warsaw. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya His birthday was most probably November 21, 1902, which would concur with the date and month he admitted in private to his official biographer Paul Kresh^[1], his secretary Dvorah Telushkin (^[2] p. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting 266), and with the historical events he and his brother refer to in their childhood-memoirs. The usual, official date of birth, July 14, 1904, had been freely decided upon by the author in his early youth, most probably making himself younger to avoid the draft. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on His father was a Hasidic rabbi and his mother, Bathsheba, was the daughter of the rabbi of Bilgoraj. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Biłgoraj Łódź Voivodeship Biłgoraj is a town in south-eastern Poland with 27000 inhabitants (2003 Singer later used her name in his pen name "Bashevis" (Bathsheba's). His brother Israel Joshua Singer also was a noted writer. Israel Joshua Singer ( November 30, 1893, Biłgoraj, Poland - February 10, 1944 New York) was a Yiddish Their elder sister, Esther Kreitman, was also a writer. Hinde Ester Singer Kreytman (1891&ndash1954 known in English as Esther Kreitman, was a Yiddish -language novelist and short story writer She was the first in the family to write stories. ^[3] The family moved to the court of the Rabbi of Radzymin in 1907, where his father became head of the Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva-building burned down, the family moved to Krochmalna-Street in the Yiddish-speaking poor Jewish quarter of Warsaw in 1908, where Singer grew up. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High There his father acted as a rabbi - that is, as judge, arbitrator, religious authority and spiritual leader. ^[4]

World War I

In 1917 the family had to split up because of the hardships of World War I, and Singer moved with his mother and younger brother Moshe to his mother's hometown of Bilgoraj, a traditional Jewish town or shtetl, where his mother's brothers had followed his grandfather as rabbis. Biłgoraj Łódź Voivodeship Biłgoraj is a town in south-eastern Poland with 27000 inhabitants (2003 A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little ^[4] When his father became a village-rabbi again in 1921, Singer went back to Warsaw, where he entered the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary, but found out that neither the school nor the profession suited him. He returned to Bilgoraj, where he tried to support himself by giving Hebrew lessons, but soon gave up and joined his parents, considering himself a failure. But in 1923 his older brother Israel Joshua arranged for him to move to Warsaw to work as a proofreader for the Literarische Bleter, of which he was an editor. ^[5]

Writing

Singer's first published story won the literary competition of the "literarishe bletter" and he soon got a name as a promising talent. A reflection of his formative years in "the kitchen of literature" (his own expression) (^[2] p. 132) can be found in many of his later works. I. B. Singer's first novel was Satan in Goray which he first published in installments in a literary magazine, Globus, which he had founded with his life-long friend, the Yiddish poet Aaron Zeitlin in 1935. Aaron Zeitlin (born in Belarus 1898 - died in New York in 1973 the son of the famous Jewish Writer Hillel Zeitlin, authored several It tells the story of the events in the village of Goraj (close to Biłgoraj), after the terrible catastrophe of 1648, where the Jews of Poland lost a third of their population in a cruel uprising by Cossacks and the effects of the seventeenth century faraway false messiah Shabbatai Zvi on the local population. Biłgoraj Łódź Voivodeship Biłgoraj is a town in south-eastern Poland with 27000 inhabitants (2003 Sabbatai Zevi, ( (other spellings include Sabetay in Turkish, Shabbethai, Sabbetai, Shabbsai; Zvi; Sabbetai Its last chapter is written in the style imitative of medieval Yiddish chronicle. In its stark depiction of innocence crushed by circumstance it appears like a foreboding of the coming danger. In his later work The Slave (1962) Singer returned to the aftermath of 1648 again, in a love story of a Jewish man and a Gentile woman, where he shows the traumatized and desperate survivors of a historic catastrophe with even deeper understanding. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible.

New York City

To flee from approaching fascism, Singer emigrated, once again with the help of his brother, to the U.S. in 1935. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In doing that, he separated from his first wife Rachel, and son Israel, who went to Moscow and later Palestine. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Singer settled in New York, where he started writing as a journalist and columnist for The Forward (Yiddish: פֿאָרװערטס), a Yiddish-language newspaper. The City of New York The Forward (פֿאָרווערטס Forverts) is a Jewish-American weekly Newspaper published in New York City. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High After a promising beginning, he became despondent and, for some years, felt "Lost in America" (title of a Singer-novel, in Yiddish from 1974 onward, in English 1981). But, in 1938, he met Alma Wassermann, born Haimann, a German-Jewish refugee from Munich, whom he married in 1940. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. With her at his side, he became a prolific writer again and, in due course, a valued contributor to the Forward with so many articles that he used, besides "Bashevis", the pen names "Varshavsky" and "D. Segal". ^[6]

