An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth An auxiliary language is primarily a second language.

Languages of dominant societies over the centuries have served as auxiliary languages, sometimes approaching the international level. French and English have been used as such in recent times in many parts of the world. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[1] However, as these languages are associated with the very dominance - cultural, political, and economic - that made them popular, they are often met with strong resistance as well. For this reason, many have turned to the idea of promoting an artificial or constructed language as a possible solution. A constructed or artificial language known colloquially or informally as a conlang is a Language whose Phonology, Grammar ^[2]

The term "auxiliary" implies that it is intended to be an additional language for the people of the world, rather than to replace their native languages. Often, the phrase is used to refer to planned or constructed languages proposed specifically to ease worldwide international communication, such as Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua. A constructed or artificial language known colloquially or informally as a conlang is a Language whose Phonology, Grammar is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA However, it can also refer to the concept of such a language being determined by international consensus, including even a standardized natural language (e. g. , International English), and has also been connected to the project of constructing a universal language. International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects and also the movement towards an international standard A universal language is a hypothetical historical or mythical language said to be spoken and understood by all or most of the world's populationor in some circles is said to be understood Some auxiliary language aficionados call these languages auxlangs.

Contents 1 History of auxiliary language 2 Classification 3 Methods of propagation 4 Pictorial language 5 Sign language 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 Sources 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links

History of auxiliary language

The history of auxiliary language is controversial. Louis Couturat et al. Louis Couturat ( January 17, 1868 - August 3, 1914) was a French Logician mathematician, philosopher ^[3] exemplified the controversy in the Preface to their book on International Language and Science:

The question of a so-called world-language, or better expressed, an international auxiliary language, was during the now past Volapük period, and is still in the present Esperanto movement, so much in the hands of Utopians, fanatics and enthusiasts, that it is difficult to form an unbiased opinion concerning it, although a good idea lies at its basis. Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world (1910, p. v).

For Couturat et al, both Volapukists and Esperantists confounded the linguistic aspect of the question with many side issues, and for this reason discussions about the international auxiliary language has appeared unpractical. However as Pfaundler wrote in the same publication, the language was intimately connected to science, and not simply linguistics:

All who are occupied with the reading or writing of scientific literature have assuredly very often felt the want of a common scientific language, and regretted the great loss of time and trouble caused by the multiplicity of languages employed in scientific literature.

The history of the most notable constructed auxiliary languages can be summarized in table form:^[4]

