Citizendia

Invasion of Kuwait
Part of the Gulf War
Date2 August 1990–26 February 1991
LocationKuwait
ResultStrategic Iraqi victory; Iraqi occupation of Kuwait triggering the Gulf War
Territorial
changes		Iraq-Kuwait border abolished; Annexation as the 19th province of Iraq (unrecognized by the UN)
Belligerents
Flag of Iraq Republic of IraqFlag of Kuwait State of Kuwait
Commanders
Flag of Iraq Ali Hassan al-MajidFlag of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Strength
100,000[1]16,000[2]
Casualties and losses
37+ aircraft (est. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (علي حسن عبد المجيد التكريتي, born 1941 is a former Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Jaber III al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, GCB, GCMG ( صاحب السمو الأمير الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح)‎ ( June )
Other losses N/A		20 aircraft lost
600+ POW[3]
Other losses N/A

The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted in the seven-month long Iraqi occupation of Kuwait which subsequently led to direct military intervention by United States-led forces. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed [4] but some Iraqi sources indicate, Saddam Hussein’s decision to attack Kuwait was made only a few months before the actual invasion[5] suggesting that the regime was under feelings of severe time pressure. The invasion started on August 2, 1990 and within two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or escaped to neighboring Saudi Arabia. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Before the Persian Gulf War, Kuwait maintained a small military force consisting of army navy and air force and national guard units The Iraqi Republican Guard ( Arabic: الحرس العراقي الجمهوري/al-Haris Al-Jamhuri was a branch of the Iraqi military. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi

Contents

Causes of the conflict

Kuwait was a close ally of Iraq during the Iraq-Iran war and functioned as the country’s major port once Basra was shut down by the fighting. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra [6] However, after the war ended, the friendly relations between the two neighboring Arab countries turned sour due to several economic and diplomatic reasons which finally culminated in an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

Dispute over the financial debt

Kuwait had heavily funded the 8 year long Iraqi war against Iran. By the time the war ended, Iraq was not in a financial position to repay the $14 billion which it had borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war. [7] Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Iranian influence in the Arab World. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. However, Kuwait's reluctance to pardon the debt created strains in the relationship between the two Arab countries. During late 1989, several official meetings were held between the Kuwaiti and Iraqi leaders but they were unable to break the deadlock between the two. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

Economic warfare and slant drilling

Iraq tried repaying its debts by raising the prices of oil through OPEC's oil production cuts. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador However, Kuwait, a member of the OPEC, prevented a global increase in petroleum prices by increasing its own petroleum production, thus lowering the price and preventing recovery of the war-crippled Iraqi economy. [8] This was seen by many in Iraq as an act of aggression, further distancing the countries. The collapse in oil prices had a catastrophic impact on the Iraqi economy. According to former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, "every US$1 drop in the price of a barrel of oil caused a US$1 billion drop in Iraq's annual revenues triggering an acute financial crisis in Baghdad. Mikhail Yuhanna (ميخائيل يوحنا Mīḫāʾīl Yūḥannā) later and more popularly known as Tariq Aziz or Tareq Aziz, (طارق عزيز "[9] It was estimated that Iraq lost US$14 billion a year due to Kuwait's oil price strategy. [10]

The Iraqi Government described it as a form of 'economic warfare', which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait's alleged slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila field. The Rumaila Field is an Oil field located in Kuwait and southern Iraq. The dispute over Rumaila field started in 1960 when an Arab League declaration marked the Iraq-Kuwait border 2 miles north of the southern-most tip of the Rumaila field. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية [11] During the Iran-Iraq war, Iraqi oil drilling operations in Rumaila declined while Kuwait's operations increased. In 1989, Iraq accused Kuwait of using "advanced drilling techniques" to exploit oil from its share of the Rumaila field. Iraq estimated that US$2. 4 billion worth of Iraqi oil was stolen by Kuwait and demanded compensation. [12][13] Kuwait dismissed the accusations as a false Iraqi ploy to justify military action against it. [14] Several Americans firms working in the Rumaila field also dismissed Iraq's slant-drilling claims as a "smokescreen to disguise Iraq's more ambitious intentions". [15]