The Family Moskat

However, he became an actual literary contributor to the Forward only after his brother's death in 1945, when he published "The Family Moskat", which he wrote in honor of his older brother. But his own style showed in the daring turns of his action and characters - with (and this in the Jewish family-newspaper in 1945) double adultery in the holiest of nights of Judaism, the evening of Yom Kippur. Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר ˈjɔm kiˈpur also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and important of the Jewish holidays Its He was almost forced to stop the novel by the legendary editor in chief, Abraham Cahan, but was saved through his readers, who wanted the story to go on. Abraham Cahan ( July 7, 1860 - August 31 1951) was a Russian-American novelist and labor leader After this, his stories - which he had published in Yiddish literary newspapers before - were printed in the Forward too. Throughout the 1940s, Singer's reputation began to grow. After World War II and the near destruction of the Yiddish-speaking peoples, Yiddish seemed a dead language. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Though Singer had moved to the United States, he believed in the power of his native language and was convinced that there was still a large audience that longed to read in Yiddish. In an interview in Encounter (Feb. 1979), he claimed that although the Jews of Poland had died, "something - call it spirit or whatever - is still somewhere in the universe. This is a mystical kind of feeling, but I feel there is truth in it. "

There were colleagues and readers who were shocked by his all encompassing-view of human nature. He wrote about female homosexuality ("Zeitl and Rickl"; in "The Seance"), transvestitism ("Yentl the Yeshiva Boy"; in "Short Friday"), and of rabbis corrupted by demons ("Zeidlus the Pope"; in "Short Friday"). In those novels and stories which seem to retell his own life, he portrays himself unflatteringly as the self-centered young (or old) artist which he most probably was, yet with a keen eye for the sufferings and tribulations of others.

Some say that Singer's work is indebted to the great writers of Yiddish tradition such as Sholem Aleichem, and he himself considered his older brother his greatest artistic example. Sholem Aleichem (שלום־עליכם Шолом-Алейхем &ndash May 13, 1916) was the Pen name of Sholem Naumovich Rabinovich the popular But actually he was more influenced by Knut Hamsun, whom he read (and translated) in his youth, and whose subjective approach he transferred to his own world, which, contrary to Hamsun's, was not only shaped by the ego of its characters, but by the moral commitments of the Jewish traditions he grew up with and which his father embodies in the stories about his youth. Knut Hamsun, born Knud Pedersen ( August 4, 1859 - February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author. This led to the dichotomy between the life his heroes led and the life they feel they should lead - which gives his art a modernity his predecessors do not have. His themes of witchcraft, mystery and legend draw on traditional sources, but they are contrasted with a modern and ironic consciousness. They are also concerned with the bizarre and the grotesque.

Singer always wrote and published in Yiddish (almost all of it in newspapers) and then edited his novels and stories for the American version, which became the base for all the other translations (he talked of his "second original"). This has led to an ongoing controversy where the "real Singer" can be found - in the Yiddish original, with its finely tuned language, and, sometimes, rambling construction, or in the tightly edited American version, where the language is usually simpler and more direct. Many stories and novels of I. B. Singer have not been translated yet.

Singer published at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs, essays and articles, but he is best known as a writer of short stories which have appeared in over a dozen collections. The first collection of Singer's short stories in English, Gimpel the Fool, was published in 1957. Gimpel the Fool (1956 is a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer. The title story was translated by Saul Bellow and published in May 1953 in Partisan Review. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American Selections from Singer's "Varshavsky-stories" in the Daily Forward were later published in anthologies as My Father's Court (1966). Later collections include A Crown of Feathers (1973), with notable masterpieces in between, such as The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) and A Friend of Kafka (1970). His stories and novels reflect the world of the East European Jewry he grew up in - in its complexity and grandeur, its material poverty and spiritual splendor. And, after his many years in America, his stories also concerned themselves with the world of the immigrants and the way they pursue the American dream, elusive both when they obtain it, as Salomon Margolin, the successful doctor of "A Wedding in Brownsville" (in Short Friday), who finds out his true love was killed by the Nazis, or when it escapes them as it does the "Cabalist of East Broadway" (in A Crown of Feathers), who prefers the misery of the Lower East Side to an honored and secure life as a married man.