Language name	ISO	Year of first publication	Creator	Comments
Solresol		1827	François Sudre	The famous "musical language"
Communicationssprache		1839	Joseph Schipfer	Based on French vocabulary
Universalglot		1868	Jean Pirro	Arguably the first fully developed IAL
Volapük	vo, vol	1879–1880	Johann Martin Schleyer	First to generate international interest in IALs
Esperanto	eo, epo	1887	L. L. Zamenhof	By far the most popular constructed language. Solresol is an Artificial language devised by François Sudre, beginning in 1827 Jean-François Sudre was a French Author and Musician born in Albi France in 1787 and died in Paris in 1862 Communicationssprache is a very early example of a proposed International auxiliary language, published in 1839 in Wiesbaden by Joseph Schipfer (1761-1843 Universalglot is an a posteriori International auxiliary language published by the French linguist Jean Pirro in 1868 in Tentative Jean Pirro (1831-1886 was a French linguist who in 1868 invented the "universal language" Universalglot. Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest Johann Martin Schleyer ( July 18, 1831 &ndash August 16, 1912) German Catholic priest who invented the Constructed is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (ˈzɑːmɨnhɒf in English born Eliezer Samenhof December 15 1859 &ndash April 14 1917 was an ophthalmologist, Philologist
Spokil		1887 or 1890	Adolph Nicolas	An a priori language by a former Volapük advocate
Mundolinco		1888	J. Spokil is a Constructed language, created by the Frenchman Adolphe Nicolas. Mundolinco is a Constructed language created by the Dutch author J Braakman	The first esperantido
Idiom Neutral		1902	Waldemar Rosenberger	A naturalistic IAL by a former advocate of Volapük
Latino sine Flexione		1903	Giuseppe Peano	"Latin without inflections," it replaced Idiom Neutral in 1908
Ido	io, ido	1907	Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language	The most successful offspring of Esperanto
Adjuvilo		1908	Claudius Colas	An esperantido created to cause dissent among Idoists
Occidental (aka Interlingue)	ie, ile	1922	Edgar de Wahl	A sophisticated naturalistic IAL
Novial	nov	1928	Otto Jespersen	Another sophisticated naturalistic IAL
Sona		1935	Kenneth Searight	Best known attempt at an unbiased vocabulary
Esperanto II		1937	René de Saussure	Last of the esperantidos
Mondial		1940s	Helge Heimer	A naturalistic European language
Glosa	igs	1943	Lancelot Hogben, et al. Esperantido is the term used within the Esperanto and Constructed language communities to describe a language project based on or inspired by Esperanto Idiom Neutral is an International auxiliary language, published in 1902 by the International Academy of the Universal Language ( Akademi Internasional de Waldemar Rosenberger, from Saint Petersburg, Russia, was a director of the Volapük Academy Latino sine flexione ( Latin without Inflections is an Auxiliary language invented by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858 - 1932 Giuseppe Peano ( August 27, 1858 &ndash April 20, 1932) was an Italian Mathematician, whose work was of exceptional Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier The Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language (French Délégation pour l'Adoption d'une Langue Auxiliaire Internationale) was a body of academics convened Adjuvilo is a Language created in 1908 by Claudius Colas under the Pseudonym of "Profesoro V Claudius Colas (also known by the pseudonym Profesoro V Esperema) was a French Esperantist who lived from 1884 to 1914 The Language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl Edgar von Wahl or Edgar de Wahl (born August 11, 1867 in Olwiopol Imperial Russia (now Pervomaysk, Ukraine) died in Novial ("new" + ''IAL International Auxiliary Language'' is a constructed International auxiliary language (IAL intended to facilitate international Jens Otto Harry Jespersen or Otto Jespersen ʌtˢo ˈjɛsb̥ɐsn̩ ( July 16, 1860 - April 30, 1943) was a Danish linguist Sona is an International auxiliary language created by Kenneth Searight and described in a book he published in 1935. Kenneth Searight (born Arthur Kenneth Searight) (December 1883 - 1957 was the creator of the International auxiliary language Sona. Esperanto II was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937 the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido René de Saussure ( March 17, 1868, Geneva &ndash December 2, 1943, Berne) was a Swiss Esperantist Esperantido is the term used within the Esperanto and Constructed language communities to describe a language project based on or inspired by Esperanto Mondial is an International auxiliary language created by Dr Helge Heimer a Swede in the 1940s Glosa is an isolating International auxiliary language (sometimes called an auxlang or an "IAL" Lancelot Thomas Hogben ( 9 December[[ 895]] - 22 August 1975) was a versatile British experimental Zoologist, and medical Statistician	Originally called Interglossa, Glosa has a strong Greco-Latin vocabulary
Interlingua	ia, ina	1951	International Auxiliary Language Association	A large project to discover common European vocabulary
Frater		1957	Pham Xuan Thai	Innovative blend of Greco-Latin roots and non-western grammar
Kotava	avk	1978	Staren Fetcey	A sophisticated a priori IAL
Lingua Franca Nova	lfn	1998	C. George Boeree et al. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment Frater ( Lingua sistemfrater), an a posteriori International auxiliary language, published in Frater (Lingua sistemfrater Kotava is a proposed International auxiliary language (IAL that focuses especially on the principle of cultural neutrality Lingua Franca Nova (abbreviated LFN) is an auxiliary Constructed language created by Dr Dr C George Boeree (born January 15, 1952 in the Netherlands) is a professor of Psychology at Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania	A Romance vocabulary with a creole-like grammar

Classification

The following classification of auxiliary languages was developed by Pierre Janton in 1993: ^[5]

