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Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection". This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design. Specified complexity is an argument proposed by William Dembski and used by him in his works promoting Intelligent design. The fine-tuned Universe is the idea that the conditions that allow Life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal Physical constants lie within An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some Theistic realism is a Philosophical justification for Intelligent design proposed by Phillip E "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political Creationism and Creation science 1920s Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy – in an upsurge of fundamentalist religious fervor anti-evolutionary The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. Critical Analysis of Evolution is the name of both a proposed high school science Lesson plan promoting Intelligent design and a tactic to promote design using Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism The Intelligent design movement has conducted a far-reaching organized campaign largely in the United States that promotes a Neo-Creationist religious agenda calling for broad Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. The reaction of Jewish leaders and organizations to Intelligent design has been primarily concerned with responding to proposals to include intelligent design in public The position of the Catholic Church on the theory of Evolution has moved over the last two centuries from a large period of no official See also Intelligent design All or nearly all national and international science academies and professional societies have issued statements supporting Evolution and opposing The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of [1][2] It is a modern form of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God, modified to avoid specifying the nature or identity of the designer to avoid a United States court ruling prohibiting the teaching of creationism as science. A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an Argument for the Existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order purpose design God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [3][4][5] Its primary proponents, all of whom are associated with the U. S. -based Discovery Institute[6][7] believe the designer to be the God of Christianity. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity [8][9] Advocates of intelligent design claim it is a scientific theory,[10] and seek to fundamentally redefine science to accept supernatural explanations. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events [11]
The unequivocal consensus in the scientific community is that intelligent design is not science but pseudoscience. Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular The scientific community consists of the total body of Scientists its relationships and interactions Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the [12][13][14][15] The U.S. National Academy of Sciences has stated that "intelligent design, and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life" are not science because they cannot be tested by experiment, do not generate any predictions, and propose no new hypotheses of their own. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible [16] The US National Science Teachers Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have termed it pseudoscience. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA founded in 1944 and headquartered in Arlington Virginia, is an association of Science Teachers The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages [17] Others have concurred, and some have called it junk science. Junk science is a term used in US political and legal disputes that brands an advocate's claims about scientific Data, Research, [18]
"Intelligent design" originated in response to the 1987 United States Supreme Court Edwards v. Aguillard ruling involving separation of church and state. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Separation of church and state is a legal and political principle derived from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads "Congress [3] Its first significant published use was in Of Pandas and People, a 1989 textbook intended for high-school biology classes. Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival [19] Several additional books on "intelligent design" were published in the 1990s. By the mid-1990s, intelligent design proponents had begun clustering around the Discovery Institute and more publicly advocating the inclusion of intelligent design in public school curricula. Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution [20] With the Discovery Institute and its Center for Science and Culture serving a central role in planning and funding, the "intelligent design movement" grew increasingly visible in the late 1990s and early 2000s, culminating in the 2005 "Dover trial" challenging the intended use of intelligent design in public school science classes. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political [6]
In Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, a group of parents of high-school students challenged a public school district requirement for teachers to present intelligent design in biology classes as an alternative "explanation of the origin of life". Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that intelligent design is not science, that it "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents", and concluded that the school district's promotion of it therefore violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The United States district courts are the general Trial courts of the United States federal court system. John Edward Jones III (born June 13 1955) is an American lawyer and jurist from the U The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress [21]
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Overview
The term "intelligent design" came into use after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1987 case of Edwards v. Aguillard that to require the teaching of "creation science" alongside evolution was a violation of the Establishment Clause, which prohibits state aid to religion. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within Creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " In the Edwards case, the Supreme Court had also held that "teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind to school children might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction". [22] In drafts of the creation science textbook Of Pandas and People, almost all derivatives of the word "creation", such as "creationism", were replaced with the words "intelligent design". Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival [19] The book was published in 1989, followed by a "grass-roots" campaign promoting the use of the book to teach intelligent design in high-school biology classes. For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement [23]
The same Supreme Court ruling prompted the retired legal scholar Phillip E. Johnson, in his 1991 book Darwin on Trial, to advocate redefining science to allow claims of supernatural creation. Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author Darwin on Trial is a controversial 1991 book by the University of California Berkeley law professor Phillip E [24] A group including Michael Behe, Stephen C. Meyer and William Dembski joined Johnson in aiming to overturn the methodological naturalism of the scientific method (which he describes as "materialism") and replace it with "theistic realism" through what they later called the "wedge strategy". Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Theistic realism is a Philosophical justification for Intelligent design proposed by Phillip E The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. [25] Behe contributed to the 1993 revision of Of Pandas and People, setting out the ideas he later called "irreducible complexity". This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design. [26] In 1994 Meyer made contact with the Discovery Institute, and in the following year they obtained funding to set up the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture to promote the intelligent design movement seeking public and political support for teaching "intelligent design" as a creation-based alternative to evolution, particularly in the United States. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. [20]
Intelligent design is presented as an alternative to natural explanations for the origin and diversity of life. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of It stands in opposition to conventional biological science, which relies on the scientific method to explain life through observable processes such as mutation and natural selection. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of [27][28] The stated purpose of intelligent design is to investigate whether or not existing empirical evidence implies that life on Earth must have been designed by an intelligent agent or agents. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities William A. Dembski, one of intelligent design's leading proponents, has said that the fundamental claim of intelligent design is that "there are natural systems that cannot be adequately explained in terms of undirected natural forces and that exhibit features which in any other circumstance we would attribute to intelligence". William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the [29] In the leaked Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document, however, the supporters of the movement were told, "We are building on this momentum, broadening the wedge with a positive scientific alternative to materialistic scientific theories, which has come to be called the theory of intelligent design. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions". [30][31]
Proponents of intelligent design look for evidence of what they term "signs of intelligence": physical properties of an object that point to a designer (see: teleological argument). Scientific evidence is Evidence which serves to either support or counter a scientific Theory or Hypothesis. A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity. A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an Argument for the Existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order purpose design For example, intelligent design proponents argue that an archaeologist who finds a statue made of stone in a field may justifiably conclude that the statue was designed, and may reasonably seek to identify its designer. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The archaeologist would not, however, be justified in making the same claim based on an irregularly shaped boulder of the same size. Design proponents argue that living systems show great complexity, from which they infer that some aspects of life have been designed. Living systems theory is a General theory about the existence of all living Systems their Structure, Interaction, Behavior and
Intelligent design proponents say that although evidence pointing to the nature of an "intelligent cause or agent" may not be directly observable, its effects on nature can be detected. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Dembski, in Signs of Intelligence, states: "Proponents of intelligent design regard it as a scientific research program that investigates the effects of intelligent causes . . . not intelligent causes per se". In his view, one cannot test for the identity of influences exterior to a closed system from within, so questions concerning the identity of a designer fall outside the realm of the concept. In the 20 years since Intelligent Design was first formulated, no rigorous test that can identify these effects has yet been proposed. [32][33] No articles supporting intelligent design have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, nor has intelligent design been the subject of scientific research or testing. [34]
Origins of the concept
Philosophers have long debated whether the complexity of nature indicates the existence of a purposeful natural or supernatural designer/creator(s). Amongst the first attested arguments for a designer of the Universe are those recorded in Greek philosophy. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. In the 4th century BC, Plato posited a "demiurge" who was good and wise as the creator and first cause of the cosmos in his Timaeus. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Demiurge (the Latinized form of Greek demiourgos, δημιουργός, literally "public or skilled worker" from demos Timaeus ( Greek: Τίμαιος, Timaios) is a theoretical treatise of Plato in the form of a Socratic dialogue, written [35][36] Aristotle also developed the idea of a creator-designer of the cosmos, often called the "Unmoved Mover", in his work Metaphysics. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The unmoved mover is a philosophical concept described by Aristotle as the first cause that sets the Universe into motion Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name [37] In De Natura Deorum, or "On the Nature of the Gods" (45 BC), Cicero stated that "the divine power is to be found in a principle of reason which pervades the whole of nature. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman "[38]
The use of this line of reasoning as applied to a supernatural designer has come to be known as the teleological argument for the existence of God. A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an Argument for the Existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order purpose design God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The most notable forms of this argument were expressed in the 13th century by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae,[39] design being the fifth of Aquinas' five proofs for God's existence, and by William Paley in his book Natural Theology (1802). The Summa Theologica (or the Summa Theologiae or simply the Summa, written 1265 &ndash 1274) is the most famous William Paley (July 1743 &ndash 25 May 1805) was a British Christian apologist, Philosopher, and utilitarian. [40] Paley used the watchmaker analogy, which is still used in intelligent design arguments. The watchmaker analogy, or watchmaker Argument, is a Teleological argument for the Existence of God. In the early 19th century, such arguments led to the development of what was called natural theology, the study of nature as a means to understand "the mind of God". Natural theology is a branch of Theology based on Reason and ordinary Experience, explaining the gods rationally as part of the physical world Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. This movement fueled the passion for collecting fossils and other biological specimens, which ultimately led to Darwin's theory of the origin of species. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the Similar reasoning postulating a divine designer is embraced today by many believers in theistic evolution, who consider modern science and the theory of evolution to be fully compatible with the concept of a supernatural designer. Theistic evolution is the general opinion that classical religious teachings about God and creation are compatible with some or all of the modern scientific understanding eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008
Intelligent design in the late 20th and early 21st century can be seen as a modern development of natural theology that seeks to change the basis of science and undermine evolutionary theory. [41][42][43] As evolutionary theory has expanded to explain more phenomena, the examples that are held up as evidence of design have changed. But the essential argument remains the same: complex systems imply a designer. Examples offered in the past included the eye (optical system) and the feathered wing; current examples are mostly biochemical: protein functions, blood clotting, and bacterial flagella (see irreducible complexity). Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby A flagellum ( plural flagella) is a tail-like structure that projects from the Cell body of certain Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells and it This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design.
Barbara Forrest describes the intelligent design movement as beginning in 1984 when Jon A. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political Buell's religious organization the Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE) published The Mystery of Life's Origin by creationist chemist Charles B. Thaxton. The Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE is a Christian Non-profit organization based in Richardson Texas that publishes textbooks and articles promoting Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. [44] In March 1986 Stephen C. Meyer's review described it as using information theory to suggest that messages transmitted by DNA in the cell show "specified complexity" specified by intelligence, and must have originated with an intelligent agent. This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C [45] In November of that year Thaxton described his reasoning as a more sophisticated form of Paley's argument from design. [46] At the Sources of Information Content in DNA conference in 1988 he said that his intelligent cause view was compatible with both metaphysical naturalism and supernaturalism,[47] and the term intelligent design came up. This article covers metaphysical naturalism as a worldview Naturalism (philosophy discusses methodological naturalism [48]
Intelligent design deliberately does not try to identify or name the specific agent of creation—it merely states that one (or more) must exist. An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some Although intelligent design itself does not name the designer, the leaders of the intelligent design movement have said that the designer is the Christian God. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [8][49][30][50][51] Whether this lack of specificity about the designer's identity in public discussions is a genuine feature of the concept, or just a posture taken to avoid alienating those who would separate religion from the teaching of science, has been a matter of great debate between supporters and critics of intelligent design. The Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District court ruling held the latter to be the case. Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution.
Origins of the term
- See also: Timeline of intelligent design
Prior to the publication of the book Of Pandas and People in 1989, the words "intelligent design" had been used on several occasions as a descriptive phrase in contexts that are unrelated to the modern use of the term. Creationism and Creation science 1920s Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy – in an upsurge of fundamentalist religious fervor anti-evolutionary Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival The phrase "intelligent design" can be found in an 1847 issue of Scientific American, in an 1850 book by Patrick Edward Dove,[52] and even in a 1861 letter of Charles Darwin. Scientific American is a Popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly since August 28, 1845, making it Patrick Edward Dove ( 31 July 1815 – 28 April 1873) was born at Lasswade, near Edinburgh in Scotland. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life [53] The phrase was used in an address to the 1873 annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science by Paleyite botanist George James Allman:
No physical hypothesis founded on any indisputable fact has yet explained the origin of the primordial protoplasm, and, above all, of its marvellous properties, which render evolution possible—in heredity and in adaptability, for these properties are the cause and not the effect of evolution. William Paley (July 1743 &ndash 25 May 1805) was a British Christian apologist, Philosopher, and utilitarian. George James Allman FRS ( 1812 - November 24, 1898) MD Emeritus Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh, an eminent naturalist Protoplasm is the living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a Plasma membrane. For the cause of this cause we have sought in vain among the physical forces which surround us, until we are at last compelled to rest upon an independent volition, a far-seeing intelligent design. [54]
The phrase can be found again in Humanism, a 1903 book by one of the founders of classical pragmatism, F.C.S. Schiller: "It will not be possible to rule out the supposition that the process of evolution may be guided by an intelligent design". Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller ( August 16 1864 - August 9 1937) was a German - British pragmatist A derivative of the phrase appears in the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967) in the article titled, Teleological argument for the existence of God: "Stated most succinctly, the argument runs: The world exhibits teleological order (design, adaptation). Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. Therefore, it was produced by an intelligent designer". [55] The phrases "intelligent design" and "intelligently designed" were used in a 1979 book Chance or Design? by James Horigan[56] and the phrase "intelligent design" was used in a 1982 speech by Sir Fred Hoyle in his promotion of panspermia. Sir Fred Hoyle FRS ( 24 June, 1915 &ndash 20 August, 2001) was an English Astronomer primarily Panspermia ( Gk. πάς/πάν (pas/pan all and σπέρμα ( sperma, seed is the Hypothesis that "seeds" of Life exist already [57]
The modern use of the words "intelligent design", as a term intended to describe a field of inquiry, began after the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), ruled that creationism is unconstitutional in public school science curricula. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. A Discovery Institute report says that Charles Thaxton, editor of Of Pandas and People, had picked the phrase up from a NASA scientist, and thought "That's just what I need, it's a good engineering term". Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program [58] In drafts of the book over one hundred uses of the root word "creation", such as "creationism" and "creation science", were changed, almost without exception, to intelligent design,[19] while "creationists" was changed to "design proponents" or, in one instance, "cdesign proponentsists". Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival [sic] [59] In June 1988 Thaxton held a conference titled Sources of Information Content in DNA in Tacoma, Washington,[47] and in December decided to use the label "intelligent design" for his new creationist movement. Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [60] Stephen C. Meyer was at the conference, and later recalled that "the term came up". This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C [48] The book Of Pandas and People was published in 1989, and is considered to be the first intelligent design book,[61][26] as well as the first place where the phrase "intelligent design" appeared in its present use. [62]
Irreducible complexity
- For more details on this topic, see Irreducible complexity. This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design. Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate Darwin's Black Box The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution ( 1996, first edition 2006, second edition is a book written by Michael J This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design.
