Iron Man
Cover of Iron Man Vol. 4, Issue #6. Art by Adi Granov. Adi Granov is a Bosnian -born Comic book artist and Conceptual designer.
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963)
Created by	Stan Lee Larry Lieber Don Heck Jack Kirby
In story information
Alter ego	Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark
Team affiliations	Stark Industries Avengers Mighty Avengers New Avengers West Coast Avengers Illuminati S.H.I.E.L.D. Department of Defense
Notable aliases	Iron Knight, The Golden Avenger, Shellhead
Abilities	Genius-level intellect Extensive monetary resources Cyberpathic link with powerful armored suit When using armored suit: Super-strength Energy blasts and regenerative life support Missile attacks, durability and flight at mach 2

Iron Man is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc In Comic books and other stories with a long history first appearance refers to the first occurrence to feature a Fictional character. Tales of Suspense is the name of an American Comic book series and two one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics. Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; December 28, 1922) is an American Writer, editor, creator of comic book characters Larry D Lieber (born October 26, 1931, New York City, New York) is an American Comic book artist and writer and the younger Don Heck ( January 2, 1929 – February 23, 1995) was an American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book Stark Industries, later also known as Stark International, Stane International, Stark Innovations, Stark/Fujikawa and currently Stark Enterprises The Avengers is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. The West Coast Avengers is a Fictional group of superheroes that appear in Publications published by Marvel Comics. The Illuminati is a fictional group of Superheroes who joined forces and secretly work behind the scenes in the Marvel Universe. SHIELD is a fictional, Comic-book Espionage and Law-enforcement agency in the Marvel Comics universe. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government A genius is a person of great Intelligence or remarkable abilities in a specific subject who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect and/or ability especially In generalDO NOT ADD INFORMATION THAT DOES NOT CONCERN COMIC BOOK CHARACTERS A powered Exoskeleton is a powered mobile machine consisting primarily of a skeleton-like framework worn by a person and a power supply that supplies at least part of the In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Life support, in the medical field refers to a set of therapies for preserving a patient's life when essential body systems are not functioning sufficiently to sustain life unaided A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc The character first appeared in Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963), and was created by writer-editor Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, and artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby. In Comic books and other stories with a long history first appearance refers to the first occurrence to feature a Fictional character. Tales of Suspense is the name of an American Comic book series and two one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics. Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; December 28, 1922) is an American Writer, editor, creator of comic book characters Larry D Lieber (born October 26, 1931, New York City, New York) is an American Comic book artist and writer and the younger Don Heck ( January 2, 1929 – February 23, 1995) was an American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book Anthony "Tony" Edward Stark, after suffering a severe heart injury and being kidnapped, was forced to build a devastating weapon. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic He instead created a suit of power armor to save his life and help protect the world as the superhero Iron Man. A powered Exoskeleton is a powered mobile machine consisting primarily of a skeleton-like framework worn by a person and a power supply that supplies at least part of the A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do He is a wealthy industrialist and genius inventor (MIT alum) who created military weapons and whose metal suit is laden with technological devices that enable him to fight crime.

In the character's original incarnation, Iron Man was a vehicle for Stan Lee to explore Cold War themes, particularly the role of American technology and business in the fight against communism. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Subsequent re-imaginings of Iron Man have gradually removed the Cold War themes, replacing them with more contemporary concerns such as corporate crime and terrorism.

Throughout most of his comics career, Iron Man has been a member of the superhero team the Avengers and has been featured in several incarnations of his own various comic book series. The Avengers is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been adapted for several animated TV shows, as well as for the 2008 live action film Iron Man starring Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark. Iron Man is a 2008 Superhero film Robert John Downey Jr (born April 4 1965 is an American

Premiere

Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963): Iron Man debuts. Cover art by Jack Kirby and Don Heck. Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book Don Heck ( January 2, 1929 – February 23, 1995) was an American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating

Iron Man's premiere was a collaboration among editor and story-plotter Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, story-artist Don Heck, and Jack Kirby. Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; December 28, 1922) is an American Writer, editor, creator of comic book characters Larry D Lieber (born October 26, 1931, New York City, New York) is an American Comic book artist and writer and the younger Don Heck ( January 2, 1929 – February 23, 1995) was an American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book In 1963, Lee had been toying with the idea of a businessman superhero. ^[1] He set out to make the new character a rich, glamorous ladies' man, but one with a secret that would plague and torment him as well. ^[2] Lee based this playboy's personality on Howard Hughes,^[3] explaining, "Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. Howard Robard Hughes Jr (December 24 1905 – April 5 1976 was an American Aviator, Industrialist, Film producer / director, Philanthropist He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-billionaire, a ladies' man and finally a nutcase". ^[4] While Lee intended to write the story himself, he eventually handed the premier issue over to Lieber, who fleshed out the story. ^[2] The art, meanwhile, was split between Kirby and Heck. "He designed the costume", Heck said of Kirby, "because he was doing the cover. The covers were always done first. But I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark and his secretary Pepper Potts". ^{[3] [5]}

Iron Man first appeared in 13- to 18-page stories in Tales of Suspense, which featured anthology science fiction and supernatural stories. ANThology is the first Major label album by Alien Ant Farm released on March 6, 2001 in the USA and March 19 The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events The character's original costume was a bulky grey armor, which later turned golden in his second story (issue #40, April 1963), and then redesigned again as a sleeker red-and-golden armor starting in issue #48 (Dec. 1963), drawn by Steve Ditko. Steve Ditko (born 2 November 1927) is an American Comic book Artist and Writer best known as the co-creator of the In his premiere, Iron Man was an anti-communist hero, defeating various Vietnamese agents; Lee later regretted this early focus. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and ^[1][6] Throughout the character’s comic book series, technological advancement and national defense were constant themes for Iron Man, but later issues developed Stark into a more complex and vulnerable character as they depicted his battle with alcoholism and other personal difficulties. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions

From issue #59 (Nov. 1964) to its final issue #99 (March 1968), the anthological science-fiction backup stories in Tales of Suspense were replaced by a feature starring the superhero Captain America. After issue #99 (March 1968), the book's title was changed to Captain America. Iron Man stories moved to the title Iron Man and Sub-Mariner in April 1968, before the "Golden Avenger"^[7] made his solo debut with The Invincible Iron Man #1 (May 1968). Iron Man and Sub-Mariner is a one-shot Comic book published by Marvel Comics in 1968

Writers have updated the war in which Stark is injured. In the original 1963 story, it was Vietnam. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Later, in the 1990s, it was updated to be the first Gulf War,^[8] and then updated again to be Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, However, his time with the Asian scientist Yin Sen is consistent through nearly all incarnations of the Iron Man origin, depicting Stark and Yin Sen building the original armor together. One exception is the direct-to-DVD animated feature film The Invincible Iron Man, in which the first armor Stark uses is not the first Iron Man suit. The Invincible Iron Man is a direct-to-DVD animated movie based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man.

Thematic origins

Like other Stan Lee creations in the early years of Marvel Comics, such as The Fantastic Four and The Incredible Hulk, the Iron Man story, in its original manifestations, was an exploration of Cold War themes. Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; December 28, 1922) is an American Writer, editor, creator of comic book characters Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc The Fantastic Four is a fictional Superhero team appearing in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. This article is about the comic book character and series For all other media appearances see Hulk in other media. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Where The Fantastic Four and The Incredible Hulk focused on the American domestic and government/bureaucratic responses to Cold War pressures, respectively, Iron Man looked to industry's role in the struggle against communism. Tony Stark's real-life model Howard Hughes was an archetype of American individualism as well as a significant defense contractor who helped develop new weapons technologies. ^[9]

Tony Stark/Iron Man's reliance on technology and intelligence, rather than the chance transformations of many other superheroes, reinforced the American faith in technological solutions to the military, political and ideological problems of the Cold War. Stark is an idealized portrait of the American inventor. By the 1960s, military weapons development was firmly in the realm of Big Science, with little role for the lone inventor. This article is about the term For the album see ''Big Science'' (album. Issues of autonomy and government intervention in research and questions of loyalty—which real-life American physicists and engineers were also facing, if less dramatically—are prominent themes in early Iron Man storyline. ^[9]

According to historian Robert Genter, Stark is emasculated by his loss of autonomy as an inventor—a blow to his manhood symbolized by his chest wound—and "Iron Man centers on Stark's inability to reconcile with this wound to his masculinity. "^[9] Stan Lee used the playboy side of Stark to restore the character's sense of masculinity. Stark conquers women—either romantically or physically, and with female supervillains frequently both—and, writes Genter, "follows the lead of other cultural and literary figures such as Ian Fleming, Mickey Spillane, and Norman Mailer who made unregulated sexuality a form of authenticity. Ian Lancaster Fleming ( May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, Journalist and Second World War Frank Morrison Spillane ( March 9 1918 – July 17 2006) better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American author of Norman Kingsley Mailer ( January 31, 1923 &ndash November 10, 2007) was an American Novelist, Journalist, "^[9]

Fictional character biography

Origins

Anthony Stark was born on Long Island, the son of Howard Stark, a wealthy industrialist and head of Stark Industries, and Maria Stark. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Stark Industries, later also known as Stark International, Stane International, Stark Innovations, Stark/Fujikawa and currently Stark Enterprises Tony is a boy genius, entering MIT at the age of 15 to study electrical engineering, and graduating summa cum laude. Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned After his parents' accidental deaths in a car crash, he inherits his father's company.

While observing the effects of his experimental technologies on the American war effort, Stark is injured by a booby trap and captured by the enemy, who then orders him to design weapons for them. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However, Stark's injuries are dire and shrapnel in his chest threatens to pierce his heart. His fellow prisoner, Ho Yinsen, a physicist whose work Stark had greatly admired during college, constructs a magnetic chest plate to keep the shrapnel from reaching Stark's heart, keeping him alive. Ho Yinsen is a Fictional Supporting character of the Marvel Comics Superhero Iron Man (Tony Stark who is key to Iron Man's A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Stark uses the workshop to design and construct in secret a suit of powered armor. A powered Exoskeleton is a powered mobile machine consisting primarily of a skeleton-like framework worn by a person and a power supply that supplies at least part of the Stark uses the armor to escape, although Yinsen dies during the attempt. Stark takes revenge on his kidnappers, then heads back to rejoin the American forces. Along the way he meets a wounded American Marine Corps helicopter pilot, James "Rhodey" Rhodes. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the War Machine ( James Rupert Rhodes) is a Fictional character, a Comic book Superhero from the Marvel Comics universe