• A priori languages are characterized by largely artificial morphemes (not borrowed from natural languages), schematic derivation, simple phonology, grammar and morphology. This is the article about constructed languages For other uses of the term "a priori" see A priori. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. In Linguistics, derivation is "Used to form new words as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words A priori languages are sometimes called philosophical languages, referring to their basis in philosophical ideas about thought and language. A philosophical language is any Constructed language that is constructed from First principles, like a logical language, but may entail a strong claim of These include some of the earliest efforts at auxiliary language in the 17th century. A modern example of a fully developed a priori language is Kotava. Kotava is a proposed International auxiliary language (IAL that focuses especially on the principle of cultural neutrality Two more specific subcategories:
  • Oligosynthetic languages have no more than a few hundred morphemes. An oligosynthetic language (from the Greek ὀλίγος, meaning "few" or "little" is any Language using very few Morphemes In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. Most of their vocabulary is made of compound words coined from these morphemes. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. Sona and Toki Pona are well known examples. Toki Pona is a Constructed language first published online in mid-2001 Some - referred to as taxonomic languages - go so far as to associate meanings with specific phonemes. For example, Ro and Arahau resemble the Dewey Decimal Classification System used in libraries. Ro is an a priori Constructed language created by Rev Edward Powell Foster beginning in 1904 The Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a Proprietary system of Library classification developed
  • Logical languages, for example, Loglan and Lojban, aim to eliminate ambiguity. Engineered languages (sometimes abbreviated to engilangs or engelangs) are Constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypothesis about how languages Loglan is a Constructed language originally designed for linguistic research particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Lojban (ˈloʒban is a constructed, syntactically unambiguous human language based on Predicate logic. Both these examples, it should be noted, derive their morphemes from a broad range of natural languages using statistical methods.
• A posteriori languages are based on existing natural languages. Nearly all the auxiliary languages with fluent speakers are in this category. Most of the a posteriori auxiliary languages borrow their vocabulary primarily or solely from European languages, and base their grammar more or less on European models. (Aficionados sometimes refer to these European-based languages as "euroclones", although this term has negative connotations and is not used in the academic literature. ) Interlingua was drawn originally from the International Scientific Vocabulary, in turn based primarily on Greek and Latin roots. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA International Scientific Vocabulary (or ISV) is a form of vocabulary comprising scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain but which Glosa did likewise, with a stronger dependence of Greek roots. Glosa is an isolating International auxiliary language (sometimes called an auxlang or an "IAL" Although a posteriori languages have been based on most of the families of European languages, the most successful of these (notably Esperanto and Interlingua) have been based largely on Romance and/or Latin elements. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA
  • Schematic (or "mixed") languages have some a priori qualities. Some have ethnic morphemes in distorted form (e. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. g. , Volapük) or both artificial and natural morphemes (e. Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. g. , Perio). Partly schematic languages have partly schematic and partly naturalistic derivation (e. g. Esperanto and Ido). is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier Natural morphemes of languages in this group are seldom or never distorted, but compound and derived words are generally not recognizable at sight by people familiar with the source languages. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.
  • Naturalistic languages resemble existing natural languages. For example, Occidental, Interlingua, and Lingua Franca Nova were developed so that not only the root words but their compounds and derivations will often be recognizable immediately by large numbers of people. The Language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Lingua Franca Nova (abbreviated LFN) is an auxiliary Constructed language created by Dr Some naturalistic languages do have a limited number of artificial morphemes or invented grammatical devices (e. g. Novial). Novial ("new" + ''IAL International Auxiliary Language'' is a constructed International auxiliary language (IAL intended to facilitate international
  • Simplified natural languages reduce the full extent of vocabulary and partially regularize the grammar of a natural language (e. g. Basic English and Special English). Basic English is an attempted core Subset of The English language created by Charles Kay Ogden and described in his book Basic English A General Introduction Special English is a simplified version of the English language first used on October 19, 1959 and presently employed by the United States

Methods of propagation

As has been pointed out, the issue of an international language is not so much which, but how. ^[6] Several approaches exist toward the eventual full expansion and consolidation of an international auxiliary language.