The term "irreducible complexity" was introduced by Michael Behe, who defines it as "a single system which is composed of several well-matched interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning". Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate [63]
Behe uses the analogy of a mousetrap to illustrate this concept. Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and A mousetrap consists of several interacting pieces—the base, the catch, the spring and the hammer—all of which must be in place for the mousetrap to work. Removal of any one piece destroys the function of the mousetrap. Intelligent design advocates assert that natural selection could not create irreducibly complex systems, because the selectable function is present only when all parts are assembled. Behe argued that irreducibly complex biological mechanisms include the bacterial flagellum of E. coli, the blood clotting cascade, cilia, and the adaptive immune system. A flagellum ( plural flagella) is a tail-like structure that projects from the Cell body of certain Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells and it Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby A cilium (plural cilia) is an Organelle found in eukaryotic cells Cilia are tail-like projections extending approximately An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor [64][65]
Critics point out that the irreducible complexity argument assumes that the necessary parts of a system have always been necessary and therefore could not have been added sequentially. [66][67] They argue that something which is at first merely advantageous can later become necessary as other components change. Furthermore, they argue, evolution often proceeds by altering preexisting parts or by removing them from a system, rather than by adding them. This is sometimes called the "scaffolding objection" by an analogy with scaffolding, which can support an "irreducibly complex" building until it is complete and able to stand on its own. Scaffolding is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures [68] Behe has acknowledged using "sloppy prose", and that his "argument against Darwinism does not add up to a logical proof". [69] Irreducible complexity has remained a popular argument among advocates of intelligent design; in the Dover trial, the court held that "Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large". Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. [70]
Specified complexity
- For more details on this topic, see Specified complexity. Specified complexity is an argument proposed by William Dembski and used by him in his works promoting Intelligent design.
In 1986 the creationist chemist Charles Thaxton used the term "specified complexity" from information theory when claiming that messages transmitted by DNA in the cell were specified by intelligence, and must have originated with an intelligent agent. Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. [45] The intelligent design concept of "specified complexity" was developed in the 1990s by mathematician, philosopher, and theologian William Dembski. William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the Dembski states that when something exhibits specified complexity (i. e. , is both complex and "specified", simultaneously), one can infer that it was produced by an intelligent cause (i. e. , that it was designed) rather than being the result of natural processes. He provides the following examples: "A single letter of the alphabet is specified without being complex. A long sentence of random letters is complex without being specified. A Shakespearean sonnet is both complex and specified". William Shakespeare ( baptised The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. [71] He states that details of living things can be similarly characterized, especially the "patterns" of molecular sequences in functional biological molecules such as DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
Dembski defines complex specified information (CSI) as anything with a less than 1 in 10150 chance of occurring by (natural) chance. Specified complexity is an argument proposed by William Dembski and used by him in his works promoting Intelligent design. Critics say that this renders the argument a tautology: complex specified information cannot occur naturally because Dembski has defined it thus, so the real question becomes whether or not CSI actually exists in nature. In Propositional logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία is a Propositional formula that is true under any possible valuation [73][74][75]
The conceptual soundness of Dembski's specified complexity/CSI argument has been widely discredited by the scientific and mathematical communities. [76][77][78] Specified complexity has yet to be shown to have wide applications in other fields as Dembski asserts. John Wilkins and Wesley Elsberry characterize Dembski's "explanatory filter" as eliminative, because it eliminates explanations sequentially: first regularity, then chance, finally defaulting to design. Dr Wesley Royce Elsberry (born January 23, 1960) is a marine biologist with an interdisciplinary background in Zoology, Computer They argue that this procedure is flawed as a model for scientific inference because the asymmetric way it treats the different possible explanations renders it prone to making false conclusions. [79]
Richard Dawkins, another critic of intelligent design, argues in The God Delusion that allowing for an intelligent designer to account for unlikely complexity only postpones the problem, as such a designer would need to be at least as complex. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The God Delusion is a 2006 bestselling non-fiction book by British biologist Richard Dawkins, holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding [80] Other scientists have argued that evolution through selection is better able to explain the observed complexity, as is evident from the use of selective evolution to design certain electronic, aeronautic and automotive systems which are considered problems too complex for human "intelligent designers". [81]
Fine-tuned Universe
- For more details on this topic, see Fine-tuned Universe. The fine-tuned Universe is the idea that the conditions that allow Life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal Physical constants lie within
Intelligent design proponents also raise occasional arguments outside biology, most notably an argument based on the concept of the fine-tuning of universal constants that make matter and life possible and which are argued not to be solely attributable to chance. The fine-tuned Universe is the idea that the conditions that allow Life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal Physical constants lie within These include the values of fundamental physical constants, the relative strength of nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity between fundamental particles, as well as the ratios of masses of such particles. The nuclear force (or nucleon-nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is the force between two or more Nucleons It is responsible for Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made Intelligent design proponent and Center for Science and Culture fellow Guillermo Gonzalez argues that if any of these values were even slightly different, the universe would be dramatically different, making it impossible for many chemical elements and features of the Universe, such as galaxies, to form. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative Guillermo Gonzalez (born 1963 in Havana, Cuba) is an astrophysicist and notable proponent of Intelligent design, and is a professor at Grove City A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system consisting of Stars an Interstellar medium of gas and dust, and Dark matter [82] Thus, proponents argue, an intelligent designer of life was needed to ensure that the requisite features were present to achieve that particular outcome.
Scientists almost unanimously have responded that this argument cannot be tested and is not scientifically productive. Some scientists argue that even when taken as mere speculation, these arguments are poorly supported by existing evidence. [83] Victor J. Stenger and other critics say both intelligent design and the weak form of the anthropic principle are essentially a tautology; in his view, these arguments amount to the claim that life is able to exist because the Universe is able to support life. Victor J Stenger (born January 29[[ 935]] is emeritus professor of Physics and Astronomy In Physics and Cosmology, the anthropic principle states that humans should take into account the constraints that human existence imposes on the kind of theoretical In Physics and Cosmology, the anthropic principle states that humans should take into account the constraints that human existence imposes on the kind of theoretical In Propositional logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία is a Propositional formula that is true under any possible valuation [84][85][86] The claim of the improbability of a life-supporting universe has also been criticized as an argument by lack of imagination for assuming no other forms of life are possible. The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam ("appeal to ignorance") or argument by lack of imagination, is a Logical fallacy Life as we know it might not exist if things were different, but a different sort of life might exist in its place. A number of critics also suggest that many of the stated variables appear to be interconnected and that calculations made by mathematicians and physicists suggest that the emergence of a universe similar to ours is quite probable. [87]
Proponent Granville Sewell has stated that the evolution of complex forms of life represents a decrease of entropy, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics and supporting intelligent design. Edward Granville Sewell is an American Mathematician and Intelligent design advocate In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy The second law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing Entropy, stating that the entropy of an Isolated system which [88] This, however, is a misapplication of thermodynamic principles. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " [89] The second law applies to closed systems only. If this argument were true, living things could not be born and grow, as this also would be a decrease in entropy. However, like evolution, the growth of living things does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, because living things are not closed systems-- they have external energy sources (e. g. food, oxygen, sunlight) whose production requires an offsetting net increase in entropy.
Intelligent designer
- For more details on this topic, see Intelligent designer. An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some
Intelligent design arguments are formulated in secular terms and intentionally avoid identifying the intelligent agent (or agents) they posit. Although they do not state that God is the designer, the designer is often implicitly hypothesized to have intervened in a way that only a god could intervene. Dembski, in The Design Inference, speculates that an alien culture could fulfill these requirements. The Design Inference Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities is a controversial 1998 book by the American Mathematician The authoritative description of intelligent design,[90] however, explicitly states that the Universe displays features of having been designed. Acknowledging the paradox, Dembski concludes that "no intelligent agent who is strictly physical could have presided over the origin of the universe or the origin of life". A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely [91] The leading proponents have made statements to their supporters that they believe the designer to be the Christian God, to the exclusion of all other religions. The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity [8][9][49]
Beyond the debate over whether intelligent design is scientific, a number of critics go so far as to argue that existing evidence makes the design hypothesis appear unlikely, irrespective of its status in the world of science. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science For example, Jerry Coyne, of the University of Chicago, asks why a designer would "give us a pathway for making vitamin C, but then destroy it by disabling one of its enzymes" and why he or she would not "stock oceanic islands with reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and freshwater fish, despite the suitability of such islands for these species". The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Coyne also points to the fact that "the flora and fauna on those islands resemble that of the nearest mainland, even when the environments are very different" as evidence that species were not placed there by a designer. [92] Previously, in Darwin's Black Box, Behe had argued that we are simply incapable of understanding the designer's motives, so such questions cannot be answered definitively. Darwin's Black Box The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution ( 1996, first edition 2006, second edition is a book written by Michael J Odd designs could, for example, "have been placed there by the designer . . . for artistic reasons, to show off, for some as-yet undetectable practical purpose, or for some unguessable reason". Coyne responds that in light of the evidence, "either life resulted not from intelligent design, but from evolution; or the intelligent designer is a cosmic prankster who designed everything to make it look as though it had evolved". [92]
Asserting the need for a designer of complexity also raises the question "What designed the designer?"[93] Intelligent design proponents say that the question is irrelevant to or outside the scope of intelligent design. [94] Richard Wein counters that the unanswered questions a theory creates "must be balanced against the improvements in our understanding which the explanation provides. Invoking an unexplained being to explain the origin of other beings (ourselves) is little more than question-begging. In Logic, begging the question has traditionally described a type of Logical fallacy (also called petitio principii) in which the proposition The new question raised by the explanation is as problematic as the question which the explanation purports to answer". [95] Richard Dawkins sees the assertion that the designer does not need to be explained, not as a contribution to knowledge, but as a thought-terminating cliché. A thought-terminating Cliché is a commonly used phrase sometimes passing as folk wisdom used to quell Cognitive dissonance. [96][97] In the absence of observable, measurable evidence, the very question "What designed the designer?" leads to an infinite regression from which intelligent design proponents can only escape by resorting to religious creationism or logical contradiction. "Turtles all the way down" refers to an Infinite regression Belief about Cosmology, the nature of the Universe. [96][98]
Movement
- For more details on this topic, see Intelligent design movement. See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political
The intelligent design movement is a direct outgrowth of the creationism of the 1980s. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. [5] The scientific and academic communities, along with a US Federal court, view intelligent design as either a form of creationism or as a direct descendant that is closely intertwined with traditional creationism;[100][101][102][103] and several authors explicitly refer to it as "intelligent design creationism". [104][105][106]
The movement is headquartered in the Center for Science and Culture (CSC), established in 1996 as the creationist wing of the Discovery Institute to promote a religious agenda[107] calling for broad social, academic and political changes. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent The Discovery Institute's intelligent design campaigns are primarily in the U. Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns are a series of related Public relations campaigns conducted by the Discovery Institute which seek to promote S. , although efforts have been made in other countries to promote intelligent design. Leaders of the movement say intelligent design exposes the limitations of scientific orthodoxy and of the secular philosophy of Naturalism. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is Intelligent design proponents allege that science should not be limited to naturalism and should not demand the adoption of a naturalistic philosophy that dismisses out-of-hand any explanation which contains a supernatural cause. Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. The overall goal of the movement is to "defeat [the] materialist world view" represented by the theory of evolution in favor of "a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions". The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. [108]
Phillip E. Johnson stated that the goal of intelligent design is to cast creationism as a scientific concept. Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. [50][109] All leading intelligent design proponents are fellows or staff of the Discovery Institute and its Center for Science and Culture. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative [110] Nearly all intelligent design concepts and the associated movement are the products of the Discovery Institute, which guides the movement and follows its wedge strategy while conducting its Teach the Controversy campaign and their other related programs. The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns are a series of related Public relations campaigns conducted by the Discovery Institute which seek to promote
Leading intelligent design proponents have made conflicting statements regarding intelligent design. In statements directed at the general public, they say intelligent design is not religious; when addressing conservative Christian supporters, they state that intelligent design has its foundation in the Bible. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [109] Recognizing the need for support, the institute affirms its Christian, evangelistic orientation: "Alongside a focus on influential opinion-makers, we also seek to build up a popular base of support among our natural constituency, namely, Christians. We will do this primarily through apologetics seminars. We intend these to encourage and equip believers with new scientific evidences that support the faith, as well as to 'popularize' our ideas in the broader culture. "[108]
Barbara Forrest, an expert who has written extensively on the movement, describes this as being due to the Discovery Institute's obfuscating its agenda as a matter of policy. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana She has written that the movement's "activities betray an aggressive, systematic agenda for promoting not only intelligent design creationism, but the religious world-view that undergirds it". [111]
Religion and leading proponents
Although arguments for intelligent design are formulated in secular terms and intentionally avoid positing the identity of the designer,[112] most of the principal intelligent design advocates are evangelical Christians who have stated that in their view the "designer" is God. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Phillip E. Johnson, William Dembski, and Stephen C. Meyer are Protestants; Michael Behe is Roman Catholic; and Jonathan Wells, another principal advocate, is a member of the Unification Church. Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate John Corrigan "Jonathan" Wells (born c 1946) is an American author and a prominent advocate of Intelligent design who has devoted his life The Unification Church is a New religious movement founded by Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon. Johnson has stated that cultivating ambiguity by employing secular language in arguments that are carefully crafted to avoid overtones of theistic creationism is a necessary first step for ultimately reintroducing the Christian concept of God as the designer. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Johnson explicitly calls for intelligent design proponents to obfuscate their religious motivations so as to avoid having intelligent design identified "as just another way of packaging the Christian evangelical message". Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel [113] Johnson emphasizes that "the first thing that has to be done is to get the Bible out of the discussion"; "after we have separated materialist prejudice from scientific fact [. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event . . ] only then can 'biblical issues' be discussed". [114]
The strategy of deliberately disguising the religious intent of intelligent design has been described by William Dembski in The Design Inference. The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. [115] In this work Dembski lists a god or an "alien life force" as two possible options for the identity of the designer; however, in his book Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology, Dembski states that "Christ is indispensable to any scientific theory, even if its practitioners don't have a clue about him. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. The pragmatics of a scientific theory can, to be sure, be pursued without recourse to Christ. But the conceptual soundness of the theory can in the end only be located in Christ". [116] Dembski also stated, "ID is part of God's general revelation [. General revelation is a theological term which refers to a universal aspect of God of God's knowledge and of spiritual matters discovered through natural means such as observation of . . ] Not only does intelligent design rid us of this ideology (materialism), which suffocates the human spirit, but, in my personal experience, I've found that it opens the path for people to come to Christ". The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. [117] Both Johnson and Dembski cite the Bible's Gospel of John as the foundation of intelligent design. The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon [49][109]
Barbara Forrest contends such statements reveal that leading proponents see intelligent design as essentially religious in nature, not merely a scientific concept that has implications with which their personal religious beliefs happen to coincide. [118] She writes that the leading proponents of intelligent design are closely allied with the ultra-conservative Christian Reconstructionism movement. Christian Reconstructionism is a religious and theological movement within Protestant Christianity that calls for Christians to put their faith into action in all She lists connections of (current and former) Discovery Institute Fellows Phillip Johnson, Charles Thaxton, Michael Behe, Richard Weikart, Jonathan Wells and Francis Beckwith to leading Christian Reconstructionist organizations, and the extent of the funding provided the Institute by Howard Ahmanson Jr., a leading figure in the Reconstructionist movement. Richard Weikart (born July 1958 is head of department of history at California State University Stanislaus, and is a senior fellow for the Center for Science and Francis J "Frank" Beckwith (1960- is an American Christian philosopher, scholar debater and lecturer Howard Fieldstead Ahmanson Jr (born 1950 is an heir of the Home Savings bank fortune built by his father Howard Fieldstead Ahmanson Sr [119]
Polls
Several surveys were conducted prior to the December 2005 decision in Kitzmiller v. Dover, which sought to determine the level of support for intelligent design among certain groups. According to a 2005 Harris poll, 10% of adults in the United States viewed human beings as "so complex that they required a powerful force or intelligent being to help create them". Harris Interactive ( is an American Market research company that specializes in Public opinion research using both telephone and online [120] Although Zogby polls commissioned by the Discovery Institute show more support, these polls suffer from considerable flaws, such as having a very low response rate (248 out of 16,000), being conducted on behalf of an organization with an expressed interest in the outcome of the poll, and containing leading questions. John Zogby (born 1948) is an American political pollster and first senior fellow at The Catholic University of America 's Life Cycle Institute [121][122][123]
A May 2005 survey of nearly 1500 physicians in the US conducted by the Louis Finkelstein Institute and HCD Research showed that 63% of the physicians agreed more with evolution than with intelligent design. [124]
Creating and teaching the controversy
A key strategy of the intelligent design movement is convincing the general public that there is a debate among scientists about whether life evolved, in order to convince the public, politicians and cultural leaders that schools should "teach the controversy". Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism [125] There is no such debate, however, within the scientific community; the scientific consensus is that life evolved. Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular [126][127][128] Intelligent design is widely viewed as a stalking horse for its proponents' campaign against what they say is the materialist foundation of science, which they argue leaves no room for the possibility of God. A stalking horse is someone or something whose role is to become the focal point for or the initiator of a debate or challenge The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. [129][130]
Advocates of intelligent design seek to keep God and the Bible out of the discussion, and present intelligent design in the language of science as a scientific hypothesis. [114][112] However, among the general public in the United States the major concern is whether or not conventional evolutionary biology is compatible with belief in God and in the Bible, and concerns about what is taught in schools. [131] The public controversy was given widespread media coverage in the United States, particularly during the Kitzmiller v. Dover trial in 2005. Prominent coverage of the public controversy was given on the front page of Time magazine with a story on Evolution Wars, on 15 August, 2005. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The cover poses the question: "Does God have a place in science class?"[132] The eventual decision of the court ruled that intelligent design was a religious and creationist position, and answered the question posed by Time magazine with a firm negative, finding that God and intelligent design were both distinct from the material that should be covered in a science class. [4]
From the standpoint of public-school educational policy, the intelligent design controversy centers on three issues:
- Can intelligent design be defined as science?
- If so, does the evidence support it and related explanations of the history of life on Earth?
- If the answer to either question is negative, is the teaching of such explanations appropriate and legal in public education, specifically in science classes?
Empirical science uses the scientific method to create a posteriori knowledge based on observation and repeated testing of hypotheses and theories. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. Intelligent design proponents seek to change this fundamental basis of science[133] by eliminating "methodological naturalism" from science[134] and replacing it with what the leader of the intelligent design movement, Phillip E. Johnson, calls "theistic realism". Methodology (also called manner) is defined as "the analysis of the principles of methods rules and postulates employed by a discipline" Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author Theistic realism is a Philosophical justification for Intelligent design proposed by Phillip E [135] Some have called this approach "methodological supernaturalism", which means belief in a transcendent, nonnatural dimension of reality inhabited by a transcendent, nonnatural deity. [136] Intelligent design proponents argue that naturalistic explanations fail to explain certain phenomena and that supernatural explanations provide a very simple and intuitive explanation for the origins of life and the universe. [137] Proponents say that evidence exists in the forms of irreducible complexity and specified complexity that cannot be explained by natural processes. This article covers irreducible complexity as used by those who argue for Intelligent design. Specified complexity is an argument proposed by William Dembski and used by him in his works promoting Intelligent design. [1]
Supporters also hold that religious neutrality requires the teaching of both evolution and intelligent design in schools, saying that teaching only evolution unfairly discriminates against those holding creationist beliefs. Teaching both, they argue, allows for the possibility of religious belief, without causing the state to actually promote such beliefs. Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism Many intelligent design followers believe that "Scientism" is itself a religion that promotes secularism and materialism in an attempt to erase theism from public life, and they view their work in the promotion of intelligent design as a way to return religion to a central role in education and other public spheres. The term scientism can be used as a neutral term to describe the view that Natural science has authority over all other interpretations of life such as philosophical Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. Some allege that this larger debate is often the subtext for arguments made over intelligent design, though others note that intelligent design serves as an effective proxy for the religious beliefs of prominent intelligent design proponents in their efforts to advance their religious point of view within society. [138][139][140]
According to critics, intelligent design has not presented a credible scientific case and is an attempt to teach religion in public schools, which the U. S. Constitution forbids under the Establishment Clause. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " They allege that intelligent design has substituted public support for scientific research. [141] Some critics have said that if one were to take the proponents of "equal time for all theories" at their word, there would be no logical limit to the number of potential "theories" to be taught in the public school system, including intelligent design parodies such as the Flying Spaghetti Monster "theory". The Flying Spaghetti Monster (also known as the FSM) is the Deity of a There are innumerable mutually incompatible supernatural explanations for complexity, and intelligent design does not provide a mechanism for discriminating among them. Furthermore, intelligent design is neither observable nor repeatable, which violates the scientific requirement of falsifiability. Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment [142][143][144] Indeed, intelligent design proponent Michael Behe concedes "You can't prove intelligent design by experiment". Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate [131]
Critics have asserted that intelligent design proponents cannot legitimately infer that an intelligent designer is behind the part of the process that is not understood scientifically, since they have not shown that anything supernatural has occurred. The inference that an intelligent designer created life on Earth, which advocate William Dembski has said could alternately be an "alien" life force,[115] has been compared to the a priori claim that aliens helped the ancient Egyptians build the pyramids. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. [145][146] In both cases, the effect of this outside intelligence is not repeatable, observable or falsifiable, and it violates the principle of parsimony. Parsimony is a 'less is better' concept of frugality economy stinginess or caution in arriving at a hypothesis or course of action From a strictly empirical standpoint, one may list what is known about Egyptian construction techniques, but one must admit ignorance about exactly how the Egyptians built the pyramids. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience.
Intelligent design proponents aim to gain support by unifying the religious world—Christians, Jews, Muslims and others who believe in a creator—in challenging Darwinism with a God-friendly alternative theory. [137] Mainstream religious denominations have responded by expressing support for evolution. The level of support for evolution among scientists the public and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the Creation-evolution controversy and touches on educational They state that their religious faith is fully compatible with science, which is limited to dealing only with the natural world[147]—a position described by the term theistic evolution. Theistic evolution is the general opinion that classical religious teachings about God and creation are compatible with some or all of the modern scientific understanding [148] As well as pointing out that intelligent design is not science, they also reject it for various philosophical and theological reasons. [149][150] The arguments of intelligent design have been directly challenged by the over 10,000 clergy who signed the Clergy Letter Project. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The Clergy Letter Project is an organization that has created and maintains a statement signed by American Christian clergy of different denominations rejecting Prominent scientists who strongly express religious faith, such as the astronomer George Coyne and the biologist Ken Miller, have been at the forefront of opposition to intelligent design. George V Coyne SJ (born January 19, 1933) is a Jesuit priest astronomer and former director of the Vatican Observatory and head of the Kenneth R Miller (born 1948 is a Biology Professor at Brown University. While creationist organizations have welcomed intelligent design's support against naturalism, they have also been critical of its refusal to identify the designer,[151][152][153] and have pointed to previous failures of the same argument. Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is [154][155]
Defining science
The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge of the natural world without assuming the existence or nonexistence of the supernatural, an approach sometimes called methodological naturalism. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Natural World (formerly The World About Us) is the longest-running Nature documentary strand on British television Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is Intelligent design proponents believe that this can be equated to materialist metaphysical naturalism, and have often said that not only is their own position scientific, but it is even more scientific than evolution, and that they want a redefinition of science as a revived natural theology or natural philosophy to allow "non-naturalistic theories such as intelligent design". The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. This article covers metaphysical naturalism as a worldview Naturalism (philosophy discusses methodological naturalism Natural theology is a branch of Theology based on Reason and ordinary Experience, explaining the gods rationally as part of the physical world For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from [156] This presents a demarcation problem, which in the philosophy of science is about how and where to draw the lines around science. The demarcation problem in the Philosophy of science is about how and where to draw the lines around Science. Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. [157] For a theory to qualify as scientific,[158][159][160] it is expected to be:
- Consistent
- Parsimonious (sparing in its proposed entities or explanations, see Occam's Razor)
- Useful (describes and explains observed phenomena, and can be used predictively)
- Empirically testable and falsifiable (see Falsifiability)
- Based on multiple observations, often in the form of controlled, repeated experiments
- Correctable and dynamic (modified in the light of observations that do not support it)
- Progressive (refines previous theories)
- Provisional or tentative (is open to experimental checking, and does not assert certainty)
For any theory, hypothesis or conjecture to be considered scientific, it must meet most, and ideally all, of these criteria. Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English Logician and Franciscan Friar, Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment The fewer criteria are met, the less scientific it is; and if it meets only a few or none at all, then it cannot be treated as scientific in any meaningful sense of the word. Typical objections to defining intelligent design as science are that it lacks consistency,[161] violates the principle of parsimony,[162] is not scientifically useful,[163] is not falsifiable,[164] is not empirically testable,[165] and is not correctable, dynamic, tentative or progressive. [166]
In light of the apparent failure of intelligent design to adhere to scientific standards, in September 2005, 38 Nobel laureates issued a statement saying "Intelligent design is fundamentally unscientific; it cannot be tested as scientific theory because its central conclusion is based on belief in the intervention of a supernatural agent". The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature [167] In October 2005, a coalition representing more than 70,000 Australian scientists and science teachers issued a statement saying "intelligent design is not science" and called on "all schools not to teach Intelligent Design (ID) as science, because it fails to qualify on every count as a scientific theory". [168]
PZ Myers and other critics also say that the intelligent design doctrine does not meet the Daubert Standard,[169] the criteria for scientific evidence mandated by the Supreme Court. The Daubert standard is a legal Precedent set in 1993 by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the admissibility of Expert witnesses Scientific evidence is Evidence which serves to either support or counter a scientific Theory or Hypothesis. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Daubert Standard governs which evidence can be considered scientific in United States federal courts and most state courts. Its four criteria are:
- The theoretical underpinnings of the methods must yield testable predictions by means of which the theory could be falsified.
- The methods should preferably be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are
- There should be a known rate of error that can be used in evaluating the results. The word error has different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied
- The methods should be generally accepted within the relevant scientific community.
In deciding Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District in 2005, Judge Jones agreed with the plaintiffs, ruling that "we have addressed the seminal question of whether ID is science. We have concluded that it is not, and moreover that ID cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents".
Peer review
The failure to follow the procedures of scientific discourse and the failure to submit work to the scientific community that withstands scrutiny have weighed against intelligent design being considered as valid science. [170] To date, the intelligent design movement has yet to have an article published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. [170][7]
Intelligent design, by appealing to a supernatural agent, directly conflicts with the principles of science, which limit its inquiries to empirical, observable and ultimately testable data and which require explanations to be based on empirical evidence. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events For the term in chemistry see Principle (chemistry. Not to be confused with Principal. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Dembski, Behe and other intelligent design proponents say bias by the scientific community is to blame for the failure of their research to be published. Intelligent design proponents believe that their writings are rejected for not conforming to purely naturalistic, non-supernatural mechanisms rather than because their research is not up to "journal standards", and that the merit of their articles is overlooked. Some scientists describe this claim as a conspiracy theory. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment [171] Michael Shermer has rebutted the claim, noting “Anyone who thinks that scientists do not question Darwinism has never been to an evolutionary conference. Michael Brand Shermer (born September 8, 1954 in Glendale California) is an American science writer historian of science founder of The Skeptics ” He noted that scientists such as Joan Roughgarden and Lynn Margulis have challenged certain Darwinist theories and offered explanations of their own and despite this they “have not been persecuted, shunned, fired or even expelled. Joan E Roughgarden (b Jonathan Roughgarden in Paterson New Jersey on 13 March 1946) is an American Biologist. Why? Because they are doing science, not religion. ”[172] The issue that supernatural explanations do not conform to the scientific method became a sticking point for intelligent design proponents in the 1990s, and is addressed in the wedge strategy as an aspect of science that must be challenged before intelligent design can be accepted by the broader scientific community. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement.
The debate over whether intelligent design produces new research, as any scientific field must, and has legitimately attempted to publish this research, is extremely heated. Both critics and advocates point to numerous examples to make their case. For instance, the Templeton Foundation, a former funder of the Discovery Institute and a major supporter of projects seeking to reconcile science and religion, says that it asked intelligent design proponents to submit proposals for actual research, but none were ever submitted. The John Templeton Foundation was established in 1987 by the late investor and philanthropist Sir John Templeton; the current president is his son John M Charles L. Harper Jr. , foundation vice-president, said: "From the point of view of rigor and intellectual seriousness, the intelligent design people don't come out very well in our world of scientific review". [173]
The only article published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal that made a case for intelligent design was quickly withdrawn by the publisher for having circumvented the journal's peer-review standards. [174] Written by the Discovery Institute's Center for Science & Culture Director Stephen C. Meyer, it appeared in the peer-reviewed journal Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington in August 2004. This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C [175] The article was a literature review, which means that it did not present any new research, but rather culled quotations and claims from other papers to argue that the Cambrian explosion could not have happened by natural processes. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current Knowledge on a particular topic The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex Animals around, as evidenced by the The choice of venue for this article was also considered problematic, because it was so outside the normal subject matter (see Sternberg peer review controversy[176]). The Sternberg peer review controversy concerns the conflict arising from the publication of an article supporting the controversial concept of Intelligent design in Dembski has written that "perhaps the best reason [to be skeptical of his ideas] is that intelligent design has yet to establish itself as a thriving scientific research program". [177] In a 2001 interview, Dembski said that he stopped submitting to peer-reviewed journals because of their slow time-to-print and that he makes more money from publishing books. [178]
In the Dover trial, the judge found that intelligent design features no scientific research or testing. Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. [34] There, intelligent design proponents cited just one paper, on simulation modeling of evolution by Behe and Snoke, which mentioned neither irreducible complexity nor intelligent design and which Behe admitted did not rule out known evolutionary mechanisms. [34] In sworn testimony, however, Behe said: "There are no peer reviewed articles by anyone advocating for intelligent design supported by pertinent experiments or calculations which provide detailed rigorous accounts of how intelligent design of any biological system occurred". [179] As summarized by the judge, Behe conceded that there are no peer-reviewed articles supporting his claims of intelligent design or irreducible complexity. In his ruling, the judge wrote: "A final indicator of how ID has failed to demonstrate scientific warrant is the complete absence of peer-reviewed publications supporting the theory". [170]
Despite this, the Discovery Institute continues to insist that a number of intelligent design articles have been published in peer-reviewed journals,[180] including in their list the two articles mentioned above. Critics, largely members of the scientific community, reject this claim, pointing out that no established scientific journal has yet published an intelligent design article. Instead, intelligent design proponents have set up their own journals with "peer review" which lack impartiality and rigor,[181] consisting entirely of intelligent design supporters. Impartiality is a principle of Justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of Bias, Prejudice Rigour or rigor (see spelling differences) has a number of meanings in relation to intellectual life and discourse [182]
Intelligence as an observable quality
The phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular William Dembski, for example, has written that "Intelligence leaves behind a characteristic signature". The characteristics of intelligence are assumed by intelligent design proponents to be observable without specifying what the criteria for the measurement of intelligence should be. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Measurement is the process of estimating the magnitude of some attribute of an object such as its length or weight relative to some standard ( unit of measurement) such as Dembski, instead, asserts that "in special sciences ranging from forensics to archaeology to SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), appeal to a designing intelligence is indispensable". Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI) is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent Extraterrestrial life. [183] How this appeal is made and what this implies as to the definition of intelligence are topics left largely unaddressed. Seth Shostak, a researcher with the SETI Institute, refuted Dembski's comparison of SETI and intelligent design, saying that intelligent design advocates base their inference of design on complexity—the argument being that some biological systems are too complex to have been made by natural processes—while SETI researchers are looking primarily for artificiality. Seth Shostak is an American Astronomer. He earned his Physics degree from Princeton University and a Ph Not to be confused with the SITE Institute. The SETI Institute is a Not-for-profit organization researching the possibilities [184]
Critics say that the design detection methods proposed by intelligent design proponents are radically different from conventional design detection, undermining the key elements that make it possible as legitimate science. Intelligent design proponents, they say, are proposing both searching for a designer without knowing anything about that designer's abilities, parameters, or intentions (which scientists do know when searching for the results of human intelligence), as well as denying the very distinction between natural/artificial design that allows scientists to compare complex designed artifacts against the background of the sorts of complexity found in nature. [185]
As a means of criticism, certain skeptics have pointed to a challenge of intelligent design derived from the study of artificial intelligence. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical The criticism is a counter to intelligent design claims about what makes a design intelligent, specifically that "no preprogrammed device can be truly intelligent, that intelligence is irreducible to natural processes". [186] This claim is similar in type to an assumption of Cartesian dualism that posits a strict separation between "mind" and the material Universe. In Philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter which begins with the claim that mental phenomena are in some The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy However, in studies of artificial intelligence, while there is an implicit assumption that supposed "intelligence" or creativity of a computer program is determined by the capabilities given to it by the computer programmer, artificial intelligence need not be bound to an inflexible system of rules. Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. A programmer is someone who writes Computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist Rather, if a computer program can access randomness as a function, this effectively allows for a flexible, creative, and adaptive intelligence. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability Evolutionary algorithms, a subfield of machine learning (itself a subfield of artificial intelligence), have been used to mathematically demonstrate that randomness and selection can be used to "evolve" complex, highly adapted structures that are not explicitly designed by a programmer. In Artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm (EA is a Subset of Evolutionary computation, a generic population-based Metaheuristic Evolutionary algorithms use the Darwinian metaphor of random mutation, selection and the survival of the fittest to solve diverse mathematical and scientific problems that are usually not solvable using conventional methods. Intelligence derived from randomness is essentially indistinguishable from the "innate" intelligence associated with biological organisms, and poses a challenge to the intelligent design conception that intelligence itself necessarily requires a designer. Cognitive science continues to investigate the nature of intelligence along these lines of inquiry. Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior The intelligent design community, for the most part, relies on the assumption that intelligence is readily apparent as a fundamental and basic property of complex systems. [187]
Arguments from ignorance
Eugenie Scott, along with Glenn Branch and other critics, has argued that many points raised by intelligent design proponents are arguments from ignorance. Eugenie Carol Scott (born October 24 1945) is an American physical anthropologist who has been the executive director of the National The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam ("appeal to ignorance") or argument by lack of imagination, is a Logical fallacy [188] In the argument from ignorance, a lack of evidence for one view is erroneously argued to constitute proof of the correctness of another view. Scott and Branch say that intelligent design is an argument from ignorance because it relies on a lack of knowledge for its conclusion: lacking a natural explanation for certain specific aspects of evolution, we assume intelligent cause. They contend most scientists would reply that the unexplained is not unexplainable, and that "we don't know yet" is a more appropriate response than invoking a cause outside science. [188] Particularly, Michael Behe's demands for ever more detailed explanations of the historical evolution of molecular systems seem to assume a false dichotomy, where either evolution or design is the proper explanation, and any perceived failure of evolution becomes a victory for design. Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate The Informal fallacy of false dilemma (also called false Dichotomy, the either-or fallacy, or bifurcation) involves a situation in In scientific terms, "absence of evidence is not evidence of absence" for naturalistic explanations of observed traits of living organisms. Scott and Branch also contend that the supposedly novel contributions proposed by intelligent design proponents have not served as the basis for any productive scientific research.
Intelligent design has also been characterized as a "god of the gaps" argument, which has the following form:
- There is a gap in scientific knowledge. The God of the gaps refers to a view of God deriving from a Theistic position in which anything that can be explained by human knowledge is not in the domain of God
- The gap is filled with acts of God (or Intelligent designer) and therefore proves the existence of God (or Intelligent designer). An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some
A god of the gaps argument is the theological version of an argument from ignorance. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam ("appeal to ignorance") or argument by lack of imagination, is a Logical fallacy A key feature of this type of argument is that it merely answers outstanding questions with explanations (often supernatural) that are unverifiable and ultimately themselves subject to unanswerable questions. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events [189]
Kitzmiller trial
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District was the first direct challenge brought in the United States federal courts against a public school district that required the presentation of Intelligent Design as an alternative to evolution. Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. The United States federal courts are the system of Courts organized under the Constitution and laws of the Federal government of the United States eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 The plaintiffs successfully argued that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy thus violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress
Eleven parents of students in Dover, Pennsylvania, sued the Dover Area School District over a statement that the school board required be read aloud in ninth-grade science classes when evolution was taught. Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Dover Area School District is a public School district located in Pennsylvania, United States. The plaintiffs were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Americans United for Separation of Church and State (AU) and Pepper Hamilton LLP. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Americans United for Separation of Church and State ( Americans United or AU for short is an advocacy group for religious freedom in the United States. Pepper Hamilton LLP is a US Law firm with 11 offices and more than 500 Attorneys The firm is ranked among the 100 largest firms by revenue in the United States The National Center for Science Education (NCSE) acted as consultants for the plaintiffs. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement The defendants were represented by the Thomas More Law Center. The Thomas More Law Center is a Conservative Christian, Not-for-profit law center based in Ann Arbor Michigan and active throughout the United States [190] The suit was tried in a bench trial from September 26, 2005 to November 4, 2005 before Judge John E. Jones III. A bench trial in US law is a trial before a Judge alone in which the right to a Jury trial has been waived by the necessary parties (or there John Edward Jones III (born June 13 1955) is an American lawyer and jurist from the U Ken Miller, Kevin Padian, Brian Alters, Robert Pennock, Barbara Forrest and John Haught served as expert witnesses for the prosecution. Kenneth R Miller (born 1948 is a Biology Professor at Brown University. Brian J Alters (BSc PhD USC) is an Associate Professor of Education and Sir William Dawson Scholar at McGill University, where he also holds Robert Pennock may refer to Robert Pennock (politician, Canadian politician Robert T Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Dr John (Jack F Haught is a Roman Catholic Theologian and the Landegger Distinguished Professor of Theology at Georgetown University. Michael Behe, Steve Fuller and Scott Minnich served as expert witnesses for the defense. Michael J Behe (born 1952 is an American Biochemist and Intelligent design advocate Steve William Fuller (born July 12 1959 in New York City is an Anglo-American philosopher-sociologist in the field of Science and technology studies. Scott A Minnich is an Associate professor of Microbiology at the University of Idaho, and a fellow at the Discovery Institute 's Center
On December 20, 2005 Judge Jones issued his 139-page findings of fact and decision, ruling that the Dover mandate was unconstitutional, and barring intelligent design from being taught in Pennsylvania's Middle District public school science classrooms. In Law, a question of fact (also known as a point of fact) is a question which must be answered by reference to facts and evidence, and inferences The eight Dover school board members who voted for the intelligent design requirement were all defeated in a November 8, 2005 election by challengers who opposed the teaching of intelligent design in a science class, and the current school board president stated that the board does not intend to appeal the ruling. [191]
In his finding of facts, Judge Jones made the following condemnation of the Teach the Controversy strategy:
| “ | Moreover, ID’s backers have sought to avoid the scientific scrutiny which we have now determined that it cannot withstand by advocating that the controversy, but not ID itself, should be taught in science class. Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism This tactic is at best disingenuous, and at worst a canard. | ” |
Reaction
Judge Jones himself anticipated that his ruling would be criticized, saying in his decision that:
| “ | Those who disagree with our holding will likely mark it as the product of an activist judge. If so, they will have erred as this is manifestly not an activist Court. Rather, this case came to us as the result of the activism of an ill-informed faction on a school board, aided by a national public interest law firm eager to find a constitutional test case on ID, who in combination drove the Board to adopt an imprudent and ultimately unconstitutional policy. The breathtaking inanity of the Board's decision is evident when considered against the factual backdrop which has now been fully revealed through this trial. The students, parents, and teachers of the Dover Area School District deserved better than to be dragged into this legal maelstrom, with its resulting utter waste of monetary and personal resources. | ” |
As predicted, John G. West, Associate Director of the Center for Science and Culture at Discovery Institute, said: "The Dover decision is an attempt by an activist federal judge to stop the spread of a scientific idea and even to prevent criticism of Darwinian evolution through government-imposed censorship rather than open debate, and it won't work. John G West is a Senior Fellow at the Seattle-based Discovery Institute (DI and Associate Director and Vice President for Public Policy and Legal Affairs of its Center The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent He has conflated Discovery Institute's position with that of the Dover school board, and he totally misrepresents intelligent design and the motivations of the scientists who research it". [192]
Newspapers have noted with interest that the judge is "a Republican and a churchgoer". [193][194][195][196]
Subsequently, the decision has been examined in a search for flaws and conclusions, partly by intelligent design supporters aiming to avoid future defeats in court. In the Spring of 2007 the University of Montana Law review published three articles. [197] In the first, David K. DeWolf, John G. West and Casey Luskin, all of the Discovery Institute, argued that intelligent design is a valid scientific theory, the Jones court should not have addressed the question of whether it was a scientific theory, and that the Kitzmiller decision will have no effect at all on the development and adoption of intelligent design as an alternative to standard evolutionary theory. [198] In the second Peter Irons responded, arguing that the decision was extremely well reasoned and spells the death knell for the intelligent design efforts to introduce creationism in public schools,[199] while in the third, DeWolf et al answer the points made by Irons. Peter H Irons (born 1940 is an American political Activist, Civil rights attorney legal Scholar, and Professor of Political science [200] However, fear of a similar lawsuit has resulted in other school boards abandoning intelligent design "teach the controversy" proposals. [5]
Status outside the United States
Europe
In June 2007 the Council of Europe's "Committee on Culture, Science and Education" issued a report, The dangers of creationism in education, which states "Creationism in any of its forms, such as 'intelligent design', is not based on facts, does not use any scientific reasoning and its contents are pathetically inadequate for science classes". The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 [201] In describing the dangers posed to education by teaching creationism, it described intelligent design as "anti-science" and involving "blatant scientific fraud" and "intellectual deception" that "blurs the nature, objectives and limits of science" and links it and other forms of creationism to denialism. Denialism is the term used to describe the position of governments political parties, business groups interest groups or individuals who reject propositions on which a On October 4, 2007, the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly approved a resolution stating that schools should "resist presentation of creationist ideas in any discipline other than religion", including "intelligent design" which it described as "the latest, more refined version of creationism", "presented in a more subtle way". Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The resolution emphasises that the aim of the report is not to question or to fight a belief, but to "warn against certain tendencies to pass off a belief as science". [202]
In the United Kingdom, public education includes Religious Education as a compulsory subject, and many "faith schools" that teach the ethos of particular denominations. Education in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the countries of the United Kingdom with power over education in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland being devolved Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer When it was revealed that a group called Truth in Science had distributed DVDs produced by the Discovery Institute affiliate Illustra Media[203] featuring Discovery Institute fellows making the case for design in nature,[204] and claimed they were being used by 59 schools,[205] the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) stated that "Neither creationism nor intelligent design are taught as a subject in schools, and are not specified in the science curriculum" (part of the National Curriculum which does not apply to independent schools or to Education in Scotland). Truth in Science is a United Kingdom -based organization which promotes the " Teach the Controversy " campaign The Department for Education and Skills (DfES was a United Kingdom government department between 2001 and 2007 The National Curriculum was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees Scotland has a long history of universal provision of Public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United [206][207] The DfES subsequently stated that "Intelligent design is not a recognised scientific theory; therefore, it is not included in the science curriculum", but left the way open for it to be explored in religious education in relation to different beliefs, as part of a syllabus set by local standing advisory councils on religious education. [208] In 2006 the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority produced a Religious Education model unit in which pupils can learn about religious and nonreligious views about creationism, intelligent design and evolution by natural selection. In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer [209][210]
On June 25, 2007, the UK Government responded to an e-Petition by saying that creationism and intelligent design should not be taught as science, though teachers would be expected to answer pupils' questions within the standard framework of established scientific theories. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [211] Detailed government "Creationism teaching guidance" for schools in England was published on September 18, 2007. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [209] It states that "Intelligent design lies wholly outside of science", has no underpinning scientific principles, or explanations, and is not accepted by the science community as a whole. Though it should not be taught as science, "questions about creationism and intelligent design which arise in science lessons, for example as a result of media coverage, could provide the opportunity to explain or explore why they are not considered to be scientific theories and, in the right context, why evolution is considered to be a scientific theory". However, "Teachers of subjects such as RE, history or citizenship may deal with creationism and intelligent design in their lessons". [13]
The British Centre for Science Education lobbying group has the goal of "countering creationism within the UK" and has been involved in government lobbying in the UK in this regard. The British Centre for Science Education (BCSE is a volunteer-run organization in the United Kingdom that has the goal of "countering creationism within the UK" and [212] However, in Northern Ireland the Democratic Unionist Party claims that the revised curriculum provides an opportunity for alternative theories to be taught, and has sought assurances that pupils will not lose marks if they give creationist or intelligent design answers to science questions. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP) is the larger of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. [213] In Lisburn the DUP has arranged that the City Council will write to post primary schools asking what their plans are to develop teaching material in relation to "creation, intelligent design and other theories of origin". Lisburn (Lios na gCearrbhach meaning fort of the gamblers) is a predominantly Unionist city in Northern Ireland, south-west of and adjoining Belfast [214]
Plans by Dutch Education Minister Maria van der Hoeven to "stimulate an academic debate" on the subject in 2005 caused a severe public backlash. Maria van der Hoeven (born September 13 1949 in Meerssen) is the Dutch minister of Economic Affairs in the Fourth Balkenende [215] After the 2007 elections she was succeeded by Ronald Plasterk, described as a "molecular geneticist, staunch atheist and opponent of intelligent design". The 2006 Dutch general elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday November 22, 2006, and followed the call for new elections after Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk (born on April 12, 1957 in The Hague) is a Dutch biologist, columnist, and politician [216]
As a reaction on this situation in Holland, in Belgium the President of the Flemish Catholic Educational Board (VSKO) Mieke Van Hecke declared that Catholic scientists already accepted the theory of evolution for a long time and that intelligent design and creationism doesn't belong in Flemish Catholic schools. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those It's not the tasks of the politics to introduce new ideas, that's task and goal of science. [217]
Elsewhere
Creationism has strong political clout in many Islamic countries, and antievolutionary views are mainstream with considerable official support and elite support among academic theologians and scientists. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [218] In general, Muslim creationists have partnered with the Institute for Creation Research for ideas and materials which they adapted to their own theological positions. The Institute for Creation Research (ICR is a Christian institution in Dallas, Texas that specializes in education research and media promotion of Creation Similarly, some use was made of intelligent design antievolution resources. Muzaffar Iqbal, a notable Muslim in Canada, signed the Scientific Dissent list of the Discovery Institute. This page is about the scholar Muzaffar Iqbal For other people named Iqbal see Iqbal Muzaffar Iqbāl (1954 in Lahore, Pakistan) (Urduمظفر A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (or Dissent From Darwinism) is a petition whose signatories attest to a statement which expresses skepticism about the The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent [219] Ideas similar to intelligent design have been considered respected intellectual options among Muslims, and in Turkey many intelligent design books have been translated. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches In Istanbul in 2007, public meetings promoting intelligent design were sponsored by the local government,[218] and David Berlinski of the Discovery Institute was the keynote speaker at a meeting in May 2007. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey David Berlinski (born 1942 in New York City) is an American educator and author of books on Mathematics. [220]
The status of intelligent design in Australia is somewhat similar to that in the UK. Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of states and territories. When the former Australian Federal Education Minister, Brendan Nelson, raised the notion of intelligent design being taught in science classes, the public outcry caused the minister to quickly concede that the correct forum for intelligent design, if it were to be taught, is in religious or philosophy classes. Brendan John Nelson, MP (born 19 August 1958 is an Australian politician and former Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of Australia, as leader [221]
See also
- Argument from poor design
- Clockmaker hypothesis
- Cosmological argument
- Creation science
- False analogy
- Flock of Dodos
- Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Intelligent falling
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Junk science
- List of works on intelligent design
- Natural theology
- Neo-Creationism
- Omphalos (theology)
- Creation myth
- Origin of life
- Project Steve
- Pseudoscience
- Santorum Amendment
- Teleological argument
Further reading
Chronological order of publication (oldest first)
- Forrest, Barbara (2004), written at U.S., Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195157420
- Humes, Edward (2007), written at U.S., Monkey Girl: Evolution, Education, Religion, and the Battle for America's Soul, Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0060885489
- Shermer, Michael (2007), Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 978-0-8050-8306-4
- Slack, Gordy (2007), written at U.S., The Battle Over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780787987862
- Davis, Jimmy H. The dysteleological argument or argument from poor design is an Argument against the existence of God, specifically against the existence of a Creator God The watchmaker analogy, or watchmaker Argument, is a Teleological argument for the Existence of God. The cosmological argument is an Argument for the Existence of God or a " First Cause " Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within Creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on False analogy is an Informal fallacy applying to inductive arguments. Flock of Dodos The Evolution-Intelligent Design Circus is a Documentary film by American marine Biologist and Filmmaker Randy Olson The Flying Spaghetti Monster (also known as the FSM) is the Deity of a Intelligent falling ( IF) is a parody of the " Intelligent design " (ID movement The Invisible Pink Unicorn ( IPU) is the Goddess of a satiric Parody religion aimed at theistic beliefs which takes the form of a Junk science is a term used in US political and legal disputes that brands an advocate's claims about scientific Data, Research, This is a list of works addressing the subject or the themes of Intelligent design. Natural theology is a branch of Theology based on Reason and ordinary Experience, explaining the gods rationally as part of the physical world Neo-creationism is a movement whose goal is to restate Creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public policy makers educators and the Scientific community The omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book Omphalos by Philip Henry Gosse, in which Gosse argued that in order for the world to A creation myth is a supernatural mytho-[[religion religious]] story or explanation that describes the beginnings of humanity, Earth, life, and In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic Project Steve is a list of scientists with the Given name Stephen or a variation thereof (e Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the The Santorum Amendment was an amendment to the 2001 education funding bill which became known as the No Child Left Behind Act, proposed by former Republican A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an Argument for the Existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order purpose design The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Monkey Girl Evolution Education Religion and the Battle for America's Soul is a 2007 Non fiction book about the Kitzmiller v Michael Brand Shermer (born September 8, 1954 in Glendale California) is an American science writer historian of science founder of The Skeptics The United States of America —commonly referred to as the and Poe, Harry L (2008), Chance or Dance: An Evaluation of Design, Templeton Foundation Press, ISBN 978-1599471334
References and notes
- ^ a b Top Questions-1.What is the theory of intelligent design?. Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. .
- ^ Primer: Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell. Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center (2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
• Intelligent Design. Intelligent Design network (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. - ^ a b Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Context pg. 32 ff, citing Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987). Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. .
- ^ a b "ID is not a new scientific argument, but is rather an old religious argument for the existence of God. In Logic, an argument is a Set of one or more Declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the Premises along He traced this argument back to at least Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, who framed the argument as a syllogism: Wherever complex design exists, there must have been a designer; nature is complex; therefore nature must have had an intelligent designer. " "This argument for the existence of God was advanced early in the 19th century by Reverend Paley" (the teleological argument) "The only apparent difference between the argument made by Paley and the argument for ID, as expressed by defense expert witnesses Behe and Minnich, is that ID's 'official position' does not acknowledge that the designer is God. A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an Argument for the Existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order purpose design " Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Ruling, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Forrest, Barbara (May, 2007), Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals. A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry, Inc. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Center for Inquiry (CFI is a non-profit educational organization with headquarters in the United States whose primary mission is to encourage evidence-based inquiry , <http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf>. Retrieved on 6 August 2007.
- ^ a b "Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes". Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1.. The TalkOrigins Archive (2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
• "The Discovery Institute is the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country". In: Wilgoren, J. "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive", The New York Times, 2005-08-21. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
• Who is behind the ID movement?. Frequently Asked Questions About "Intelligent Design". American Civil Liberties Union (9/16/2005). The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
• Kahn, JP. "The Evolution of George Gilder. The Author And Tech-Sector Guru Has A New Cause To Create Controversy With: Intelligent Design", The Boston Globe, 2005-07-27. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
• Who's Who of Intelligent Design Proponents. Science & Religion Guide. Science & Theology News (November 2005). Science & Theology News was a monthly international newspaper of the Templeton Foundation that focused on Science Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold (PDF file from Discovery Institute).
• "The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute". Attie, Alan D. ; Elliot Sober, Ronald L. Numbers, Richard M. Ronald L Numbers (born 1942 is an American historian of science Amasino, Beth Cox4, Terese Berceau, Thomas Powell and Michael M. Cox (2006). Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action. Journal of Clinical Investigation 116:1134–1138. doi:10. 1172/JCI28449. A publication of the American Society for Clinical Investigation. . Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold - ^ a b Science and Policy: Intelligent Design and Peer Review. American Association for the Advancement of Science (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ a b c "the writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity". Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Ruling p. 26. A selection of writings and quotes of intelligent design supporters demonstrating this identification of the Christian God with the intelligent designer are found in the pdf Horse's Mouth by Brian Poindexter, dated 2003.
- ^ a b William A. Dembski, when asked in an interview whether his research concluded that God is the Intelligent Designer, stated "I believe God created the world for a purpose. William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the The Designer of intelligent design is, ultimately, the Christian God". Devon Williams (12-14-2007). CitizenLink: Friday Five: William A. Dembski. Focus on the Family, a California non profit religious corporation. Retrieved on 2007-12-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
- ^ Top Questions about intelligent design. Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ Stephen C. Meyer and Paul A. Nelson, May 1, 1996, CSC – Getting Rid of the Unfair Rules, A book review, Origins & Design, Retrieved 2007-05-20,
• Phillip E. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Johnson, August 31, 1996, Starting a Conversation about Evolution, Access Research Network Phillip Johnson Files, Retrieved 2007-05-20,
• Stephen C. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Meyer, December 1, 2002, Ignatius Press. The Scientific Status of Intelligent Design: The Methodological Equivalence of Naturalistic and Non-Naturalistic Origins Theories,
• Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Whether ID Is Science,
• Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Lead defense expert Professor Behe admitted that his broadened definition of science, which encompasses ID, would also include astrology.
• See also Evolution of Kansas science standards continues as Darwin's theories regain prominence International Herald Tribune, February 13, 2007, Retrieved 2007-05-20. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held - ^ See: 1) List of scientific societies rejecting intelligent design 2) Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83. See also Intelligent design All or nearly all national and international science academies and professional societies have issued statements supporting Evolution and opposing 3) The Discovery Institute's A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism petition begun in 2001 has been signed by "over 700 scientists" as of August 20, 2006. A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (or Dissent From Darwinism) is a petition whose signatories attest to a statement which expresses skepticism about the Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A four day A Scientific Support for Darwinism petition gained 7733 signatories from scientists opposing ID. A Scientific Support for Darwinism ( And For Public Schools Not To Teach "Intelligent Design" As Science) was a four day Word-of-mouth petition of scientists The AAAS, the largest association of scientists in the U. S. , has 120,000 members, and firmly rejects ID. More than 70,000 Australian scientists and educators condemn teaching of intelligent design in school science classesList of statements from scientific professional organizations on the status intelligent design and other forms of creationism. According to The New York Times "There is no credible scientific challenge to the theory of evolution as an explanation for the complexity and diversity of life on earth". Dean, Cordelia. "Scientists Feel Miscast in Film on Life's Origin", The New York Times, September 27, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ a b Teachernet, Document bank. Creationism teaching guidance. UK Department for Children, Schools and Families (September 18, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. “The intelligent design movement claims there are aspects of the natural world that are so intricate and fit for purpose that they cannot have evolved but must have been created by an 'intelligent designer'. Furthermore they assert that this claim is scientifically testable and should therefore be taught in science lessons. Intelligent design lies wholly outside of science. Sometimes examples are quoted that are said to require an 'intelligent designer'. However, many of these have subsequently been shown to have a scientific explanation, for example, the immune system and blood clotting mechanisms.
Attempts to establish an idea of the 'specified complexity' needed for intelligent design are surrounded by complex mathematics. Despite this, the idea seems to be essentially a modern version of the old idea of the "God-of-the-gaps". Lack of a satisfactory scientific explanation of some phenomena (a 'gap' in scientific knowledge) is claimed to be evidence of an intelligent designer. ” - ^ Nature Methods Editorial (2007). "An intelligently designed response". Nat. Methods 4 (12): 983. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Mark Greener (2007). "Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience?". EMBO Reports 8 (12): 1107–1109. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ National Academy of Sciences, 1999 Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition
- ^ National Science Teachers Association, a professional association of 55,000 science teachers and administrators in a 2005 press release: "We stand with the nation's leading scientific organizations and scientists, including Dr. John Marburger, the president's top science advisor, in stating that intelligent design is not science. . . . It is simply not fair to present pseudoscience to students in the science classroom". National Science Teachers Association Disappointed About Intelligent Design Comments Made by President Bush National Science Teachers Association Press Release August 3, 2005. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience". Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design David Mu. Harvard Science Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Fall 2005.
• "Creationists are repackaging their message as the pseudoscience of intelligent design theory". Professional Ethics Report American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2001. - ^ Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action Journal of Clinical Investigation 116:1134–1138 American Society for Clinical Investigation, 2006.
• "Biologists aren't alarmed by intelligent design's arrival in Dover and elsewhere because they have all sworn allegiance to atheistic materialism; they're alarmed because intelligent design is junk science". H. Allen Orr. Annals of Science. New Yorker May 2005. Devolution—Why intelligent design isn't. .
• Also, Robert T. Pennock Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism. Robert T Pennock is a Philosopher now working on the Avida Digital organism project at Michigan State University where he is an associate professor .
• Junk science Mark Bergin. World Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 8 February 25 2006. - ^ a b c Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , pp. 31 – 33.
- ^ a b Media Backgrounder: Intelligent Design Article Sparks Controversy Discovery Institute. September 7, 2004.
• Berkeley's Radical James M. Kushiner. Touchstone Magazine, June 2002.
• Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive Jodi Wilgoren. The New York Times, August 21 2005.
• Downey, Roger. "Discovery's Creation", Seattle Weekly, February 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. - ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Conclusion of Ruling.
- ^ Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987). Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States.
- ^ Eugenie C. Scott; Gordon E. Eugenie Carol Scott (born October 24 1945) is an American physical anthropologist who has been the executive director of the National Uno (1989). NCSE Resource. Introduction to NCSE Bookwatch Reviews for Of Pandas and People'. Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- ^ "Although science has made great progress by limiting itself to explaining only through natural causes, Johnson would have us allow the occasional supernatural intervention for those phenomena that cause problems for his particular theology". Darwin On Trial: A Review by Eugenie C. Scott. NCSE
- ^ Phillip E. Johnson (1999). Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author The Wedge: Phillip Johnson. Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- ^ a b Nick Matzke (2004). Nicholas J Matzke a doctoral student at University of California Berkeley and former Public Information Project Director at the National Center for Science Education NCSE Resource. Introduction: Of Pandas and People, the foundational work of the 'Intelligent Design' movement. NCSE. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- ^ "ID fails on three different levels, any one of which is sufficient to preclude a determination that ID is science. They are: (1) ID violates the centuries-old ground rules of science by invoking and permitting supernatural causation; (2) the argument of irreducible complexity, central to ID, employs the same flawed and illogical contrived dualism that doomed creation science in the 1980s; and (3) ID's negative attacks on evolution have been refuted by the scientific community" Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , Ruling, page 64 ff
• "Broom shows conclusively that intelligent design's opposition to Darwinism rests primarily on scientific grounds". William Dembski, in the forward of How Blind is the Watchmaker? Nature's Design and the Limits of Naturalistic Science. Neil Broom. 2001 - ^ "If I ever became the president of a university (per impossibile), I would dissolve the biology department and divide the faculty with tenure that I couldn't get rid of into two new departments: those who know engineering and how it applies to biological systems would be assigned to the new "Department of Biological Engineering"; the rest, and that includes the evolutionists, would be consigned to the new "Department of Nature Appreciation" (didn't Darwin think of himself as a naturalist?)". "Truly Programmable Matter", William Dembski, 10 January 2007 published at Uncommon Descent. Downloaded 24 May 2007.
•"Demonstrative charts introduced through Dr. Forrest show parallel arguments relating to the rejection of naturalism, evolution's threat to culture and society, 'abrupt appearance' implying divine creation, the exploitation of the same alleged gaps in the fossil record, the alleged inability of science to explain complex biological information like DNA, as well as the theme that proponents of each version of creationism merely aim to teach a scientific alternative to evolution to show its 'strengths and weaknesses,' and to alert students to a supposed 'controversy' in the scientific community". Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Decision, p. 34 (emphasis added)
•"Additionally, [leading intelligent design advocate] Dembski agrees that science is ruled by methodological naturalism and argues that this rule must be overturned if ID is to prosper". Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Decision, p. 30.
•"Intelligent Design [. . . ] supposes that the origins of living things require supernatural interventions to create the intricate, design-like, living forms that we see all around us". "Natural selection vs. intelligent design" From: USA Today (Magazine) January 1, 2004 Author: Ruse, Michael. - ^ Dembski. The Design Revolution. pg. 27 2004
- ^ a b Wedge Document Discovery Institute, 1999.
•"[M]embers of the national ID movement insist that their attacks on evolution aren't religiously motivated, but, rather, scientific in nature. [. . . ] Yet the express strategic objectives of the Discovery Institute; the writings, careers, and affiliations of ID's leading proponents; and the movement's funding sources all betray a clear moral and religious agenda". Inferior Design Chris Mooney. The American Prospect, August 10, 2005. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. - ^ "ID's rejection of naturalism in any form logically entails its appeal to the only alternative, supernaturalism, as a putatively scientific explanation for natural phenomena. This makes ID a religious belief". Expert Witness Report Barbara Forrest Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, April, 2005. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution.
- ^ ". . . the ID movement has not proposed a scientific means of testing its claims. . . " AAAS Board Resolution on Intelligent Design Theory American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2002. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages
- ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , p. 70.
- ^ a b c Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 4: whether ID is science
- ^ Plato's Timaeus. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University (2005/10/25). Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Plato. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Timaeus. Internet Classics Archive. classics. mit. edu. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics Bk. 12
- ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum, Book I, 36–37, Latin Library. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. The Summa Theologica (or the Summa Theologiae or simply the Summa, written 1265 &ndash 1274) is the most famous "Thomas Aquinas' 'Five Ways' (archive link)" in faithnet. org. uk.
- ^ William Paley, Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, 1809, London, Twelfth Edition. William Paley (July 1743 &ndash 25 May 1805) was a British Christian apologist, Philosopher, and utilitarian. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
- ^ See, e. g. , the publisher's editorial description of the 2006 paperback printing of William Paley (1803) Natural Theology" : "William Paley's classic brings depth to the history of intelligent design arguments. William Paley (July 1743 &ndash 25 May 1805) was a British Christian apologist, Philosopher, and utilitarian. The contrivance of the eye, the ear, and numerous other anatomical features throughout the natural world are presented as arguments for God's presence and concern. While there are distinctive differences between Paley's argument and those used today by intelligent design theorists and creationists, it remains a fascinating glimpse of the nineteenth-century's debate over the roles of religion and science".
- ^ David C. Steinmetz (2005) "The Debate on Intelligent Design" in The Christian Century, (December, 27, 2005, pp. 27–31. )[1]
- ^ Leading intelligent design proponent William Dembski (2001) argues the opposing view in IS INTELLIGENT DESIGN A FORM OF NATURAL THEOLOGY?
- ^ Dr Barbara Forrest, Know Your Creationists: Know Your Allies
- ^ a b Stephen C. Meyer (March 1986). William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C We Are Not Alone. Eternity. Access Research Network. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated
- ^ Charles B. Thaxton, Ph.D. (November 13–16, 1986). Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. DNA, Design and the Origin of Life. Christian Leadership Ministries. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated
- ^ a b Charles B. Thaxton (June 23–26, 1988, revised July 1988 and May 1991). Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. In Pursuit of Intelligent Causes: Some Historical Background. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
- ^ a b William Safire. The New York Times. August 21, 2005. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On Language: Neo-Creo
- ^ a b c Dembski: "Intelligent design is just the Logos theology of John's Gospel restated in the idiom of information theory," Touchstone Magazine. Volume 12, Issue4: July/August, 1999
- ^ a b Phillip Johnson: "Our strategy has been to change the subject a bit so that we can get the issue of Intelligent Design, which really means the reality of God, before the academic world and into the schools. " Johnson 2004. Christianity. ca. Let's Be Intelligent About Darwin. "This isn't really, and never has been a debate about science. It's about religion and philosophy. " Johnson 1996. World Magazine. Witnesses For The Prosecution. "So the question is: "How to win?" That's when I began to develop what you now see full-fledged in the "wedge" strategy: "Stick with the most important thing"—the mechanism and the building up of information. The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. Get the Bible and the Book of Genesis out of the debate because you do not want to raise the so-called Bible-science dichotomy. Phrase the argument in such a way that you can get it heard in the secular academy and in a way that tends to unify the religious dissenters. That means concentrating on, "Do you need a Creator to do the creating, or can nature do it on its own?" and refusing to get sidetracked onto other issues, which people are always trying to do. " Johnson 2000. Touchstone magazine. Berkeley's Radical An Interview with Phillip E. Johnson at the Internet Archive
- ^ Stephen C. Meyer: "I think the designer is God. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C . . " (Darwin, the marketing of Intelligent Design . Nightline ABC News, with Ted Koppel, August 10 2005); Nancy Pearcey: "By contrast, design theory demonstrates that Christians can sit in the supernaturalist’s “chair” even in their professional lives, seeing the cosmos through the lens of a comprehensive biblical worldview. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American Edward James "Ted" Koppel (born February 8, 1940) is an American journalist, best known as the former anchor for the Nancy Randolph Pearcey (born 1952) is an American author who is a prominent Intelligent design proponent a Christian activist and formerly Intelligent Design steps boldly into the scientific arena to build a case based on empirical data. It takes Christianity out of the ineffectual realm of value and stakes out a cognitive claim in the realm of objective truth. It restores Christianity to its status as genuine knowledge, equipping us to defend it in the public arena". (Total Truth, Crossway Books, June 29, 2004, ISBN 1581344589, pp. 204-205)
- ^ Dove, Patrick Edward, The theory of human progression, and natural probability of a reign of justice. Patrick Edward Dove ( 31 July 1815 – 28 April 1873) was born at Lasswade, near Edinburgh in Scotland. London, Johnstone & Hunter, 1850. LC 08031381 "Intelligence-Intelligent Design".
- ^ Letter 3154—Darwin, C. R. to Herschel, J. F. W., 23 May 1861, Charles Darwin, Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter 3154, 23 May 1861. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life
- ^ "The British Association", The Times, Saturday 20 September 1873, pp. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common pg. 10; col A. .
- ^ "Teleological Argument for the Existence of God", William P. Alston, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc. William P Alston (born 1921 is professor emeritus at Syracuse University, and has made influential contributions to the Philosophy of The Encyclopedia of Philosophy is one of the two major English Encyclopedias of Philosophy (the other being the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck & The Free Press, New York City, New York; Collier Macmillan Publishers, London, Paul Edwards, editor, 1967, ISBN 0028949900
- ^ James E. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Collier Books was a publisher established by the Collier family London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paul Edwards, born Paul Eisenstein ( September 2 1923 - December 9 2004) was an Austrian-American moral Philosopher. Horigan, Chance or Design?'. ' Philosophical Library, 1979.
- ^ 'Evolution according to Hoyle: Survivors of disaster in an earlier world', By Nicholas Timmins, The Times, Wednesday, 13 January 1982; pg. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) 22; Issue 61130; col F. Hoyle stated in a 1982 speech: ". . . one arrives at the conclusion that biomaterials with their amazing measure or order must be the outcome of intelligent design". [2]
- ^ Jonathan Witt (December 20, 2005). Evolution News & Views: Dover Judge Regurgitates Mythological History of Intelligent Design. Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ Nick Matzke (2006). Nicholas J Matzke a doctoral student at University of California Berkeley and former Public Information Project Director at the National Center for Science Education NCSE Resource -- 9.0. Matzke (2006): The Story of the Pandas Drafts. National Center for Science Education. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
*Nick Matzke (2006). Nicholas J Matzke a doctoral student at University of California Berkeley and former Public Information Project Director at the National Center for Science Education Missing Link discovered!. National Center for Science Education. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca - ^ DarkSyde (March 11, 2006). Daily Kos: Know Your Creationists: Know Your Allies. interview with Barbara Forrest. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ Richard P. Aulie (1998). A Reader's Guide to Of Pandas and People. National Association of Biology Teachers. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ Nick Matzke; Jon Buell (October 13, 2005). I guess ID really was "Creationism's Trojan Horse" after all. The Panda's Thumb. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople , links to Wayback Machine for pdf.
- ^ Behe, Michael (1997): Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference [3]
- ^ Irreducible complexity of these examples is disputed; see Kitzmiller, pp. 76–78, and Ken Miller Webcast
- ^ The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity" Kenneth R. Miller Brown University[4]
- ^ John H. McDonald's "reducibly complex mousetrap"
- ^ David Ussery, "A Biochemist's Response to 'The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution'"
- ^ For example, Bridgham et al.showed that gradual evolutionary mechanisms can produce complex protein-protein interaction systems from simpler precursors. Bridgham et al. (2006). "Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation". Science 312 (5770): 97–101. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Orr, H. Allen. "Devolution", The New Yorker, 2005-05-30. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following This article draws from the following exchange of letters in which Behe admits to sloppy prose and non-logical proof: Behe, M. ; Dembski, Wells, Nelson, Berlinski (2003-03-26). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Has Darwin met his match? Letters—An exchange over ID (HTML). Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2006-11-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , p. 64.
- ^ Dembski. Intelligent Design, p. 47
- ^ Photograph of William Dembski, by Wesley R. Elsberry, taken at lecture given at University of California at Berkeley, 2006/03/17.
- ^ Branden Fitelson, Christopher Stephens, Elliott Sober. Cambridge University Press. 1998 How Not to Detect Design: A review of William A. Dembski's The Design Inference—Eliminating Chance Through Small Probabilities
- ^ Some of Dembski's responses to assertions of specified complexity being a tautology can be found at [5]
- ^ Richard Wein (2002): "Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates: A critique of William Dembski's book No Free Lunch" [6]
- ^ Rich Baldwin, (2005). Information Theory and Creationism
- ^ Mark Perakh, (2005). Dembski "displaces Darwinism" mathematically -- or does he?
- ^ Jason Rosenhouse, (2001). How Anti-Evolutionists Abuse Mathematics The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 23, No. 4, Fall 2001, pp. 3-8.
- ^ John S. Wilkins and Wesley R. Elsberry. Biology and Philosophy, 16: 711–724. 2001. The Advantages of Theft over Toil: The Design Inference and Arguing from Ignorance
- ^ Richard Dawkins (2006). The God Delusion. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Evolutionary algorithms now surpass human designers New Scientist, 28 July 2007
- ^ Guillermo Gonzalez (2004). The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos is Designed for Discovery. ISBN 0-89526-065-4.
- ^ The Panda's Thumb. review of The Privileged Planet
- ^ Is The Universe Fine-Tuned For Us? Victor J. Stenger. University of Colorado. (PDF file)
- ^ The Anthropic Principle Victor J. Stenger. University of Colorado. (PDF file)
- ^ Our place in the Multiverse Joseph Silk. Nature, Volume 443 Number 7108, September 14 2006.
- ^ See, e. g. , Gerald Feinberg and Robert Shapiro, "A Puddlian Fable" in Huchingson, Religion and the Natural Sciences (1993), pp. 220–221
- ^ Sewell, Granville. "Evolution's Thermodynamic Failure", The American Spectator, 2005-12-28. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Retrieved on 2007-02-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Also available from the Discovery Institute, retrieved on 7 July 2007. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Entropy, Disorder and Life. TalkOrigins. org. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ "The theory of Intelligent Design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. " Discovery Institute. What is Intelligent Design? Questions About Intelligent Design
- ^ Dembski. The Act of Creation: Bridging Transcendence and Immanence
- ^ a b Coyne, Jerry (Aug 22-29, 2005), The New Republic 233 (8/9): pp. The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts 21–33, <title=The Case Against Intelligent Design>.
- ^ Dr. Donald E. Simanek. Intelligent Design: The Glass is Empty
- ^ IDEA "One need not fully understand the origin or identity of the designer to determine that an object was designed. Thus, this question is essentially irrelevant to intelligent design theory, which merely seeks to detect if an object was designed . . . Intelligent design theory cannot address the identity or origin of the designer—it is a philosophical / religious question that lies outside the domain of scientific inquiry. Christianity postulates the religious answer to this question that the designer is God who by definition is eternally existent and has no origin. There is no logical philosophical impossibility with this being the case (akin to Aristotle's 'unmoved mover') as a religious answer to the origin of the designer. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. . . " FAQ: Who designed the designer? FAQ: Who designed the designer?
- ^ Richard Wein. 2002. Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates
- ^ a b Who Designed the Designer? Jason Rosenhouse. Creation & Intelligent Design Watch, Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal.
- ^ Richard Dawkins. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design pg 141
- ^ See, e. g. , Joseph Manson, "Intelligent design is pseudoscience", UCLA Today Vol. 26. No. 2 Sept. 27, 2005. [7]; Rev Max, "The Incredibly Strange Story of Intelligent Design", New Dawn Magazine No. 97 (July–August 2006)
- ^ NCSE Resource. Evolving Banners at the Discovery Institute (August 29, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience". "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design, David Mu, Harvard Science Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Fall 2005.
• "Creationists are repackaging their message as the pseudoscience of intelligent design theory". Professional Ethics Report, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2001. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages
• Conclusion of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Ruling - ^ Wise, D. U. , 2001, Creationism's Propaganda Assault on Deep Time and Evolution, Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 49, n. 1, p. 30–35.
- ^ Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism, Marcus R. Ross, Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 53, n. 3, May, 2005, p. 319–323
- ^ The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition, Ronald L. Numbers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 30, 2006, ISBN 0674023390. Ronald L Numbers (born 1942 is an American historian of science Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States.
- ^ Forrest, Barbara (May,2007), Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals. A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry, Inc. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Center for Inquiry (CFI is a non-profit educational organization with headquarters in the United States whose primary mission is to encourage evidence-based inquiry , <http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf>. Retrieved on 22 August 2007; Forrest, B.C. and Gross, P. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana R. , 2003, Evolution and the Wedge of Intelligent Design: The Trojan Horse Strategy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 224 p. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, , ISBN 0195157427
- ^ "Dembski chides me for never using the term "intelligent design" without conjoining it to "creationism". He implies (though never explicitly asserts) that he and others in his movement are not creationists and that it is incorrect to discuss them in such terms, suggesting that doing so is merely a rhetorical ploy to "rally the troops". (2) Am I (and the many others who see Dembski's movement in the same way) misrepresenting their position? The basic notion of creationism is the rejection of biological evolution in favor of special creation, where the latter is understood to be supernatural. Beyond this there is considerable variability. . . ", from Wizards of ID: Reply to Dembski, Robert T. Pennock, p. Robert T Pennock is a Philosopher now working on the Avida Digital organism project at Michigan State University where he is an associate professor 645–667 of Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives, Robert T. Pennock (editor), Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001, 825 p. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA) , ISBN 0262661241; Pennock, R. T. , 1999, Tower of Babel: Evidence Against the New Creationism, Cambridge, MIT Press, 440 p. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA)
- ^ The Creation/Evolution Continuum, Eugenie Scott, NCSE Reports, v. Eugenie Carol Scott (born October 24 1945) is an American physical anthropologist who has been the executive director of the National The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement 19, n. 4, p. 16–17, 23–25, July/August, 1999. ; Scott, E.C., 2004, Evolution vs. Eugenie Carol Scott (born October 24 1945) is an American physical anthropologist who has been the executive director of the National Creationism: An Introduction, Westport, Greenwood Press, 296p, ISBN 0520246500
- ^ "The social consequences of materialism have been devastating. As symptoms, those consequences are certainly worth treating. However, we are convinced that in order to defeat materialism, we must cut it off at its source. That source is scientific materialism. This is precisely our strategy. If we view the predominant materialistic science as a giant tree, our strategy is intended to function as a 'wedge' that, while relatively small, can split the trunk when applied at its weakest points. The very beginning of this strategy, the 'thin edge of the wedge,' was Phillip Johnson's critique of Darwinism begun in 1991 in Darwinism on Trial, and continued in Reason in the Balance and Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds. Michael Behe's highly successful Darwin's Black Box followed Johnson's work. We are building on this momentum, broadening the wedge with a positive scientific alternative to materialistic scientific theories, which has come to be called the theory of intelligent design (ID). Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions". Wedge Document Discovery Institute, 1999. (PDF file)
- ^ a b Wedge Document Discovery Institute, 1999.
- ^ a b c "I have built an intellectual movement in the universities and churches that we call The Wedge, which is devoted to scholarship and writing that furthers this program of questioning the materialistic basis of science. [. . . ] Now the way that I see the logic of our movement going is like this. The first thing you understand is that the Darwinian theory isn't true. It's falsified by all of the evidence and the logic is terrible. When you realize that, the next question that occurs to you is, well, where might you get the truth? [. . . ] I start with John 1:1. In the beginning was the word. In the beginning was intelligence, purpose, and wisdom. The Bible had that right. And the materialist scientists are deluding themselves. " Johnson 1999. Reclaiming America for Christ Conference. How the Evolution Debate Can Be Won
- ^ Discovery Institute fellows and staff. [8] Center for Science and Culture fellows and staff. [9]
- ^ Barbara Forrest. 2001. "The Wedge at Work: Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics
- ^ a b ". . . intelligent design does not address metaphysical and religious questions such as the nature or identity of the designer," and ". . . the nature, moral character and purposes of this intelligence lie beyond the competence of science and must be left to religion and philosophy". In: Discovery Institute Truth Sheet # 09-05 Does intelligent design postulate a "supernatural creator?. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Phillip Johnson. Keeping the Darwinists Honest, an interview with Phillip Johnson. Citizen Magazine. April 1999. "Intelligent Design is an intellectual movement, and the Wedge strategy stops working when we are seen as just another way of packaging the Christian evangelical message. [. . . ] The evangelists do what they do very well, and I hope our work opens up for them some doors that have been closed".
- ^ a b Phillip Johnson. Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity. July/August 1999. ". . . the first thing that has to be done is to get the Bible out of the discussion. . . . This is not to say that the biblical issues are unimportant; the point is rather that the time to address them will be after we have separated materialist prejudice from scientific fact". The Wedge
- ^ a b William Dembski, 1998. The Design Inference.
- ^ Dembski, 1999. Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology. "Christ is indispensable to any scientific theory, even if its practitioners don't have a clue about him. The pragmatics of a scientific theory can, to be sure, be pursued without recourse to Christ. But the conceptual soundness of the theory can in the end only be located in Christ". p. 210
- ^ Dembski. 2005. Intelligent Design's Contribution to the Debate Over Evolution: A Reply to Henry Morris. Reply to Henry Morris
- ^ Barbara Forrest. Expert Testimony. Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial transcript, Day 6 (October 5) "What I am talking about is the essence of intelligent design, and the essence of it is theistic realism as defined by Professor Johnson. Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Now that stands on its own quite apart from what their motives are. I'm also talking about the definition of intelligent design by Dr. Dembski as the Logos theology of John's Gospel. That stands on its own. [. . . ] Intelligent design, as it is understood by the proponents that we are discussing today, does involve a supernatural creator, and that is my objection. And I am objecting to it as they have defined it, as Professor Johnson has defined intelligent design, and as Dr. Dembski has defined intelligent design. And both of those are basically religious. They involve the supernatural".
- ^ Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals. A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy Barbara Forrest. Barbara Carroll Forrest, PhD is a professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond Louisiana May, 2007.
- ^ Nearly Two-thirds of U.S. Adults Believe Human Beings Were Created by God. The Harris Poll #52. Harris Interactive (July 6, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Sandia National Laboratories says that the Intelligent Design Network (IDNet-NM/Zogby) "Lab Poll" is BOGUS!. New Mexicans for Science and Reason. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Mooney, Chris (September 11, 2003). Polling for ID. Doubt and About. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved on 2007-02-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ 'Intelligent Design'-ers launch new assault on curriculum using lies and deception. Salon.com. Saloncom, part of Salon Media Group ( often just called Salon, is an online Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ According to the poll, 18% of the physicians believed that God created humans exactly as they appear today. Another 42% believed that God initiated and guided an evolutionary process that has led to current human beings. The poll also found that "an overwhelming majority of Jewish doctors (83%) and half of Catholic doctors (51%) believe that intelligent design is simply "a religiously inspired pseudo- science rather than a legitimate scientific speculation". The poll also found that "more than half of Protestant doctors (63%) believe that intelligent design is a "legitimate scientific speculation".
Majority of Physicians Give the Nod to Evolution Over Intelligent Design. Retrieved on 2007-10-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses - ^ Seattle Times. March 31 2005. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Does Seattle group "teach controversy" or contribute to it?
- ^ National Association of Biology Teachers Statement on Teaching Evolution (Archive link.)
- ^ IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660
- ^ From the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest general scientific society: 2006 Statement on the Teaching of Evolution, AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws
- ^ Coultan, Mark (November 27, 2005). The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Intelligent design a Trojan horse, says creationist. Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH) is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ Intelligent Design: Creationism's Trojan Horse. Americans United for the Separation of Church and State (February 2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ a b c Wallis, Claudia (August 7, 2005). The Evolution Wars. Time Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ "The evolution wars" in Time, Events of 2005, News Archive, National Center for Science Education, August 11, 2005. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement
- ^ Forrest, Barbara (Fall-Winter 2000). "Methodological Naturalism and Philosophical Naturalism: Clarifying the Connection". Philo 3 (2): 7–29.
- ^ Johnson, Phillip E. (1995). Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law and Education. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0830819290. [Johnson positions himself as a "theistic realist" against "methodological naturalism". ]
- ^ "My colleagues and I speak of 'theistic realism'—or sometimes, 'mere creation'—as the defining concept of our [the ID] movement. This means that we affirm that God is objectively real as Creator, and that the reality of God is tangibly recorded in evidence accessible to science, particularly in biology". [ Starting a Conversation about Evolution] Phillip Johnson.
- ^ See, for instance: Vuletic, Mark I. (February 1997). Methodological Naturalism and the Supernatural. Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise: An Interdisciplinary Conference at the. University of Texas, Austin. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ a b Watanabe, Teresa (March 25, 2001). Enlisting Science to Find the Fingerprints of a Creator. Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of “[Phillip E. Johnson quoted]: We are taking an intuition most people have and making it a scientific and academic enterprise [. . . ] We are removing the most important cultural roadblock to accepting the role of God as creator”
- ^ Belz, Joel (November 30, 1996). "Witnesses For The Prosecution" (Reprint by Leadership U. ). World Magazine 11 (28): 18.
- ^ Nickson, Elizabeth (January 10, 2003). Let's Be Intelligent About Darwin. Christianity. ca. The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. “[Phillip E. Johnson quoted]: Our strategy has been to change the subject a bit so that we can get the issue of Intelligent Design, which really means the reality of God, before the academic world and into the schools. ”
- ^ Buell, Jon; Hearn, Virginia, eds. (March 1992). Darwinism: Science or Philosophy (PDF). Darwinism: Scientific Inference or Philosophical Preference? (Symposium). The Foundation for Thought and Ethics, Dallas Christian Leadership, and the C. S. Lewis Fellowship. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ Giberson, Karl (December 5, 2005). Karl W Giberson is a Physicist and Scholar specializing in the creation - Evolution debate (see Creation-evolution controversy) Intelligent design's long march to nowhere. Templeton Foundation, Science & Theology News. The John Templeton Foundation was established in 1987 by the late investor and philanthropist Sir John Templeton; the current president is his son John M Science & Theology News was a monthly international newspaper of the Templeton Foundation that focused on Science [10]
- ^ Sorber, Elliott (March 2007). "What is wrong with intelligent design?" (PDF). Quarterly Review of Biology 82 (1): 3–6. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ What Is Wrong With Intelligent Design?. Science Daily (February 23, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ Sonleitner, Frank J. (March 2006). "Intelligent Design is not Testable". Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 40th Annual Meeting 38 (1): 10. The '''Geological Society of America''' (or GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the Geosciences The society was founded in New York
- ^ Murray, Michael J. (Forthcoming). Natural Providence (or Design Trouble) (PDF). Franklin & Marshall College. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ Dembski, William A.. William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the What is the position of the NRCSE on the teaching of intelligent design [ID] as an alternative to neo-Darwinian evolution in Nebraska schools?. Creighton University. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ Schönborn, Cardinal Christoph (October 2, 2005). Christoph Schönborn, OP (born January 22, 1945) is an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church and theologian Catechetical Lecture at St. Stephan's Cathedral, Vienna (Reprint). Bring You To. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of “Purpose and design in the natural world, [has] no difficulty [. . . ] with the theory of evolution [within] the borders of scientific theory. ”
- ^ Scott, Eugenie C. (December 7, 2000). The Creation/Evolution Continuum. National Center for Science Education. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Resseger, Jan (Chair) (March 2006). Science, Religion, and the Teaching of Evolution in Public School Science Classes (PDF). Committee on Public Education and Literacy. National Council of Churches. The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA (usually identified as National Council of Churches, or NCC) is an association of 35 Christian Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Murphy, George L. (2002). Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem (Reprint). Creighton University. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Sheppard, Pam S. (February 4, 2006). Intelligent design: is it intelligent; is it Christian?. Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis ( AiG) is a Non-profit Christian Apologetics ministry with a particular focus on Young Earth creationism and Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Ross, Hugh. Hugh Ross may refer to Hugh McGregor Ross, computing pioneer and specialist in the Gospel of Thomas Hugh Ross (clergyman (c More Than Intelligent Design. Facts for Faith. Reasons to Believe. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ The "Intelligent Design" Distraction. Harun Yahya International (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
- ^ Wieland, Carl (August 30, 2002). AiG's views on the Intelligent Design Movement. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
- ^ Retired California surgeon Dr. Mel Mulder has produced a series of 50 radio spots, and a book entitled "Beyond intelligent design" that describes his feeling that the intelligent design movement does not go far enough in several ways. See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political
- ^ Meyer, Stephen C. (December 1, 2002). This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C The Scientific Status of Intelligent Design: The Methodological Equivalence of Naturalistic and Non-Naturalistic Origins Theories. Center for Science and Culture, Discovery Institute. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Wüthrich, Christian (January 11, 2007). Demarcating science vis-à-vis pseudoscience (PDF). Department of Philosophy. University of California at San Diego. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Gauch Jr. , Hugh G. (2003). "Chapters 5–8", Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge UP. ISBN 0521017084. Discusses principles of induction, deduction and probability related to the expectation of consistency, testability, and multiple observations. Chapter 8 discusses parsimony (Occam's razor)
- ^ Elmes, David G. ; Kantowitz, Barry H. ; Roediger Henry L. (2005). "Chapter 2", Research Methods in Psychology, 8th, Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0534609767. Discusses the scientific method, including the principles of falsifiability, testability, progressive development of theory, dynamic self-correcting of hypotheses, and parsimony, or "Occam's razor".
- ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , 4: whether ID is science. The ruling discusses central aspects of expectations in the scientific community that a scientific theory be testable, dynamic, correctible, progressive, based upon multiple observations, and provisional,
- ^ See, e. g. , Mark Perakh, "The Dream World of William Dembski's Creationism", in Skeptic Volume 11 (Number 4) 2005, 54–65. [11]
- ^ Intelligent design fails to pass Occam's razor. Adding entities (an intelligent agent, a designer) to the equation is not strictly necessary to explain events. See, e. g. , Branden Fitelson, et al: "How Not to Detect Design–Critical Notice: William A. Dembski The Design Inference ", in Robert T. Pennock, ed. Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives, (MIT Press, 2001) p597–616.
- ^ See, e. g. , Jill E. Schneider (Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 2005) "Thoughts on Evolution and Intelligent Design" [12] "Q: Why couldn't intelligent design also be a scientific theory? A : The idea of intelligent design might or might not be true, but when presented as a scientific hypothesis, it is not useful because it is based on weak assumptions, lacks supporting data and terminates further thought".
- ^ The designer is not falsifiable, since its existence is typically asserted without sufficient conditions to allow a falsifying observation. The designer being beyond the realm of the observable, claims about its existence can be neither supported nor undermined by observation, making intelligent design and the argument from design analytic a posteriori arguments. See, e. g. , Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ruling, p. 22 and p. 77.
- ^ That intelligent design is not empirically testable stems from the fact that it violates a basic premise of science, naturalism. See, e. g. , Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ruling, p. 22 and p. 66.
- ^ Intelligent design professes to offer an answer that does not need to be defined or explained, the intelligent agent, designer. By asserting a conclusion that cannot be accounted for scientifically, the designer, intelligent design cannot be sustained by any further explanation, and objections raised to those who accept intelligent design make little headway. Thus intelligent design is not a provisional assessment of data which can change when new information is discovered. Once it is claimed that a conclusion that need not be accounted for has been established, there is simply no possibility of future correction. The idea of the progressive growth of scientific ideas is required to explain previous data and any previously unexplainable data. See, e. g. , the brief explanation in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. p. 66.
- ^ Nobel Laureates Initiative (PDF). The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity (September 9, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Intelligent Design is not Science: Scientists and teachers speak out. University of New South Wales (October 2005). The University of New South Wales, also known as UNSW or colloquially as New South, is a University situated in Kensington, a suburb in Retrieved on 2009-01-09. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Creationism and the Daubert test?. PZ Myers, Pharyngula. Paul Zachary "PZ" Myers (born March 9, 1957) is an American biology professor at the University of Minnesota Morris (UMM and org (May 21, 2005).
- ^ a b c Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , 4. Whether ID is Science, p. 87
- ^ Hawks, John (August 2005). The President and the teaching of evolution. John Hawks Weblog. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Skeptic: eSkeptic: Thursday, April 17th, 2008
- ^ Goodstein, Laurie (December 4, 2005). Intelligent Design Might Be Meeting Its Maker. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Statement from the Council of the Biological Society of Washington. Biological Society of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Meyer, S. C. (2004). "The origin of biological information and the higher taxonomic categories". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 117 (2): 213–239.
- ^ The Sternberg peer review controversy and several similar academic disputes are the subject of the 2008 documentary "Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed". The Sternberg peer review controversy concerns the conflict arising from the publication of an article supporting the controversial concept of Intelligent design in Expelled No Intelligence Allowed is a controversial 2008 independent Documentary film promoting Intelligent design.
- ^ Dembski, William A. (2001). William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18 1960) is an American proponent of Intelligent design, and its opposition to the Is Intelligent Design a Form of Natural Theology?. Design Inference Website. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ McMurtie, Beth (2001). Darwinism Under Attack. The Chronicle Of Higher Education.
- ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, October 19, 2005, AM session Kitzmiller Testimony, Behe
- ^ Peer-Reviewed, Peer-Edited, and other Scientific Publications Supporting the Theory of Intelligent Design (Annotated). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Discovery Institute (July 2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Isaak, Mark (2006). Index to Creationist Claims. The TalkOrigins Archive. “With some of the claims for peer review, notably Campbell and Meyer (2003) and the e-journal PCID, the reviewers are themselves ardent supporters of intelligent design. The purpose of peer review is to expose errors, weaknesses, and significant omissions in fact and argument. That purpose is not served if the reviewers are uncritical”
- ^ Brauer, Matthew J. ; Forrest, Barbara; Gey Steven G. (2005). "Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution" (PDF). Washington University Law Quarterly 83 (1). “ID leaders know the benefits of submitting their work to independent review and have established at least two purportedly "peer-reviewed" journals for ID articles. However, one has languished for want of material and quietly ceased publication, while the other has a more overtly philosophical orientation. Both journals employ a weak standard of "peer review" that amounts to no more than vetting by the editorial board or society fellows. ”
- ^ Dembski, William A. (April 2002). Detecting Design in the Natural Sciences. Intelligent Design?. Natural History Magazine. Natural History is a Magazine on Science and Nature aimed at the general public which is published by the Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
- ^ Shostak, Seth (December 2005). SETI and Intelligent Design. Space.com. Spacecom is a Space and Astronomy news website Its stories are often syndicated to other media outlets including CNN, MSNBC Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, “In fact, the signals actually sought by today's SETI searches are not complex, as the ID advocates assume. [. . . ] If SETI were to announce that we're not alone because it had detected a signal, it would be on the basis of artificiality”
- ^ "For human artifacts, we know the designer's identity, human, and the mechanism of design, as we have experience based upon empirical evidence that humans can make such things, as well as many other attributes including the designer's abilities, needs, and desires. With ID, proponents assert that they refuse to propose hypotheses on the designer's identity, do not propose a mechanism, and the designer, he/she/it/they, has never been seen. In that vein, defense expert Professor Minnich agreed that in the case of human artifacts and objects, we know the identity and capacities of the human designer, but we do not know any of those attributes for the designer of biological life. In addition, Professor Behe agreed that for the design of human artifacts, we know the designer and its attributes and we have a baseline for human design that does not exist for design of biological systems. Professor Behe's only response to these seemingly insurmountable points of disanalogy was that the inference still works in science fiction movies". —Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. , p. 81
- ^ Edis, Taner (March/April 2001). Darwin in Mind: Intelligent Design Meets Artificial Intelligence. Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Primer: Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell. Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France.
- ^ a b Scott, Eugenie C. ; Branch, Glenn (September 2002). "Intelligent Design" Not Accepted by Most Scientists. National Center for Science Education. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-07-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France.
- ^ See, for instance: Hube, Richard H. (Fall 1971). "Man Come Of Age: Bonhoeffer's Response To The God-Of-The-Gaps". Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 14: 203–220.
- ^ Tammy Kitzmiller, et al. v. Dover Area School District, et al., [13] (2005). Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution.
- ^ Powell, Michael. "Judge Rules Against 'Intelligent Design'", The Washington Post, 2005-12-21. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Crowther, Robert. "Dover Intelligent Design Decision Criticized as a Futile Attempt to Censor Science Education", Evolution News & Views, Discovery Institute, 2005-12-20. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Associated Press. "Judge rules against 'intelligent design'", MSNBC. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Provonsha, Matthew. "Godless: The Church of Liberalism", eSkeptic, 2006-09-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Padian, Kevin; Nick Matzke. "Discovery Institute tries to "swift-boat" Judge Jones", National Center for Science Education National Center for Science Education. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Raffaele, Martha. "Intelligent design policy struck down", Dallas Morning News, 2005-12-20. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Articles—Editor's Note: Intelligent Design Articles, University of Montana Law Review, Volume 68, Number 1, April 10, 2007. The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U
- ^ Intelligent Design Will Survive Kitzmiller v. Dover, David K. DeWolf, John G. West, and Casey Luskin, University of Montana Law Review, Volume 68, Number 1, May 4, 2007. The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U
- ^ Disaster In Dover: The Trials (And Tribulations) Of Intelligent Design, Peter Irons, University of Montana Law Review, Volume 68, Number 1, April 27, 2007. The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U
- ^ Rebuttal to Irons, David K. DeWolf, John G. West, and Casey Luskin, University of Montana Law Review, Volume 68, Number 1, April 27, 2007. The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U
- ^ The dangers of creationism in education. Council of Europe. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ NCSE Resource—Council of Europe approves resolution against creationism. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- Council of Europe firmly opposes creationism in school. Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ WIRED Magazine response. Illustra Media. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to “It's also important that you read a well developed rebuttal to Wired's misleading accusations. Links to both the article and a response by the Discovery Institute (our partners in the production of Unlocking the Mystery of Life and The Privileged Planet)”
- ^ Meyer, Stephen C.; Allen, W. This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C Peter (July 15, 2004). Unlocking the Mystery of Life. Center for Science and Culture, Discovery Institute. The Center for Science and Culture (CSC formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Randerson, James (November 27, 2006). Revealed: rise of creationism in UK schools. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ 'Design' attack on school science. BBC News (September 29, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Written Answers. Daily Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom (November 1, 2006). The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Schools: Intelligent Design. Daily Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ a b NCSE Resource—Guidance on creationism for British teachers. NCSE (September 25, 2007). The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-09-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the
- ^ How can we answer questions about creation and origins? (pdf). Qualifications and Curriculum Authority for England (2006). England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ NoCreSciEd - epetition reply. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The Office of Public Sector Information ( OPSI) is the body responsible for the operation of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (usually abbreviated as HMSO Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ The dangers of creationism in education, Report, Committee on Culture, Science and Education, Rapporteur: Mr Guy LENGAGNE, France, Socialist Group, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, Doc. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 11297, 8 June 2007.
- ^ Lesley-Anne Henry (September 26, 2007). Tussle of Biblical proportions over creationism in Ulster classrooms - Education - News - Belfast Telegraph. Belfast Telegraph. The Belfast Telegraph is a daily evening newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland by Independent News and Media. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. , Viewpoint: The world, according to Lisburn folk - Opinion - News - Belfast Telegraph. Belfast Telegraph (September 27, 2007). The Belfast Telegraph is a daily evening newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland by Independent News and Media. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ Dup Call For Schools To Teach Creation Passed By Council—Lisburn Today (26 September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ Martin Enserink (3 June 2005). "Evolution Politics: Is Holland Becoming the Kansas of Europe?". Science (5727): 1394. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Cabinet ministers announced (update 2). DutchNews. nl (February 13, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ De Morgen, May 23, 2005
- ^ a b Taner Edis (January 2008). The History of Science Society : The Society. Islamic Creationism: A Short History Newsletter, Vol. 37, No. 1. History of Science Society. Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
- ^ Edis, Taner. Cloning Creationism in Turkey. National Center for Science Education. The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Dorian L Jones (12 March 2008). ISN Security Watch - Turkey's survival of the fittest. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Smith, Deborah (October 21, 2005). Intelligent design not science: experts. Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH) is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
External links
ID perspectives
- Access Research Network
- Design Inference: The website of William A. Dembski
- Discovery Institute, Center for Science and Culture (Hub of the intelligent design movement)
- EvolutionNews.org Discovery Institute website tracking media coverage of intelligent design.
- ID The Future A multiple contributor weblog by Discovery Institute fellows.
- Intelligent Design Network A nonprofit organization in Kansas to promote intelligent design
- International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID)
- Uncommon Descent William Dembski's blog
Non-ID perspectives
- Scientific American - 15 Answers to Creationist Questions
- ACLU site on Intelligent Design
- Intelligent Design? special feature in the Natural History Magazine
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Design Arguments for the Existence of God
- National Center for Science Education articles and other resources about Intelligent Design
- Resolution from the American Association for the Advancement of Science
- Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences Second Edition (1999)
- Talk Origins Archive (Archive of a UseNet discussion group)
- 139 page in-depth analysis of intelligent design, irreducible complexity, and the book Of Pandas and People by the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District judge
- Kitzmiller: An Intelligent Ruling on 'Intelligent Design', JURIST
- ID and Creationism
- The Design Argument Elliott Sober, 2004. JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than
- Short discussion on Natural Knowledge and Natural Design as a contrast to Intelligent Design by Richard Dawkins
Media articles
- How Not To Critique ID (pdf) Del Ratzsch's article commenting Niall Shanks's critique of ID
- The Intelligent Design Debate A general article condemning intelligent design (Capital Weekly)
- Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial A PBS-NOVA documentary on the Dover, PA Intelligent Design trial in 2005. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science (PBS)
- Discovery's Creation An overview of the origin of the intelligent design movement. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the (Seattle Weekly)
- Intelligent Design vs. Evolution debate between paleontologist Peter Ward and Stephen Meyer co-founder of the Discovery Institute
- Intelligent Design Deja Vu What would "intelligent design" science classes look like? All we have to do is look inside some 19th century textbooks. Seattle Weekly is a freely distributed Newspaper in Seattle, Washington, United States. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Peter Ward may refer to Peter Ward (English footballer (born 1955 retired English footballer played for Brighton & Hove Albion and Nottingham Forest This page is for the intelligent design advocate and Discovery Institute officer Stephen C The Discovery Institute is a conservative public policy US Think tank based in Seattle Washington, best known for its advocacy of Intelligent (The Washington Post)
- How the media have covered ID (Columbia Journalism Review)
- Banned in biology class: intelligent design (Christian Science Monitor)
- Devolution (The New Yorker)
- The Evolution Debate (The New York Times)
- Debating Evolution in the Classroom (NPR)
- Darwin Victorious (TIME)
- Intelligent Design: Scientific Inquiry or Religious Indoctrination? (Justice Talking)
- Intelligent Judging—Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom (New England Journal of Medicine)
- Language: Neo-creo: backlash to 'intelligent design' (International Herald Tribune)
Dictionary
intelligent design
-noun
- A conjecture claiming that biological life on Earth, or more broadly, the universe as a whole, was created by an unspecified intelligent agent rather than being the result of undirected natural processes.
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