International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at “Ichigaya Court,” formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in Ichigaya, Tokyo. Ichigaya (市谷 is an area in the eastern portion of Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal or simply as the Tribunal, was convened to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for three types of crimes: "Class A" (crimes against peace), "Class B" (war crimes), and "Class C" (crimes against humanity), committed during World War II. Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku A crime against peace, in International law, refers to "planning preparation initiation or waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The first refers to their joint conspiracy to start and wage the war, and the latter two refer to atrocities including the Nanking Massacre. War crimes charges against more junior personnel were dealt with separately, in other cities throughout the Asia-Pacific region. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

The tribunal convened on May 3, 1946, and was adjourned on November 12, 1948. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Twenty-five Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes, and more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes, mostly over prisoner abuse. The crimes perpetrated by Japanese troops and authorities in the occupation of Korea and China, particularly Manchuria (Manchukuo), were not part of the proceeding. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern China held 13 tribunals of its own, resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions.

The Japanese Emperor Hirohito, and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka, were not prosecuted for any alleged involvement in any of the three categories of crimes. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death As many as 50 suspects, such as Nobusuke Kishi, who later became Prime Minister, and Yoshisuke Aikawa, head of the zaibatsu Nissan, and future leader of the Chuseiren, were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948. Nobusuke Kishi (岸 信介 Kishi Nobusuke, November 13, 1896 &ndash August 7, 1987) was a Japanese Politician was a Japanese Entrepreneur, businessman and politician noteworthy as the founder and first president of the Nissan Zaibatsu between 1931 and 1945 is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant

Creation of the court

The legal basis for the trial was established by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (CIMTFE) that was proclaimed on 19 January 1946. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CIMTFE set down the laws and procedures by which the IMTFE trials were to be conducted, including the types of crimes. On 25 April 1946 in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 of the CIMTFE the original Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East with amendments were promulgated. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. ^[1][2][3]

A panel of eleven judges presided over the IMTFE, one each from victorious Allied powers (United States, Republic of China, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Provisional Government of the French Republic, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, British India, and the Philippines). A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law The United States of America —commonly referred to as the REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

Prosecutors

Judges

The judges

Charges

Specific Documents of Evidence

Wide view of the Tribunal, depicting the bench of judges on the left, defendants on the right, and prosecutors in the back.

In April 2007, historian Yoshiaki Yoshimi and the Center for Research and Documentation on Japan's War Responsibility supplied specific documents about war crimes committed by the Japanese during the war. (1946-)is a professor of modern Japanese history at Chuo University in Tokyo These exposed documents were used in 1948 sentences during the tribunal. The documents concern the issue of "Comfort Women" who were women forced to work in the brothels that serviced soldiers and other men during the years of World War II. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War Document No. 5330 precisely mentioned the forced use of women for sexual use during the war. Quotes from this document include: "The Tokeitai (Special Naval Police) had ordered to keep the brothels supplied with women; to this end they arrested women on the streets and after enforced medical examination placed them in the brothels. The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. " Other text in the document includes: "Women who had had relations with Japanese were forced into the brothels, which were surrounded by barbed wire. They were only allowed on the streets with special permission. " ^[4]

Sentences

There were 28 defendants tried, mostly military and political leaders. Two defendants (Matsuoka Yosuke and Nagano Osami) died of natural causes during the trial. Yōsuke "Frank" Matsuoka (松岡 洋右 Matsuoka Yōsuke March 3, 1880 &ndash June 26, 1946) was a Foreign Minister Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 Okawa Shumei apparently had a nervous breakdown during the trial and was removed. was a Japanese Nationalist, Pan-Asian writer and Islamic scholar ^[5] Seven others were sentenced to death by hanging for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death A crime against peace, in International law, refers to "planning preparation initiation or waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of They were executed at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23, 1948:

• General Kenji Doihara, spy (later Air Force commander)
• Baron Kōki Hirota, foreign minister
• General Seishirō Itagaki, war minister
• General Heitarō Kimura, commander, Burma Expeditionary Force
• General Iwane Matsui, commander, Shanghai Expeditionary Force and Central China Area Army
• General Akira Muto, commander, Philippines Expeditionary Force
• General Hideki Tōjō, commander, Kwantung Army (later prime minister)