Back home, Stark discovers the shrapnel lodged in his chest cannot be removed without killing him, and he is forced to wear the armor's chestplate beneath his clothes to act as a regulator for his heart. He must also recharge the chestplate every day or else risk the shrapnel killing him. The cover for Iron Man is that he is Stark's bodyguard and corporate mascot. A bodyguard (or "close protection officer" is a type of Security guard or government agent who protects a person—usually a famous wealthy or politically To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company, Communist opponents such as the Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo and the Titanium Man as well as independent villains like the Mandarin. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Black Widow is the name of two fictional super-spy characters in the Marvel Comics universe. The Crimson Dynamo (" Krasnoe Dinamo " is the name of several Fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe, most of whom have The Titanium Man (" Chelovek-Titan " is the name of two or more Fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe. The Mandarin is a Fictional character, a Marvel Comics Supervillain and the Archenemy of Iron Man. No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man as he cultivates an image as a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of Stark's supporting cast at this point are his personal chauffeur Harold "Happy" Hogan and secretary Virginia "Pepper" Potts, to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity. Harold "Harry" Hogan, commonly known as Happy Hogan, is a fictional Supporting character of Iron Man in the Marvel Comics Meanwhile, Jim Rhodes would find his own niche as Stark's personal pilot of extraordinary skill and daring. The comic took an anti-Communist stance in its early years, which was softened as opposition rose to the Vietnam War^[1][6]. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia This change evolved in a series of stories with Stark profoundly reconsidering his political opinions and the morality of manufacturing weapons for the military. Stark, however, often shows himself to be occasionally arrogant and willing to let the ends justify the means^[10][11]. This leads to personal conflicts with the people around him, both in his civilian and superhero identities. Stark uses his personal fortune not only to outfit his own armor but to develop weapons for S.H.I.E.L.D. and other technologies such as the Quinjets used by the Avengers, and the image inducers used by the X-Men. SHIELD is a fictional, Comic-book Espionage and Law-enforcement agency in the Marvel Comics universe. This is a list of fictional vehicles featured in Marvel Universe Comic books published by Marvel Comics. The X-Men is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Eventually, Stark's heart condition is discovered by the public and cured with an artificial heart transplant. Heart transplantation or cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage Heart failure or severe Coronary However, Stark also develops a serious dependency on alcohol. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions The first time it becomes a problem is when Stark discovers that the national security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. has been buying a controlling interest in his company in order to ensure Stark's continued weapons development for them. SHIELD is a fictional, Comic-book Espionage and Law-enforcement agency in the Marvel Comics universe. At the same time, Stark's business rival Justin Hammer hires several supervillains to attack Stark. Justin Hammer is a Fictional character that has appeared in various Comic book series published by Marvel Comics. At one point, the Iron Man armor is even taken over and used to murder a diplomat. Although Iron Man is not immediately under suspicion, Stark is forced to hand the armor over to the authorities. Eventually Stark and Rhodes, who is now his personal pilot and confidant, track down and defeat those responsible, although Hammer would return to bedevil Stark again. With the support of his then-girlfriend, Bethany Cabe, his friends and his employees, Stark pulls through these crises and overcomes his dependency on alcohol. Bethany Cabe is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe.

Some time later, a ruthless rival, Obadiah Stane, manipulates Stark emotionally into a serious relapse. The Iron Monger is an identity used by several Fictional Supervillains published by Marvel Comics. As a result, Stark loses control of Stark International, becomes a homeless alcoholic vagrant and gives up his armored identity to Rhodes, who becomes the new Iron Man for a lengthy period of time. Eventually, Stark recovers and joins a new startup, Circuits Maximus. Stark concentrates on new technological designs, including building a new set of armor as part of his recuperative therapy. Rhodes continues to act as Iron Man but steadily grows more aggressive and paranoid, due to the armor not being calibrated properly for his use. Eventually Rhodes goes on a rampage, and Stark has to don the prototype silver centurion suit to stop him. When Circuits Maximus comes under assault from Stane, Stark uses the completed next-generation silver centurian armor to confront Stane in personal combat. Stark's skill proves superior over Stane's unpracticed use of his own variant suit (known as the Iron Monger) and Stark regains his company when Stane commits suicide rather than be captured. The Iron Monger is an identity used by several Fictional Supervillains published by Marvel Comics.

Late 1980s and 1990s

In an attempt to stop other people from misusing his designs, Stark goes about disabling other armored heroes and villains who are using suits based on the Iron Man technology, the designs of which were stolen by his enemy Spymaster. Spymaster is a Supervillain from Marvel Comics. The first appearance of the character is in Iron Man #33 His quest to destroy all instances of the stolen technology severely hurts his reputation as Iron Man. After attacking and disabling a series of minor villains such as Stilt-Man, he attacks and defeats the government operative known as Stingray. Stilt-Man is the name of two supervillains in Marvel Comics. Publication history Stilt-Man first appeared in Daredevil vol Stingray ( Walter Newell) is a fictional Comic book Superhero in the Marvel Comics universe. The situation worsens when Stark realizes that Stingray's armor does not incorporate any of his designs. He publicly "fires" Iron Man while covertly pursuing his agenda. He uses the cover story of wanting to help disable the rogue Iron Man to infiltrate and disable the armor of the S. H. I. E. L. D. operatives known as the Mandroids, and disabling the armor of the Guardsmen, in the process allowing some of the villains that they guard to escape. A Mandroid is a fictional suit of power armor which appears in the Marvel Comics universe. Guardsman was the name of a Superhero in the Marvel Universe, but was later applied to a small squad of agents This leads the United States government to declare Iron Man a danger and an outlaw. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Iron Man then travels to Russia where he inadvertently causes the death of the Soviet Titanium Man during a fight. The Titanium Man (" Chelovek-Titan " is the name of two or more Fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe. Returning to the U. S he faces an enemy commissioned by the government named Firepower. Firepower is the name of two Marvel Comics supervillains Fictional character biography Firepower I Jack Taggert worked on an experimental pilotable Unable to defeat him head on, Stark fakes Iron Man's demise, intending to retire the suit forever. When Firepower goes rogue, Stark creates a new suit, claiming that a new person is in the armor.