Kuwait's lucrative economy

After the Iran-Iraq War, the Iraqi economy was struggling to recover. Iraq 's economy is dominated by the Petroleum sector which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earningsort Iraq's civil and military debt was higher than its state budget. Most of its ports were destroyed, oil fields mined, and traditional oil customers lost. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person On the other hand, with its vast oil reserves, Kuwait was regarded as one of the world's wealthiest and most economically stable countries. Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions Despite having a total land area 1/10th of Iraq, Kuwait's coastline was twice as long as Iraq's and its ports were one of the busiest ones in the Persian Gulf region. The Iraqi government clearly realized that by seizing Kuwait, it would be able to solve most its financial problems and consolidate its regional authority. Due to its relatively small size, Kuwait was seen by Baghdad as an easy target as well as a historically integral part of Iraq separated by British imperialism. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous

Arab nationalism

Though Kuwait's large oil reserves were widely considered to be the main reason behind the Iraqi invasion, the Iraqi government justified its invasion by claiming that Kuwait was a natural part of Iraq carved off due to British imperialism. [16] After signing the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, the United Kingdom split Kuwait and Iraq into two separate emirates. The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 was a short-lived agreement signed in July 1913 between the Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI and the British over several issues The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Iraqi government also argued that the Kuwaiti Emir was a highly unpopular figure among the Kuwaiti populace. By overthrowing the Emir, Iraq claimed that it granted Kuwaitis greater economic and political freedom. [7]

Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, and although its ruling dynasty, the al-Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to Britain, it did not make any attempt to secede from the Ottoman Empire. Basra province, or Al Basrah province, is a province of Iraq, with an area of. For this reason, its borders with Iraq were never clearly defined or mutually agreed. Furthermore, Iraq alleged that the British High Commissioner "drew lines that deliberately constricted Iraq's access to the ocean so that any future Iraqi government would be in no position to threaten Britain's domination of the Gulf". [17]

Alleged international conspiracy

Saddam Hussein’s decision partly came as a reaction towards the alleged international conspiracy against Iraq which, in his view, was meant to weaken and destabilize the regime. Subtle shifts in the American policy together with the British and American efforts to block the export of dual-use technology to Iraq, a consequence of its nuclear program, were seen by Saddam as part of a concerted effort to build a case against Iraq. [5] In this conspiracy theory, Kuwait was considered an accomplice of the foreign powers. In a memorandum dating from July 1990, the former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz accused Kuwait and the UAE of production beyond their OPEC quotas and claimed that the overproduction was synchronized with the efforts of foreign powers to denigrate Iraq. [18] Tariq argues that the fact that Kuwait refused to negotiate with a dangerous Iraq and risked being invaded by it sustains the theory according to which Kuwait had received tacit support from the U. S. even before the war started. [19] At the same time the Iraqi military intelligence was receiving warnings about Israeli plans to attack Iraqi nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Saddam was convinced of the existence of a conspiracy and even described it to Wafiq al-Samara’i, deputy director of Iraqi military intelligence as follows:

“America is coordinating with Saudi Arabia and the UAE and Kuwait in a conspiracy against us. They are trying to reduce the price of oil to affect our military industries and our scientific research, to force us to reduce the size of our armed forces. . . . You must expect from another direction an Israeli military air strike, or more than one, to destroy some of our important targets as part of this conspiracy”[20]

Following the invasion, Saddam’s unwillingness to accept a negotiated solution to the Kuwait crisis once again sustains the hypothesis that the fear of Iraq's domestic and economic destabilization was the most important factor which contributed to his invasion decision. [5]

Diplomatic row

Post Iran-Iraq war and dispute over Rumaila oilfield, the diplomatic relations between Iraq and Kuwait deteriorated dramatically triggering several heated exchanges between Iraqi and Kuwaiti diplomats during various regional and Gulf Cooperation Council summits. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( CCASG; مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council

According to Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Piro, Kuwaiti emir Al Sabah told the foreign minister of Iraq during a discussion aimed at resolving some of the conflicts between the two countries that "he would not stop doing what he was doing until he turned every Iraqi woman into a $10 prostitute. And that really sealed it for him [Saddam Hussein], to invade Kuwait". [21]