Sixteen more were sentenced to life imprisonment. Sugamo Prison ( Sugamo Kōchi-sho, Kyūjitai:巢鴨拘置所 Shinjitai:巣鴨拘置所 was located in the district of Ikebukuro, which is now a part of Toshima ward is a large commercial and entertainment district of Tokyo, Japan. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and was instrumental in the planning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. was a Japanese Diplomat, Politician and the 32nd Prime Minister of Japan from March 9, 1936 to February 2, 1937 was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Biography Kimura was born in Saitama prefecture, north of Tokyo, but was raised in Hiroshima prefecture General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in World War II. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Three (Koiso, Shiratori, and Umezu) died in prison, while the other thirteen were paroled in 1955:

• General Sadao Araki, war minister
• Colonel Kingorō Hashimoto, major instigator of the second Sino-Japanese War
• Field Marshal Shunroku Hata, war minister
• Baron Kiichirō Hiranuma, prime minister
• Naoki Hoshino, Chief Cabinet Secretary
• Okinori Kaya, opium dealer to the Chinese
• Marquis Kōichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
• General Kuniaki Koiso, governor of Korea, later prime minister
• General Jirō Minami, commander, Kwantung Army
• Admiral Takasumi Oka, naval minister
• General Hiroshi Ōshima, ambassador to Germany
• General Kenryō Satō, chief of the Military Affairs Bureau
• Admiral Shigetarō Shimada, naval minister
• Toshio Shiratori, ambassador to Italy
• General Teiichi Suzuki, president of the Cabinet Planning Board
• General Yoshijirō Umezu, war minister

Two defendants received finite sentences. Parole may have different meanings depending on the field and judiciary system Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. Kingoro Hashimoto (橋本欣五郎 Hashimoto Kingorō 1890-1957 was a Japanese soldier and politician The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Field Marshal, was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. ( 28 September 1867 - 22 August 1952) was a prominent pre-World War II right-wing Japanese Politician and the 35th was a Bureaucrat and Politician who served in the Taishō and early Showa period Japanese government and as an official in the Empire of Manchukou Marquis ( July 18 1889 – April 6 1977) served as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1940 to 1945 and was the closest The was an administrative post not of cabinet rank in the government of the Empire of Japan. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor-General of Korea between 1936 and 1942 Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Japanese Ambassador to Nazi Germany during World War II — and unknowingly a major source was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Toshio Shiratori (1887-1949 was the Japanese Ambassador to Italy from 1938 to 1940 Advisor to the Japanese Foreign minister in 1940 ( 4 January 1882 - 8 January 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Foreign minister Shigenori Tōgō was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment and died in prison in 1949. ( 10 December 1882 - 23 July 1950) was Minister of Foreign Affairs for Japan at both the start and the end of the Japanese-American Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Foreign minister Mamoru Shigemitsu was sentenced to 7 years but was paroled in 1950 and went on to serve as foreign minister again in Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama's cabinet. Mamoru Shigemitsu (重光 葵 July 29 1881 &ndash January 26, 1957) was the Japanese Minister of Foreign affairs at Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ichirō Hatoyama (鳩山 一郎 Hatoyama Ichirō, born January 1 1883 in Tokyo died March 7 1959) was a Japanese

The defendants

Subsidiary and related trials

According to Japanese tabulation, 5,700 Japanese individuals were indicted for Class B and Class C war crimes. Of this number, 984 were initially condemned to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted and 279 were never brought to trial or not sentenced. The number of death sentences by country is the following : Holland 236, Great Britain 223, Australia 153, China 149, USA 140 France 26 and Philippines 17. ^[6] Additionally, the Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces held trials for Japanese war criminals.

The Khabarovsk War Crime Trials held by the Soviets tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit (Unit 731). Khabarovsk War Crime Trials were a series of hearings held between December 25 - 31st 1949 in the Russian industrial city of Khabarovsk, (Хабáровск situated was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during However those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial as General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on biological weapons. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium

In 1981, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists published an article by John W. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nontechnical magazine that covers global security and public policy issues especially related to the dangers posed by nuclear Powell detailing Unit 731 experiments and germ warfare open-air tests on civilian populations. It was printed with a statement by judge B. V. A. Röling, the last surviving member of the Tokyo Tribunal. Röling wrote that "As one of the judges in the International Military Tribunal, it is a bitter experience for me to be informed now that centrally ordered Japanese war criminality of the most disgusting kind was kept secret from the Court by the U. S. government. " ^[7]

Criticism

The IMTFE shared many of the same criticisms as the Nuremberg Trials, including the ex post facto nature of the IMTFE. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after The critics are divided between those who argue that the trial was the victor's justice and those for whom the trial was essentially a legal procedure to exonerate the imperial family from criminal responsibility.

It is also argued by some, such as Solis Horowitz, that IMTFE had an American bias, because unlike the Nuremberg Trials, there was only a single prosecution team, which was led by Joseph B. Keenan, an American, although the members of the tribunal represented eleven different Allied countries. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Joseph Berry Keenan (1888-1954 was a United States Political figure. ^[8]

The IMTFE had less official support than the Nuremberg Trials. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after For example, Chief Prosecutor Joe Keenan, a former US assistant attorney general, had a much lower position than Nuremberg's Robert H. Jackson, a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Robert Houghwout Jackson ( February 13, 1892 &ndash October 9, 1954) was United States Attorney General (1940&ndash1941 and an The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

Dissenting opinion and Victor's Justice

Justice Radhabinod Pal, the Indian justice at the IMTFE, argued that the exclusion of Western colonialism and the use of the atom bomb by the United States from the list of crimes, and judges from the vanquished nations on the bench, signified the "failure of the Tribunal to provide anything other than the opportunity for the victors to retaliate. Justice Radhabinod Pal ( 27 January 1886 &ndash 10 January 1967) was an Indian jurist A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. " ^[9] In this he was not alone among Indian jurists of the time, one prominent Calcutta barrister writing that the Tribunal was little more than "a sword in a wig".

Pal's objections were also substantive: he found that the entire prosecution case, that there was a conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war, which would include the brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations, weak. About the Rape of Nanking in particular, he said, after acknowledging the brutality of the incident ( and that the "evidence was overwhelming" that "atrocities were perpetrated by the members of the Japanese armed forces against the civilian population. . . and prisoners of war"), that there was nothing to show that it was the "product of government policy", and thus that the officials of the Japanese government were directly responsible. Indeed, he said, there is "no evidence, testimonial or circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses. " ^[9]

In any case, he added, conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since. ^[9]

A procedure to exonerate the imperial family

Hirohito and imperial stallion Shirayuki

Many historians criticize the work made by Douglas MacArthur and his staff to exonerate Emperor Showa and all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as prince Chichibu, prince Takeda, prince Asaka, prince Higashikuni and prince Hiroyasu Fushimi ^[10]. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Background and Family Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess The, were branches of the Japanese Imperial Family created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house was the 30th Prime Minister of Japan from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945 for a period of 54 days was a scion of the Japanese imperial family and was a career naval officer who served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1932 to 1941

As soon as 26 November 1945, MacArthur confirmed to admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. ( 2 March 1880 - 20 April 1948) was an Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and Politician. ^[11] Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and shôwa officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the shôwa government collaborated with allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. is a neighborhood in Toshima, Tokyo, Japan. It is well known for Jizō-dōri (地蔵通り a popular shopping street for the older generation (the area is known ^[12]

According to Herbert Bix, Brigadier General Bonner Fellers "immediately on landing in Japan went to work to protect Hirohito from the role he had played during and at the end of the war" and "allowed the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment. Herbert P Bix is the author of Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, an acclaimed account of the Japanese Emperor and the events which shaped modern Bonner Frank Fellers (1896 - 1973 was a US Army officer who served during World War II as Military attaché and Psychological warfare director " ^[13]

Bix also argues that "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war" and "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death " ^[14] According to the written report of Shûichi Mizota, the interpreter of admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, Fellers met the two men at his office on March 6 1946 and told Yonai that : "it would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the Emperor is completely blameless. ( 2 March 1880 - 20 April 1948) was an Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and Politician. I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that. Tôjô, in particular, should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial. ^[15]

For John W. Dower, "This successful campaign to absolve the Emperor of war responsibility knew no bounds. John W. Dower (born 1938 is an American author professor and historian his primary focus is modern Japan and U Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal. He was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war", "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor. " ^[16] and "Even Japanese activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters, and who have labored to document and publicize the atrocities of the shôwa regime, cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of the Cold war, release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right-winged war criminals like the later prime minister Nobusuke Kishi. Nobusuke Kishi (岸 信介 Kishi Nobusuke, November 13, 1896 &ndash August 7, 1987) was a Japanese Politician ^[17]

Three judges wrote an obiter dictum about the criminal responsibility of Hirohito. An obiter dictum (plural obiter dicta, often referred to simply as dicta) Latin for a statement "said by the way" is a Judge in chief Webb declared that "No ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger. . . It will remain that the men who advised the commission of a crime, if it be one, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed. " ^[18]

Judge Henri Bernard of France concluded that Japan's declaration of war "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present Defendants could only be considered as accomplices. "^[19]

For judge B. V. A. Röling however, nothing objectable could be found in the Emperor's immunity and five defendants, Kido, Hata, Hirota, Shigemitsu and Tôgô should have been acquitted.

60th anniversary

In a survey of 3,000 Japanese conducted in 2006 by Asahi News as the 60th anniversary approached, 70% of those questioned were unaware of the details of the trials, a figure that rose to 90% for those in the 20-29 age group. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Some 76% of the people polled, however, recognized a certain degree of aggression on Japan's part during the war, while only 7% believed it was a war strictly for self-defense. [1]

See also

• Tokyo Trial (film)
• Nanking Massacre
• Nanking (film)
• Command responsibility
• Japanese war crimes
• Nuremberg Trials
• War crime

References

• Adapted by Ming-Hui Yao Basic Facts on the Nanjing Massacre and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial (mirror site). Tokyo Trial ( is a Chinese film released in 2006 Story This film was directed by Gao Qunshu and is about the International Military Tribunal Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard or the Medina standard, is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied This web article is based on the pamphlet by New Jersey Hong Kong Network, published in September 1993. Both sites are web servers in the domain of China News Digest International, Inc

Movies

• Tokyo Trial (film) released in 2006, directed by Gao Qunshu. Tokyo Trial ( is a Chinese film released in 2006 Story This film was directed by Gao Qunshu and is about the International Military Tribunal [2], [3]

Books

• Bass, Gary Jonathan. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Trials. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
• Bix, Herbert. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.
• Brackman, Arnold C. The Other Nuremberg: the Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1987.
• Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. Embracing Defeat Japan in the Wake of World War II written by John W New York: New Press, 1999.
• Frank, Richard B. (1999). Richard B Frank (born 1947 in Kansas) is an American lawyer and military historian Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Penguin Books.  
• Holmes, Linda Goetz (2001). Unjust Enrichment: How Japan's Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs. Mechanicsburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books.  
• Horowitz, Solis. "The Tokyo Trial" International Conciliation 465 (Nov 1950), 473-584.
• Lael, Richard L. (1982). The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility. Wilmington, Del, USA: Scholarly Resources.  
• Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2177-9.  
• Minear, Richard H. (1971). Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.  
• Piccigallo, Philip R. (1979). The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945-1951. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press.  
• Rees, Laurence (2001). Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II. Boston: Da Capo Press.  
• Sherman, Christine (2001). War Crimes: International Military Tribunal. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1563117282.  

Web

• International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Judgment: International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Retrieved on 2006-03-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
• Wu Tianwei The Failure of the Tokyo Trial
• The Postwar Judgement: I. International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Summary and some pictures from the United States National Archives
• Stephen Stratford. Stephen's Study Room: British Military & Criminal History in the period 1900 to 1999: IMTFE

Notes

1. ^ Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2. ^ Within documents relating to the IMTFE it is also referred to as the Charter
3. ^ Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 25 April 1946
4. ^ Evidence documenting sex-slave coercion revealed | The Japan Times Online
5. ^ One of the erratic things he did was, hitting the bald head of the former prime minister Hideki Tojo, shouting "Inder! Kommen Sie!" (Come, Indian!) in German, and the list goes on. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Therefore, the presiding judge Sir William Webb (The President of the tribunal) concluded that he was mentally ill and dropped the case against him. Sir William Flood Webb KBE ( 21 January 1887 &ndash 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and From the beginning of the tribunal, he said that the court was a farce, therefore, some people still believe that he was faking his madness in order to be released.
6. ^ John Dower, Embracing defeat, 1999, p. 447
7. ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A plague upon humanity, Harper Collins, 2004, p. 222.
8. ^ Horowitz, Solis. (1950). "The Tokio Trial". International Conciliation 465 (Nov): 473-584.  
9. ^ ^{a b c} "The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking", by Timothy Brook, The Journal of Asian Studies, August 2001.
10. ^ John Dower, Embracing defeat, W. W. Norton, 1999, Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, Perennial, 2001
11. ^ Dower, ibid. p. 323
12. ^ Dower, ibid. p. 325
13. ^ Bix, ibid. , p. 583
14. ^ Bix, ibid. p585
15. ^ Kumao Toyoda, Sensô saiban yoroku, Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha, 1986, p. 170-172, Bix, ibid. p. 584.
16. ^ Dower, ibid. , p. 326
17. ^ Dower, ibid. p. 562
18. ^ Röling and Ruter, The Tokyo judgement : The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 29 April 1946-12 November 1948, volume 1, p. 478
19. ^ ibid. p. 496