Stark's health continues to deteriorate, and he discovers the armor's cybernetic interface is causing irreversible damage to his nervous system. Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself His condition is aggravated by a failed attempt on his life by a mentally unbalanced former lover which injures his spine, paralyzing him. Stark has a nerve chip implanted into his spine to regain his mobility. Still, Stark's nervous system continues its slide towards failure, and he constructs a "skin" made up of artificial nerve circuitry to assist it. Stark also begins to pilot a remote-controlled Iron Man armor, but when faced with the Masters of Silence, the telepresence suit proves inadequate. See also Presence (telepresence Telepresence refers to a set of Technologies which allow a person to feel as if they were present to give the appearance Stark then designs a more heavily armed version of the suit to wear, the "Variable Threat Response Battle Suit", which becomes known as the War Machine armor. War Machine ( James Rupert Rhodes) is a Fictional character, a Comic book Superhero from the Marvel Comics universe Ultimately, the damage to his nervous system becomes too extensive. Faking his death, Stark places himself in suspended animation to heal as Rhodes takes over the running of Stark Enterprises and the mantle of Iron Man using the War Machine armor. Suspended animation is the slowing of life processes by external means without termination Stark ultimately makes a full recovery by using a chip to reprogram himself and reassumes the Iron Man identity. When Rhodes learns that Stark has manipulated his friends by faking his own death, he becomes enraged and the two friends part ways, Rhodes continuing as War Machine in a solo career.

The story arc "The Crossing" reveals Iron Man as a traitor among the Avengers' ranks, due to years of manipulation by the time-traveling dictator Kang the Conqueror. Kang the Conqueror is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Stark, as a sleeper agent in Kang's thrall, kills Marilla, the nanny of Crystal and Quicksilver's daughter Luna, as well as Rita DeMara, the female Yellowjacket, then an ally of the Avengers. Crystal is a Fictional character, a Superhero in Marvel Comics ' universe. Quicksilver ( Pietro Django Maximoff) is a Fictional character that appears in the Comic books published by Marvel Comics. For the first Yellowjacket Hank Pym see Henry Pym Yellowjacket ( Rita DeMara) a Fictional character, as initial (The miniseries Avengers Forever later retcons these events as the work of a disguised Immortus, not Kang, and that the mental control had gone back only a few months). Avengers Forever is a twelve-issue Comic book Limited series published from Dec Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction Immortus ( Nathaniel Richards) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe.

Needing help to defeat both Stark and the ostensible Kang, the team travels back in time to recruit a teenaged Tony Stark from an alternate timeline to assist them. The young Stark steals an Iron Man suit in order to aid the Avengers against his older self. The sight of his younger self shocks the older Stark enough for him to regain momentary control of his actions, and he sacrifices his life to stop Kang. The young Stark later builds his own suit to become the new Iron Man, and, remaining in the present day, gains legal control of "his" company.

During the battle with the creature called Onslaught, the teenaged Stark dies, along with many other superheroes. Onslaught is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. However, Franklin Richards preserves these "dead" heroes in the "Heroes Reborn" pocket universe, in which Tony Stark is once again an adult hero; Franklin recreates the heroes in the pocket universe in the forms he is most familiar with rather than what they are at the present. Franklin Richards is a Fictional character that appears in the Marvel Universe. Heroes Reborn was a 1996 - 1997 crossover story arc among Comic-book series published The reborn adult Stark, upon returning to the normal Marvel Universe, merges with the original Stark, who had died during "The Crossing," but was resurrected by Franklin Richards. This new Tony Stark possesses the memories of both the original and teenage Tony Starks, and thus considers himself to be essentially both of them. With the aid of the law firm Nelson & Murdock, he successfully regains his fortune and, with Stark Enterprises having been sold to the Fujikawa Corporation following Stark's death, sets up a new company, Stark Solutions. Daredevil is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. He also returns from the pocket universe with a restored and healthy heart. After the Avengers reform, Stark demands a hearing be convened to look into his actions just prior to the Onslaught incident. Cleared of wrongdoing, he rejoins the Avengers.

2000s

At one point, Stark's armor itself becomes sentient, despite fail-safes to prevent its increasingly sophisticated computer systems from doing so. Initially, Stark welcomes this "living" armor, as it has improved tactical abilities, but soon the armor's behavior begins to grow more aggressive, and it even kills. Eventually, the armor reaches the point where it wants to join with Stark and eventually replace him. Stark finds he cannot defeat the armor, but in the final confrontation on a desert island, Stark suffers another heart attack. To save its creator's life, the armor gives up part of its components to give Stark a new, artificial heart, sacrificing its own existence. The new heart solves Stark's health problems, but it does not have an internal power supply, so Stark becomes once again dependent on periodic recharging. The sentient armor incident so disturbs Stark that he goes back to using an early model version of his armor for a while, lacking the sophistication of the sentient version and thus unlikely to result in a repeat of the same problem. He also dabbles with using liquid metal circuitry known as S. K. I. N. that will form itself into a protective shell around his body, but eventually returns to more conventional hard metal armors.

During this time, Stark engages in a romance with Rumiko Fujikawa, (first appearance in Iron Man vol. Rumiko "Ru" Fujikawa is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe created by writer Kurt Busiek and artist Sean Chen. 3, #4), a wealthy heiress and daughter of the man who had taken over his company during the "Heroes Reborn" period. An intelligent and resourceful woman, she nonetheless begins the relationship in part to rebel against her stern father, who disapproves of Stark. Her relationship with Stark endures many highs and lows, including an infidelity with Stark's rival, Tiberius Stone, in part because the fun-loving Rumiko believes that Stark is too serious and dull. Their relationship ends with Rumiko's death at the hands of an Iron Man impostor in vol. 3, #87.

In Iron Man vol. 3, #55 (July 2002), Stark publicly reveals his dual identity as Iron Man, not realizing that by doing so, he has invalidated the agreements protecting his armor from government duplication (since those contracts state that the Iron Man armor would be used by an employee of Tony Stark, not by Stark himself). When he discovers that the United States military is again using his technology, Stark, rather than confront them as before, accepts a Presidential appointment as Secretary of Defense. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U In this way, he hopes to monitor and direct how his designs are used. He is forced to resign after launching into a tirade against the Latverian ambassador at the United Nations, being manipulated by the mentally imbalanced Scarlet Witch. Latveria is a fictional nation in the Marvel Universe. It is an isolated country ruled by the villainous Doctor Doom, supposedly located in the Banat The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff) is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Following this, the Scarlet Witch causes the destruction of the Avengers mansion and the death of several Avengers; Stark claims publicly that he will stand down as Iron Man. The "new" Iron Man remains Stark; however, the catastrophic events that preceded this, combined with Stark's assertion, convinces the public that Iron Man and Stark are now different people. Stark leaves the wreckage of Avengers Mansion as it is, and unveils Stark Tower, a state-of-the-art office building that becomes headquarters for the New Avengers team, of which he is a member. The Stark Tower Complex is a fictional High-rise building complex which appears in publications by Marvel Comics.

The miniseries Iron Man: The Inevitable reintroduces the Ghost, the Living Laser and Spymaster. Ghost is a Supervillain from Marvel Comics. The first appearance of this character is in Iron Man #219 The Living Laser is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Spymaster is a Supervillain from Marvel Comics. The first appearance of the character is in Iron Man #33 Presenting the change in status quo — the focus of Iron Man stories shifting from superhero-ism to political and industrial tales — as Iron Man having elevated himself to a new place in his life where he is "beyond" apprehending supervillains, the miniseries sees a resentful Spymaster conspire to drag Iron Man back to that plebeian level. Plebs were the general body of landowners of Roman Citizens in Ancient Rome.

New Avengers: Illuminati #1 (June 2006) reveals that years before, in the wake of the Kree-Skrull War, Stark initiates a meeting at the palace of the Black Panther in Wakanda with Professor X, Mister Fantastic, Black Bolt, Doctor Strange, and Namor to form a clandestine, unnamed group (dubbed the "Illuminati" by Marvel) to devise strategy and policy regarding overarching menaces (Black Panther rejects membership and derides the other heroes for joining). The Illuminati is a fictional group of Superheroes who joined forces and secretly work behind the scenes in the Marvel Universe. The Kree-Skrull War is a Fictional series of conflicts in the Marvel Universe between the Kree Empire of the Greater Magellanic Cloud and the The Black Panther ( T'Challa) is a Fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who is the first modern Black Wakanda is a fictional nation in the Marvel Universe. It is by far the most prominent of several fictional African nations in the Marvel Universe (others Charles Francis Xavier, also known as Professor X, is a Fictional character, a Marvel Comics Superhero known as the leader and founder of Mr Fantastic ( Reed Richards) is a Fictional character, a Marvel Comics Superhero and a member of the Fantastic Four. Black Bolt is a Fictional character that appears in publications by Marvel Comics. Doctor Strange is a Fictional character, a Comic book sorcerer and Superhero in the. Stark's original goal is to create a governing body for all superheroes in the world to answer to. However, the different beliefs and philosophies, besides the fact that many heroes choose to conceal their real identities, makes Stark's plan impractical. Despite this, the group agrees to share vital information.

Learning of the government's plans to instigate a Superhuman Registration Act that would force costumed, super-powered individuals to reveal their identities to the government and sign on as licensed agents, Iron Man at first seeks to defeat the proposal, even going to such lengths as to hire the Titanium Man to attack the hearing on the act as he testifies in order to manipulate opinion in his favor. In Marvel Comics ' fictional Marvel Universe, the Registration Acts —the Mutant Registration Act (or MRA) and Superhuman Registration Act The Titanium Man (" Chelovek-Titan " is the name of two or more Fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe. However, at some point, Tony Stark's opinion of the Act changes, seeing it as a new means to achieve the goal that he had sought in forming the "Illuminati", and to tie the knots of friendship between ordinary humans and superheroes. He attempts to convince the other members of the clandestine group to support the new Act, stating that their input could prevent the Act from becoming too restrictive of superhuman activities, but all except Mr. Fantastic and Black Bolt reject the idea of registration. Stark becomes the figurehead of the Registration Act in the following Civil War storyline; Iron Man's forces and resistance led by Captain America clash in a climatic battle until Captain America, dismayed with the collateral damage and realizing his actions weren't bringing the end to the act any closer, stands down. Stark is then appointed the new director of S. H. I. E. L. D. ^[12] He also revives the Avengers.

Shortly after the events of Civil War, Captain America is killed on the steps of the courthouse for his trial. Despite his fervent belief in the registration act, Tony Stark looks down on the body of Captain America stating that most of what he had done in the name of the law "wasn't worth it" stating later at Captain America's funeral that "it wasn't supposed to be this way".

After Tony Stark survives an encounter with Ultron taking over his body, he is confronted in the hospital by Spider-Woman, holding the corpse of a Skrull posing as Elektra. Ultron is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Spider-Woman ( Jessica Drew) is a superheroine, a Fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe. The Skrulls are a Fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters that appear in Publications by Marvel Comics. Elektra Natchios, usually referred to only by her first name Elektra, is a Fictional character in publications from Marvel Comics. Becoming keenly aware of the upcoming invasion of the Skrulls, Tony gathers the Illuminati and reveals the corpse to them, declaring they're at war. After Black Bolt reveals himself as a Skrull and is killed by Namor, a squadron of Skrulls attack, forcing Tony to evacuate the other Illuminati members and destroy the area, killing all the Skrulls. Black Bolt is a Fictional character that appears in publications by Marvel Comics. Realizing they're incapable of trusting each other, the members all separate to form individual plans for the oncoming invasion.

Soon after, a "Venom virus" hits New York, causing New York citizens and superheroes to be covered in symbiotes. Venom is a Fictional character, a symbiote life form in the Marvel Comics universe. After the battle, Iron Man learns the virus came from Latveria and launches a full-scale assault on its monarch, Doctor Doom. Latveria is a fictional nation in the Marvel Universe. It is an isolated country ruled by the villainous Doctor Doom, supposedly located in the Banat Dr Doom redirects here For other uses see Dr Doom (disambiguation. During the battle, Doom, Iron Man, and the Sentry are transported through time via Doom's broken time platform. The Sentry ( Robert "Bob" Reynolds) is a character that appears in the Fictional Marvel Universe. Doom and Stark form an alliance in an attempt to return to the proper time without being seen or causing any actions that could alter their future and try to find a way to get a hold of the time platform at the Fantastic Four's headquarters. The Fantastic Four is a fictional Superhero team appearing in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Sentry's memory spell, which erased knowledge of his existence from the minds of the public, they are able to return to the present and later on capture Doom and send him to the Negative Zone prison. Soon after, all of Stark's technology was compromised by the Skrull empire as a part of their invasion causing Stark to rebuild his armor from scratch to fight back. The Skrulls are a Fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters that appear in Publications by Marvel Comics. Secret Invasion is a Comic book Limited series and crossover storyline that began in April 2008 published by Marvel Comics. Stark must also deal with the murderous yet genius Ezekiel Stane, son of Obadiah Stane. Ezekiel (Zeke Stane is a fictional supervillain within the Marvel Comics universe, and son of Tony Stark / Iron Man enemy

While in the Savage Land with the Mighty Avengers, Iron Man's armor is compromised and he goes to the Mutate's base to build himself a new set of armor. While he is there, Spider-Woman shows up, praising Stark for his efforts and informing him that he is a Skrull sleeper agent named Kr'Ali. Whether this is true or not remains to be seen. ^[13]

Powers and abilities

Armor

See also: Iron Man's armor

Iron Man possesses powered armor that gives him superhuman strength and durability, flight, and an array of weapons. Iron Man's armor refers to the powered metal suit worn by Tony Stark when he assumes his Superhero role of Iron Man. A powered Exoskeleton is a powered mobile machine consisting primarily of a skeleton-like framework worn by a person and a power supply that supplies at least part of the The armor is invented and, with occasional short-term exceptions, worn by Stark. Other people who have assumed the Iron Man identity include long time partner and best friend James Rhodes, close associates Harold "Happy" Hogan, Eddie March, and (briefly) Michael O'Brien. War Machine ( James Rupert Rhodes) is a Fictional character, a Comic book Superhero from the Marvel Comics universe Harold "Harry" Hogan, commonly known as Happy Hogan, is a fictional Supporting character of Iron Man in the Marvel Comics Guardsman was the name of a Superhero in the Marvel Universe, but was later applied to a small squad of agents

The weapons systems of the suit have evolved over the years, but Iron Man's standard offensive weapons have always been the repulsor rays that are fired from the palms of his gauntlets. Other weapons built into various incarnations of the armor include the uni-beam projector in its chest; pulse bolts that pick up kinetic energy, but not solar energy, along the way, so that they hit harder the farther they have to travel; an electromagnetic pulse generator and an energy shield. The kinetic energy of an object is the extra Energy which it possesses due to its motion The term electromagnetic pulse ( EMP) has the following meanings Electromagnetic radiation from an Explosion (especially a Nuclear Other capabilities include generation of ultra-freon, creating and manipulating magnetic fields, sonic blasts and a holographic generator to create decoys. Freon is DuPont 's trade name for its odorless colorless nonflammable and noncorrosive Chlorofluorocarbon and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges

In addition to the general-purpose model he wears, Stark has developed several specialized suits for space travel, deep-sea diving, stealth and other situations. A space suit is a complex system of Garments equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space Spaceflight is the use of Space technology to fly a Spacecraft into and through Outer space. Atmospheric Diving Suit or ADS is a small one-man articulated Submersible of Anthropomorphic form which resembles a suit of armour with elaborate pressure Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology is a sub-discipline of military Electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with Stark has modified suits like the Hulkbuster heavy armor, composed of add-ons to his so-called modular armor, designed to enhance its strength and durability to allow it to take on the Incredible Hulk. Iron Man's armor refers to the powered metal suit worn by Tony Stark when he assumes his Superhero role of Iron Man. This article is about the comic book character and series For all other media appearances see Hulk in other media. A later model designed for use against Thor is modeled on the Destroyer and uses a mystical power source. Thor is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Destroyer is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Stark also develops an electronics pack during the Armor Wars that, when attached to armors that use Stark technology, will burn out those components and render the suit useless. This pack is ineffective on later models, however.

Powers

For a time, due to an artificial nervous system installed after he suffered extensive damage to his nervous system, Stark had superhumanly acute sensory perceptions as well as extraordinary awareness of the physical processes within his own body. This is no longer a part of the character's powers.

After being critically injured during a battle with the Extremis-enhanced Mallen, Stark injects his nervous system with a modified techno-organic virus (the Extremis process) that not only saves his life, it gives him the ability to store the inner layers of the Iron Man armor in the hollows of his bones as well as control it through direct brain impulses. Stark can control the layer of the armor underneath his skin and make it emerge from numerous exit points around his limbs as a gold-colored neural interface under-sheath. While in this form, Stark has technopathic control of the armor and can suit up at any time, calling the larger components to him. Furthermore, the Extremis process has increased his body's recuperative and healing abilities. He is also able to connect remotely to external communications systems such as satellites, cellular phones, and computers throughout the world. Because the armor's operating system is now directly connected to Stark's nervous system, its response time has been significantly improved.

Skills

Stark is a genius who graduated with an advanced degree in physics and engineering at 21^[14] and further developed his knowledge ranging from Artificial Intelligence to Quantum Mechanics as time progressed. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

In addition, Stark possesses great business and political acumen. On multiple occasions he reacquired control of his companies after losing them, and leading corporate takeovers. ^[15]

Stark received hand to hand combat training from Happy Hogan (a professional Boxer), James Rhodes (a Marine) and Captain America himself. Harold "Harry" Hogan, commonly known as Happy Hogan, is a fictional Supporting character of Iron Man in the Marvel Comics Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, War Machine ( James Rupert Rhodes) is a Fictional character, a Comic book Superhero from the Marvel Comics universe Marines (from the English adjective marine, meaning of the sea, from Latin language mare, meaning sea via French adjective

Enemies

Main article: List of Iron Man enemies

Other versions

Main article: Alternate versions of Iron Man

In addition to his mainstream incarnation, Iron Man has been depicted in other fictional universes. Iron Man has a large range of villains They each have specific abilities which they use against the iron hero In addition to his mainstream incarnation Iron Man has had been depicted in other Fictional universes. A fictional universe is a self-consistent fictional setting with unique background elements such as an imaginary history or geography and possibly fantasy or science

In other media

Main article: Iron Man in other media

Apart from comic books, Iron Man and War Machine both appear in Capcom's "Marvel vs. This lists all appearances of Iron Man. Television The Marvel Superheroes Iron Man's first starring role came in the 1966 series " video games including Marvel Super Heroes, Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter, Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes, and Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes. Marvel Super Heroes is a fighting game developed by Capcom. Originally released in the arcade in 1995 on the CPS-2 arcade Marvel Super Heroes vs Street Fighter is the fourth Marvel Comics -licensed Fighting game produced by Capcom (see ''Marvel vs Marvel vs Capcom Clash of Super Heroes is the fifth Marvel Comics -licensed Fighting game by Capcom and the third to feature Capcom characters Marvel vs Capcom 2 New Age of Heroes (aka Marvel vs Capcom 2 or MvC2) is the fourth and final game in the Marvel Most of their move sets include abilities originally shown in the comic book.

Iron Man is a playable character in the 1991 arcade game Captain America and the Avengers, Iron Man, Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, and Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects, as well as being featured as an unlockable character in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse and Tony Hawk's Underground. Captain America and the Avengers is the title of a beat 'em up Coin-op Arcade game released by Data East in 1991 based on the Iron Man is a 2008 Video game based on the film of the same name as well as the classic iterations of the character Marvel Ultimate Alliance is an Action role-playing game released in 2006 Marvel Nemesis Rise of the Imperfects is a Beat 'em up / fighting game for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Nintendo X-Men Legends II Rise of Apocalypse is a follow up to X-Men Legends. "THUG" redirects here For other uses see Thug. Tony Hawk's Underground, also called THUG and ^[16]

Iron Man appears regularly in Twisted Toyfare Theater, a photographic comic strip made using toys and Adobe Photoshop that appears monthly in the magazine ToyFare. A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story Currently in the Western world, most comic strips are written and drawn by a Comics artist ToyFare is a monthly comedy and collecting Magazine published by Wizard Entertainment that focuses on collectible Action figures, busts He is depicted as constantly intoxicated and usually has a beer in hand. His drinking usually gets him in trouble. In one issue, he bet on a wrestling match between two versions of Spider-Man and lost Stark Industries to Boss Hogg. JD ( Jefferson Davis) Hogg (better known as "Boss" Hogg) is a Fictional character featured in the American In another, he resolves to quit drinking after being given an ultimatum to sober up or be kicked out of the Avengers, until the Incredible Hulk brings over a bunch of Party of Five episodes. The Avengers is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. This article is about the comic book character and series For all other media appearances see Hulk in other media. Party of Five is an American Drama Television series that aired on FOX for six seasons from September 12 1994 After Iron Man drinks until he passes out with his head in the refrigerator, the Hulk takes his suit to impersonate him at the Avengers meeting, but ends up at The Hall of Justice instead. The Hall of Justice is the fictional Headquarters ref> The Hall of Justice was not only a key headquarters for the Super Heroes in the Super Powers animated series and comic books Due to licensing issues with DC Comics, this was later changed to the X-Mansion when the comic was reprinted in a collected volume. In the fictional Marvel Comics universe, the X-Mansion, the common name for the Xavier Mansion, is the base of operations and training site of the One story involved him attempting to reinstate Prohibition after successfully going to rehab. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol However, in the end he reverts to his alcoholic state.

Cultural impact

The rapper Ghostface Killah, a member of Wu-Tang Clan, titled his 1996 debut solo album Ironman, and has since continued to use lyrics related to the Iron Man comics and samples from the animated TV shows on his records. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Dennis Coles, better known by his Stage name Ghostface Killah, is an American rapper and member of the Wu-Tang Clan. Ironman is the debut album by American Hip-hop artist and Wu-Tang Clan member Ghostface Killah. In Music, sampling is the act of taking a portion or sample, of one Sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or element of a new recording He has also adopted the nickname Tony Starks (cq) as one of his numerous alter-egos.

Paul McCartney's song "Magneto and Titanium Man" was inspired by the X-Men's arch-nemesis and the original version of the Iron Man villain. Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942 is an English rock Singer, Bass guitarist songwriter Composer, The X-Men is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Another Iron Man villain, the Crimson Dynamo, is mentioned in the lyrics to this song. The British band Razorlight mentions Tony Stark in a verse of their song, "Hang By, Hang By". Razorlight are an English rock band formed in 2002 They are primarily known in their home country having topped the charts with the 2006 single America and

"Iron Man" is a song by the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. "Iron Man" is a song by British heavy metal band Black Sabbath from their second studio album Paranoid released in 1970 Black Sabbath are an It was later retconned into the source of Iron Man's name, as it was a young Tony Stark's favorite song. Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction An abridged version of the Sabbath song is played over the closing credits of the 2008 movie^[17], as well as several of its previews.

The character of Nathan Stark on the television show Eureka is inspired by Tony Stark. Nathan R Stark is a character on the American Science fiction drama Eureka. Eureka is an American Science fiction Television series set in a town inhabited almost entirely by geniuses ^[18]

Forbes has ranked Iron Man among the wealthiest fictional characters on their annual ranking. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly ^[19] BusinessWeek has also ranked Iron Man as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics. BusinessWeek is a business Magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ^[20]

Bibliography

List of Iron Man titles

• Tales of Suspense #39-99 (March 1963 - March 1968)
• Iron Man and the Sub-Mariner (April 1968)
• Iron Man Vol. 1, #1-332 (May 1968 - Sept. 1996)
• Iron Man Annual #1-15 (1970-1994)
• Iron Man Annual '98-2001
• Giant-Size Iron Man (1975)
• Iron Man: Crash (1988)
• Iron Manual (1993)
• Iron Man 2020 (Aug. Iron Man 2020 (real name Arno Stark is a fictional Supervillain. 1994)
• Age of Innocence: The Rebirth of Iron Man (Feb. 1996)
• Iron Man Vol. 2, #1-13 (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997)
• Iron Man Vol. 3, #1-89 (Feb. 1998 - Dec. 2004)
• Iron Man: The Iron Age #1-2 (Aug. - Sept. 1998)
• Iron Man: Bad Blood #1-4 (Sept. - Dec. 2000)
• Iron Man Vol. 4, #1 -  (Jan. 2005 - Present) (this series was officially titled as The Invincible Iron Man for issues #17-28 in the comic's legal indicia; Retitled Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. from issue 15 onwards on covers only; the comic book would not officially be retitled until issue 29 (July 2008) in the comic's legal indicia). Iron Man is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. ^[21]
• Iron Man: Director of S. H. I. E. L. D. Annual #1 (Jan. 2008)
• Invincible Iron Man #1 - (July 2008 - Present)
• Ultimate Iron Man Vol. 1: #1-5 (Mar. 2005 - Dec. 2005)
• Ultimate Iron Man Vol. 2: #1-5 (Dec. 2007 - Apr. 2008)
• Iron Man: The Inevitable #1-6 (Feb. 2006 - July 2006)
• Iron Man: Hypervelocity #1-6 (March 2007 - Aug. 2007)
• Marvel Adventures: Iron Man #1- (May 2007- Present
• Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #1-6 (Sep. 2007 - March 2008)
• Iron Man: Viva Las Vegas #1 - (May 2008 - Present)
• Iron Man: Legacy Of Doom #1 - (April 2008 - Present)

See also

• Futurism
• Iron Man (film)
• Transhumanism

Footnotes

References

• Defalco, Tom (October 31, 2005). Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Avengers: The Ultimate Guide. DK CHILDREN. ISBN 0-756-61461-9.
• Marvel.com: Anthony Stark
• The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
• The Grand Comic-Book Database
• Marvel Animation Age: Iron Man: The Animated Series (1994-1995)
• Toymania: Iron Man Figure Archive
• The Iron Man Armory (fan site)
• Advanced Iron (fanzine)

External links

• Iron Man's Comic Appearances at ComicBookDB.com
• Iron Man Movie to Comic Armor comparison
• Comic-Covers.com: Iron Man
• Iron Man Blog
• All covers from the 1st series of Iron Man comics
• Official Become Tony Stark for a Weekend Contest Page
• Fabulous Life of Tony Stark Webisode
• MADE:Tony Stark Webisode