1. Laissez-faire. This approach is taken in the belief that one language will eventually and inevitably "win out" as a world auxiliary language (e. g. , International English) without any need for specific action.
2. Institutional sponsorship and grass-roots promotion of language programs. This approach has taken various forms, depending on the language and language type, ranging from government promotion of a particular language to one-on-one encouragement to learn the language to instructional or marketing programs.
3. National legislation. This approach seeks to have individual countries (or even localities) progressively endorse a given language as an official language (or to promote the concept of international legislation).
4. International legislation. This approach involves promotion of the future holding of a binding international convention (perhaps to be under the auspices of such international organizations as the United Nations or Inter-Parliamentary Union) to formally agree upon an official international auxiliary language which would then be taught in all schools around the world, beginning at the primary level. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU) ( French: L'Union Interparlementaire (UIP) is an international organization established in 1889 by William Randal This approach seeks to put international opinion and law behind the language and thus to expand or consolidate it as a full official world language. This approach could either give more credibility to a natural language already serving this purpose to a certain degree (e. g. , if English were chosen) or to give a greatly enhanced chance for a constructed language to take root. For constructed languages particularly, this approach has been seen by various individuals in the IAL movement as holding the most promise of ensuring that promotion of studies in the language would not be met with skepticism at its practicality by its would-be learners.

Pictorial language

There have been a number of proposals for using pictures, ideograms, diagrams, and other pictorial representations for international communications. An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea Examples range from the original Characteristica Universalis proposed by the philosopher Leibniz, to suggestions for the adoption of Chinese writing, to recent inventions such as Blissymbol. Written Chinese comprises the written symbols used to represent Spoken Chinese and the rules about how they are arranged and punctuated Blissymbols or Blissymbolics were conceived of as an Ideographic Writing system consisting of several hundred basic Symbols each representing ^[7]

Within the scientific community, there is already considerable agreement in the form of the schematics used to represent electronic circuits, chemical symbols, mathematical symbols,and the Energy Systems Language of systems ecology. A schematic is a diagram that represents the elements of a System using abstract graphic Symbols rather than realistic pictures A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram Wiring diagram, elementary diagram or electronic Schematic) is a simplified conventional pictorial representation See also Chemical formula. A chemical symbol is an Abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a Chemical element This is a listing of common symbols found within all branches of the science of Mathematics. The Energy Systems Language (right also referred to as Energese, Energy Circuit Language and Generic Systems Symbols, was developed by the Ecologist Systems ecology is an Interdisciplinary field of Ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems especially Ecosystems We can also see the international efforts at regularizing symbols used to regulate traffic, to indicate resources for tourists, and in maps. Some symbols have become nearly universal through their consistent use in computers and on the internet.

Sign language

An international auxiliary sign language has been developed by deaf people who meet regularly at international forums such as sporting events or in political organisations. Previously referred to as Gestuno^[8] but now more commonly known simply as 'international sign', the language has continued to develop since the first signs were standardised in 1973, and it is now in widespread use. International Sign (IS (also Gestuno, International Sign Language (ISL International Sign Pidgin and International Gesture (IG is an International Sign (IS (also Gestuno, International Sign Language (ISL International Sign Pidgin and International Gesture (IG is an International sign is distinct in many ways from spoken IALs; many signs are iconic and signers tend to insert these signs into the grammar of their own sign language, with an emphasis on visually intuitive gestures and mime. In functional- Cognitive linguistics, as well as in Semiotics, iconicity is the conceived Similarity or Analogy between a form of a Sign A simple sign language called Plains Indian Sign Language was used by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL is a Sign language formerly used as an auxiliary Interlanguage between Native Americans of the Great Plains For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Gestuno is not to be confused with the separate and unrelated sign language Signuno, which is essentially a Signed Exact Esperanto. International Sign (IS (also Gestuno, International Sign Language (ISL International Sign Pidgin and International Gesture (IG is an Signuno, or Signed Exact Esperanto, is a manual encoding of Esperanto proposed by an anonymous author with Gestuno roots modified for Esperanto morphology Signuno is not in any significant use, and is based on the Esperanto community rather than based on the international Deaf community.