Iraqi-American relations

On Wednesday July 25, 1990, the American Ambassador in Iraq, April Glaspie, asked the Iraqi high command to explain the military preparations in progress, including the massing of Iraqi troops near the border. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country April Catherine Glaspie (born April 26, 1942) is an American diplomat, best-known for her role in the events leading up to the Persian Gulf The American ambassador declared to her Iraqi interlocutor that Washington, “inspired by the friendship and not by confrontation, does not have an opinion” on the disagreement which opposes Kuwait to Iraq, stating "we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts". She also let Saddam Hussein know that the U. S. did not intend "to start an economic war against Iraq". These statements may have misled Saddam into believing he had received a diplomatic green light from the United States to invade Kuwait (New York Times, September 23, 1990). Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)

The invasion

On August 2, 1990 at 0200 hours, Iraq launched an invasion with four elite Iraqi Republican Guard divisions (1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, 2nd al-Medinah al-Munawera Armoured Division, 3rd Tawalkalna ala-Allah Mechanized Infantry Division and 6th Nebuchadnezzar Motorized Infantry Division) and Iraqi Army special forces units equivalent to a full division. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Iraqi Republican Guard ( Arabic: الحرس العراقي الجمهوري/al-Haris Al-Jamhuri was a branch of the Iraqi military. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Mechanized infantry (or "mech infantry" are Infantry equipped with Armored personnel carriers (APCs or Infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Pre-2003 History The first Iraqi military forces established by the British were the Iraq Levies several battalions of troops tasked to guard the Royal Air Force bases In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance The main thrust was conducted by the commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack Kuwait City, while the other divisions seized the airports and two airbases. In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation. Kuwait City ( Arabic: مدينة الكويت Transliteration: Madīnat al-Kūwait) is the Capital and largest An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land An airbase, sometimes referred to as an Air Force Station, a military Airport or airfield, provides basing and support of Military

In support of these units, the Iraqi Army deployed a squadron of Mil Mi-25 helicopter gunships, several units of Mi-8 and Mi-17 transport helicopters, as well as a squadron of Bell 412 helicopters. A squadron is a small unit or formation of Cavalry, armour, Aircraft (including Balloons) or Warships Army WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An attack helicopter, also known as a Helicopter Gunship, is a Military helicopter armed for attacking targets on the ground WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. The foremost mission of the helicopter units was to transport and support Iraqi commandos into Kuwait City, and subsequently to support the advance of ground troops. The Iraqi Air Force (IrAF) had at least two squadrons of Sukhoi Su-22, one of Su-25, one of Mirage F1 and two of MiG-23 fighter-bombers. The Iraqi Air Force or IQAF (Arabic Al Quwwa al Jawwiya al Iraqiya القوة الجوية العراقية is the military branch in Iraq responsible A squadron is a small unit or formation of Cavalry, armour, Aircraft (including Balloons) or Warships Army WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces The main task of the IrAF was to establish air superiority through limited counter-air strikes against two main air bases, to provide close air support and reconnaissance as necessary. Air superiority is the dominance in the Air power of one side's air forces over the other side's during a Military campaign. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information

In spite of months of Iraqi saber-rattling, Kuwait did not have its forces on alert and was caught unaware. Saber-noise or saber-rattling ( Spanish: ruido de sables) refers to a historical incident in Chilean history that took place on September The first indication of the Iraqi ground advance was from a radar-equipped aerostat that detected an Iraqi armor column moving south. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Gallery Types of aerostats See also Aerodyne Aerostatics Airship Balloon [22] Kuwaiti air, ground, and naval forces resisted, but were vastly outnumbered. Before the Persian Gulf War, Kuwait maintained a small military force consisting of army navy and air force and national guard units In central Kuwait, the 35th Armored Brigade deployed approximately a battalion of tanks against the Iraqis and fought delaying actions near Jahra, west of Kuwait City. A brigade is a Military unit Echelon: is A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Jahra (جهراء is a town located to the north-west of Kuwait City in Kuwait which mainly consists of agricultural areas [23] In the south, the 15th Armored Brigade moved immediately to evacuate its forces to Saudi Arabia. Of the small Kuwaiti Navy, two missile boats were able to evade capture or destruction, one of the craft sinking three Iraqi ships before fleeing. The Kuwaiti navy or Kuwait Naval Force is the sea-based component of the Military of Kuwait. This is for the type of warship For other uses of Missile Boat, see Missile Boat (disambiguation A Missile Boat is a small craft armed