Another important strand of his art is inner-familial strife - which he experienced first hand when taking refuge with his mother and younger brother at his uncles home in Bilgoraj. This is the central theme in Singer's big family chronicles - like The Family Moskat (1950), The Manor (1967), and The Estate (1969). Some are reminded by them of Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks; Singer had translated Mann's Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) into Yiddish as a young writer. Paul Thomas Mann ( June

One of his most famous novels (due to a popular movie remake) was Enemies, a Love Story in which a Holocaust survivor deals with his own desires, complex family relationships, and the loss of faith. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Singer's feminist story "Yentl" has had a wide impact on culture since being made into a Yentl (film) popular movie starring Barbra Streisand. Yentl is a play by Leah Napolin and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Based on Singer's Short story "Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" it centers Yentl in a 1983 American film directed co-written co-produced and starring Barbra Streisand based on a play by Leah Napolin and Isaac Barbra Streisand (ˈstraɪsænd "STRY-sand" born April 24 1942 is an American Singer, Film and Theatre Actress Perhaps the most fascinating Singer-inspired film is 1974's "Mr. Singer’s Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard" by Bruce Davidson, a renowned photographer who became Singer's neighbor. Bruce Davidson is the name of Bruce Davidson (equestrian, American equestrian Bruce Davidson (photographer, American photographer This unique film is a half-hour mixture of documentary and fantasy for which Singer not only wrote the script but played the leading part.

Throughout the 1960s, Singer continued to write on questions of personal morality, and was the target of scathing criticism from many quarters during this time, some of it for not being "moral" enough, some for writing stories that no one wanted to hear. To this he replied, "Literature must spring from the past, from the love of the uniform force that wrote it, and not from the uncertainty of the future. "

Singer's own relationship with religion was complex. He regarded himself as a skeptic and a loner, though he still felt connected to his Orthodox roots, and ultimately developed his own brand of religion and philosophy which he called a "private mysticism: Since God was completely unknown and eternally silent, He could be endowed with whatever traits one elected to hang upon Him. "

Nobel Prize

After being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978 ^[7], Singer gained a monumental status among writers throughout the world, and his reputation with non-Jewish audiences is now higher than that of any other Yiddish writer.

Death

Singer died on July 24, 1991 in Miami, Florida, after suffering a series of strokes. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Emerson. Cedar Park Cemetery is a Cemetery located in Emerson, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. ^{[8] [9]}

Vegetarianism

Singer was a prominent vegetarian for the last 35 years of his life and often included such themes in his works. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea In his short story, The Slaughterer, he described the anguish that an appointed slaughterer had trying to reconcile his compassion for animals with his job of slaughtering them. He felt that the eating of meat was a denial of all ideals and all religions: "How can we speak of right and justice if we take an innocent creature and shed its blood". When asked if he had become a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied: "I did it for the health of the chickens. "

In The Letter Writer, he wrote "In relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is an eternal Treblinka" [1].

In the preface to Steven Rosen's "Food for Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions" (1986), Singer wrote, "When a human kills an animal for food, he is neglecting his own hunger for justice. Man prays for mercy, but is unwilling to extend it to others. Why should man then expect mercy from God? It's unfair to expect something that you are not willing to give. It is inconsistent. I can never accept inconsistency or injustice. Even if it comes from God. If there would come a voice from God saying, "I'm against vegetarianism!" I would say, "Well, I am for it!" This is how strongly I feel in this regard. "

List of works

Note: the publication years in the following list refer to English translations, not the Yiddish originals (which often predate their translations by ten or twenty years).

• Eulogy to a Shoelace (unknown)
• The Family Moskat (1950)
• Satan in Goray (1955)
• The Magician of Lublin (1960)
• The Slave (1962)
• Zlateh the Goat (1966)
• The Fearsome Inn (1967)
• Mazel and Shlimazel (1967)
• The Manor (1967)
• The Estate (1969)
• The Golem (1969)
• A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories (1970)
• Elijah The Slave (1970)
• Joseph and Koza: or the Sacrifice to the Vistula (1970)
• The Topsy-Turvy Emperor of China (1971)
• Enemies, a Love Story (1972)
• The Wicked City (1972)
• The Hasidim (1973)
• Fools of Chelm and Their History (1973)
• A Crown of Feathers, and Other Stories (1974)
• Naftali and the Storyteller and His Horse, Sus (1976)
• A Little Boy in Search of God (1976)
• Shosha (1978)
• A Young Man in Search of Love (1978)
• Reaches of Heaven. The Family Moskat ( pol Rodzina Muszkatów) - is a Novel written by Isaac Bashevis Singer. Satan in Goray is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer. It was originally published in installments in a literary magazine called Globus and was Singer's first published Enemies a Love Story ( Sonim di Geshichte fun a Liebe) is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer first published serially in the Jewish Daily The Wicked City ( is a 1992 Science fiction film directed by Peter Mak and produced by Tsui Hark. Shosha is a novel originally written in Yiddish by Nobel Prize winning author Isaac Bashevis Singer. A Story Of The Baal Shem Tov (1980)
• The Penitent (1983)
• Yentl the Yeshiva Boy (1983) (basis for the movie Yentl)
• Why Noah Chose the Dove (1984)
• The King of the Fields (1988)
• Scum (1991)
• The Certificate (1992)
• Meshugah (1994)
• Shadows on the Hudson (1997), Reissue by FSG (5/2008)[2]

The Power of Light

posthumous editions:

• Stavans, Ilan, ed. Yentl is a play by Leah Napolin and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Based on Singer's Short story "Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" it centers The Certificate is a Novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer, published in English in 1992 (published in Yiddish in 1967 Shadows on the Hudson is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer. First serialized in The Forward, a Yiddish newspaper it was published Isaac Bashevis Singer, Stories Vol. 1 (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-93108261-7
• Stavans, Ilan, ed. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. Isaac Bashevis Singer, Stories Vol. 2 (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-93108262-4
• Stavans, Ilan, ed. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. Isaac Bashevis Singer, Stories Vol. 3 (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-93108263-1

see also:

• Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. Isaac Bashevis Singer & Richard Burgin (1985) ISBN 0-385-17999-5
• Rencontre au Sommet (86-page transcript in book form of conversations between Singer and Anthony Burgess) (1998)

see books: Bibliographies:

• David Neal Miller: Bibliography of Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1924-1949, New York, Bern, Frankfurt/M. Rencontre au Sommet is an 86-page book containing the complete transcripts of conversations between Anthony Burgess and Isaac Bashevis Singer when they Anthony Burgess (February 25 1917 — November 22 1993 was an English Novelist, Critic, Composer, Librettist, Poet , Nancy, 1984.
• Roberta Saltzman: Isaac Bashevis Singer, A Bibliography of His Works in Yiddisch and English, 1960-1991, Lanham, Maryland, and London, 2002.

Secondary Literature

• Paul Kresh "Isaac Bashevis Singer: The Magician of West 86th Street", New York 1979
• Dorothea Straus, "Under the Canopy. The story of a friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer that chronicles a reawakening of Jewish identity. ", George Braziller: New York, 1982. ISBN 0-8076-1028-3.
• Maurice Carr, "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of I. B. Singer", In: Commentary, December 1992
• Aleksandra Ziółkowska "Korzenie są polskie", Warszawa 1992, ISBN 83-7066-406-7;
• Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm "The Roots Are Polish", Toronto 2004, ISBN 0-920517-05-6. Aleksandra Ziółkowska Boehm (born 1949 PhD in humanities from Warsaw University, is a member of PEN American Center (New York Fulbright Association
• Israel Zamir "Journey to My Father Isaac Bashevis Singer", New York 1995
• Lester Goran "The Bright Streets of Surfside. The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer", Kent, Ohio 1994
• Janet Hadda "Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life", New York 1997
• Dvorah Telushkin "Master of Dreams", A Memoir of Isaac Bashevis Singer", New York 1997
• Agata Tuszynska "Lost Landscapes", In Search of Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Jews of Poland, Transl. by M. G. Levine, New York 1998
• "The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer", edited by Seth Wolitz, University of Texas Press, 2002
• Stephen Tree "Isaac Bashevis Singer", Munich 2004 (in German) ISBN 3423244151
• Jeffrey Sussman: "Recollecting Isaac Bashevis Singer. " Jewish Currents Magazine and The East Hampton Star

See also

• List of short story authors

References

Further reading

• Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater, Davi Napoleon. Chelsea on the Edge The Adventures of an American Theater (1991 is a book by Davi Napoleon about the onstage triumphs and the offstage turmoil at the Chelsea Davi Napoleon, aka Davida Skurnick (born 1946 is an American theater historian and critic Includes detailed discussion and anecodtes concerning Robert Kalfin's production of Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy at the Chelsea Theater Center and on Broadway, including conflicts with Barbra Steisand and Tovah Feldshuh. Robert Zangwill Kalfin (born 1933 is an American stage director and producer who has worked on and off Broadway and at regional theaters throughout the country The Chelsea Theater Center was a not-for-profit theater founded in 1965 by Robert Kalfin, a graduate of the Yale School of Drama. Terri Sue "Tovah" Feldshuh (born December 27 1952) is an award-winning American Actress, Singer, and Playwright Iowa State University Press. ISBN-0-8138-1713-7, 1991.

External links

• Isaac Bashevis Singer at FSG
• 1978 Nobel Prize in Literature
• Nobel biography
• Review of Singer's Collected Stories, Dan Schneider
• What Yiddish Says article from The Weekly Standard
• An American exile article from The Jerusalem Post
• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/singer_i.html
• http://www.wbur.org/arts/2005/48687_20050101.asp
• http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067918 (Britannica Encyclopedia)
• Isaac Bashevis Singer (The Library of America)
• Isaac Singer's Gravesite
• Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991) - pseudonym Warshofsky
• Bibliotheca Augustana Yidish lebn–a muster far ale felker. nobel-lektsye gehaltn fun y.b. singer in der shvedisher akademye dem 8tn detsember 1978 in shtokholm. (Yiddish)