Criticism

There has been considerable criticism of international auxiliary languages, both in terms of individual proposals and in more general terms. ^[9]

Although referred to as International languages, most of these languages are constructed on the basis of Western European languages. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The response to this criticism has been that doing otherwise in no way makes the language easier for anyone, while drawing away from the sources of much international vocabulary, technical and popular. ^[10]

See also

See List of constructed languages for a list of constructed international auxiliary languages. This list of Constructed languages is in alphabetical order and divided into auxiliary, engineered, and artistic (including fictional Languages

• Lingua franca
• Language planning
• Universal language
• World language
• Characteristica universalis

Sources

Notes

1. ^ Bodmer, Lancelot. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely This article is about the field of language planning & policy A universal language is a hypothetical historical or mythical language said to be spoken and understood by all or most of the world's populationor in some circles is said to be understood A world language is a language spoken internationally which is learned by many people as a Second language. The loom of language and Pei, Mario. One language for the world.
2. ^ Bodmer, Lancelot. The loom of language and Pei, Mario. One language for the world.
3. ^ L. Couturat, O. Jespersen, R. Lorenz, W. Ostwalkd and L. Pfaundler. International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science.
4. ^ All but Kotava and LFN are referenced in Mario Pei's One language for the world (1958)
5. ^ Pierre Janton, Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community. Translated by Humphrey Tonkin et al. State University of New York Press, 1993. ISBN 0-7914-1254-7.
6. ^ Mario Pei, One language for the world (1958)
7. ^ Charles Keisel Bliss, Semantography (Blissymbolics)
8. ^ Rubino, F. , Hayhurst, A. , and Guejlman, J. , Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf.
9. ^ Farewell to auxiliary languages, a criticism of the auxiliary language movement by Richard K. Harrison
10. ^ Alexander Gode, quoted by Mario Pei in One language for the world (1958).

Bibliography

• Bliss, Charles Keisel. Semantography (Blissymbolics). Semantography Press: Sidney, 1965.
• Bodmer, Lancelot. The Loom of Language. N. Y. : Norton, 1944.
• Couturat, L. , Jespersen, O. , Lorenz, R. , Ostwalkd, W. , and Pfaundler, L. International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science. Constable and Company Limited, London, 1910.
• De Wahl, Edgar. Radicarium directiv del lingue international (Occidental) in 8 lingues. A. -S. "Ühisell" Trükk. Pikk Uul. 42, Tallinn, 1925.
• Eco, Umberto, [tra. James Fentress], The Search for the Perfect Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
• Gär, Joseph. Deutsch-Occidental Wörterbuch nach dem Kürschners "Sechs-Sprachen-Lexicon", mit kurzer Occidental-Grammatik. Kosmoglott, Reval, Estland, 1925/1928.
• Gode, Alexander, et al. Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language. Storm Publishers, New York, 1951.
• Mainzer, Ludwig, Karlsruhe. Linguo international di la Delegitaro (Sistemo Ido), Vollständiges Lehrbuch der Internationalen Sprache (Reform-Esperanto). Otto Nemmich Verlag, Leipzig (Germany), 1909.
• Pei, Mario. One Language for the World. N. Y. : Devin-Adair, 1958.
• Pham Xuan Thai. Frater (Lingua sistemfrater). The simplest International Language Ever Constructed. TU-HAI Publishing-House, Saigon (Republic of Vietnam), 1957.
• Pigal, E. and the Hauptstelle der Occidental-Union in Mauern bei Wien. Occidental, Die Weltsprache, Einführung samt Lehrkursus, Lesestücken, Häufigkeitswörterverzeichnis u. a. , Franckh. Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1930.
• Pirro, Jean. Versuch einer Universalischen Sprache. Guerin und Cie. , Bar-Le-Duc (France), 1868.
• Rubino, F. , Hayhurst, A. , and Guejlman, J. Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf. Carlisle: British Deaf Association, 1975.
• Sudre, François. Langue musicale universelle inventée par François Sudre également inventeur de la téléphonie. G. Flaxland, Editeur, 4, place de la Madeleine, Paris (France), 1866.

External links

• Proposed Guidelines for the Design of an Optimal International Auxiliary Language - An article written by Richard K. Harrison.
• The Function of an International Auxiliary Language - An article written by linguist Edward Sapir discussing the need for prospects of an international language. Edward Sapir (səˈpɪər ( January 26 1884 &ndash February 4 1939) was a Jewish German - American
• Conlang Directory - A page of links to over 170 auxlangs.
• Farewell to auxiliary languages, a criticism of the auxiliary language movement by Richard K. Harrison.
• The Auxilingua Project
• IAL Wiki - a wiki for the Auxlang Community.
• OneTongue.com - A project for promoting a world auxiliary language.
• Which International Auxilliary Language (IAL) should you learn?

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