Kuwait Air Force aircraft were scrambled, but approximately 20% were lost or captured. The Kuwait Air Force (al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Kuwaitiya is the air arm of the State of Kuwait. An air battle with the Iraqi helicopter airborne forces was fought over Kuwait City, inflicting heavy losses on the Iraqi elite troops, and a few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces. The remaining 80% were then evacuated to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, some aircraft even taking off of the highways adjacent to the bases as the runways were overrun. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf While these aircraft were not used in support of the subsequent Gulf War, the "Free Kuwait Air Force" assisted Saudi Arabia in patrolling the southern border with Yemen, which was considered a threat by the Saudis because of Yemen-Iraq ties. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya [7]

Iraqi tanks attacked Dasman Palace, the royal residence. Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah had already fled into the Saudi desert, but his private guard and his younger half brother, Sheikh Fahad al–Ahmad al–Sabah, stayed behind to defend their home. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Jaber III al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, GCB, GCMG ( صاحب السمو الأمير الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح)‎ ( June Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh The sheikh was shot and killed and his body was placed in front of a tank and run over. [24] Alaa Hussein Ali was placed as head of a puppet government in Kuwait, prior to its annexation into Iraq. Ala'a Hussein Ali (born circa 1948) (علاء حسين علي خفاجي الجابر served at the head of a Puppet government in Kuwait during A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous

References

  1. ^ 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait
  2. ^ Kuwait Organization and Mission of the Forces
  3. ^ Iraq Invasion & POWs Iraq Invasion & POWs
  4. ^ AP News at ABC Inc., WABC-TV/DT New York News website article Iraq to Reopen Embassy in Kuwait published September 4, 2005
  5. ^ a b c Gause, F. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gregory, III (2005). “The International Politics of the Gulf” in Louise Fawcett (ed. ), “International Relations of the Middle East”. Oxford: The University Press, pp. 263-274. ISBN 0-19-926963-7.  
  6. ^ Stork, Joe; Lesch, Ann M.  : “Background to the Crisis: Why War? . Middle East Report, No. 167, On the Edge of War. (Nov - Dec. , 1990), pp. 11-18.
  7. ^ a b c Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 (Air War)
  8. ^ The Associated Press: Interrogator: Invasion Surprised Saddam
  9. ^ Stork, Joe; Lesch, Ann M.  : “Background to the Crisis: Why War? . Middle East Report, No. 167, On the Edge of War. (Nov - Dec. , 1990), pp. 11-18.
  10. ^ The University of Manitoba - The Manitoban - February 5, 2003
  11. ^ CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq-Kuwait Dispute - New York Times
  12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=DejCbO1mvCYC&pg=PA156&dq=Kuwait+slant+drilling&sig=81dk_v5ZZ1F0oRhxuR6Fq7z61Qs
  13. ^ Iraq: Short History Lest We Forget, Part I
  14. ^ Iraq Accuses Kuwait Of Slant Drilling And Stealing 300,000 Barrels Of Oil Daily
  15. ^ CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq-Kuwait Dispute - New York Times
  16. ^ Gulf War at AllExperts
  17. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=DejCbO1mvCYC&pg=PA156&dq=Kuwait+slant+drilling&sig=81dk_v5ZZ1F0oRhxuR6Fq7z61Qs
  18. ^ Khalidi, Walid: “The Gulf Crisis: Origins and Consequences . Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2. (Winter, 1991), pp. 5-28.
  19. ^ Kellner, Douglas (1992). “The Persian Gulf TV War”. Boulder: Westview Press.  
  20. ^ Al-Samara’i, W. (1997), quoted by Gause, F. Gregory, III (2005). “The International Politics of the Gulf” in Louise Fawcett (ed. ), “International Relations of the Middle East”. Oxford: The University Press, pp. 263-274. ISBN 0-19-926963-7.  
  21. ^ FBI Agent: Hussein Didn't Expect Invasion - washingtonpost.com
  22. ^ Persian Gulf States - Kuwait - Regional and National Security Considerations
  23. ^ Eyewitness, Col. Fred Hart 1
  24. ^ FRONTLINE/WORLD. Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS

External links

Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic