Citizendia

Orthomyxoviridae
Electron micrograph of Influenza A viruses
Electron micrograph of Influenza A viruses
Virus classification
Group:Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Family:Orthomyxoviridae
Genera

Influenzavirus A
Influenzavirus B
Influenzavirus C
Isavirus
Thogotovirus

Flu
H5N1
  • Influenza A virus

Influenzavirus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that A micrograph, microphotograph or photomicrograph is a Photograph or similar image taken through a Microscope or similar device to show Virus classification involves naming and placing Viruses into a taxonomic system An RNA virus is a Virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid as its Genetic material. Influenzavirus B is a genus in the Virus family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenzavirus C is a genus in the Virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes those Viruses which cause Influenza. Infectious salmon anemia or anaemia ( ISA) is a viral Disease of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) that affects fish farms Thogotovirus is a genus in the Virus family Orthomyxoviridae. The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers See also Influenza Flu season is the portion of the year in which there is a regular outbreak in flu cases Influenza research involves investigating Molecular virology, Pathogenesis, host Immune responses Genomics, and Epidemiology regarding A Vaccine is an Inoculation designed to increase immunity against a specific disease This article is about flu treatment in Humans for mild Human flu, which includes both efforts to reduce Symptoms and treatments for the flu virus The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP is an effort to dramatically improve the availability of genomic sequences and related information about the influenza (flu viruses Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H5N1 genetic structure is the molecular structure of the H5N1 virus's RNA. Transmission and infection of H5N1 from infected avian sources to humans is a concern due to the Global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a Pandemic threat Human mortality from H5N1 or the human fatality ratio from H5N1 or the case-fatality rate of H5N1 refer to the ratio of Human and bird cases 1959-1997 A highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 caused Flu outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms See also Global spread of H5N1, The global spread of (highly pathogenic H5N1 in Birds is considered a significant pandemic threat See also Global spread of H5N1, The global spread of (highly pathogenic H5N1 in Birds is considered a significant pandemic threat See also Global spread of H5N1, The global spread of (highly pathogenic H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat See also Global spread of H5N1, The global spread of (highly pathogenic H5N1 in Birds is considered a significant pandemic threat Financial According to the New York Times, due to the H5N1 threat as of March 2006 "governments worldwide have spent billions planning Note For information about the content tone and sourcing of this article please see the tags at the bottom of this page A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Influenzavirus A includes only one species: Influenza A virus which causes influenza in birds and some mammals. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus [1] Occasionally viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics. A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through [2] [3]

Contents

Variants and subtypes

Variants are identified and named according to the isolate that they are like and thus are presumed to share lineage (example Fujian flu virus like); according to their typical host (example Human flu virus); according to their subtype (example H3N2); and according to their deadliness (example LP). See H5N1 flu and Flu for details about the illnesses and H5N1 and H3N2 for details about the causative agents See also Influenza Human flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create Influenza in Humans and are endemic in humans H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu.

Variants are sometimes named according to the species (host) the strain is endemic in or adapted to. The main variants named using this convention are:

Avian variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:

The Influenza A virus subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for hemagglutinin) and an N number (for neuraminidase). For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers See also Influenza Human flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create Influenza in Humans and are endemic in humans Swine Flu (or Swine influenzavirus (SIV flu) refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that creates Influenza in Pigs and are endemic Equine influenza ( Horse flu) refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that are endemic in Horses Horse flu viruses were first isolated in 1956 Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that create Influenza in canines. Hemagglutinin (HA or haemagglutinin ( British English) is an Antigenic Glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza Viruses Sialidase 1 (lysosomal sialidase, also known as NEU1 or neuraminidase, is a human Gene. Each subtype virus has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some pathogenic to one species but not others, some pathogenic to multiple species. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious Most known strains are extinct strains. For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong Flu. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and

Influenza A viruses are negative sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable An RNA virus is a Virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid as its Genetic material. "There are 16 different HA antigens (H1 to H16) and nine different NA antigens (N1 to N9) for influenza A. An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response Until recently, 15 HA types had been recognized, but a new type (H16) was isolated from black-headed gulls caught in Sweden and the Netherlands in 1999 and reported in the literature in 2005. The Black-headed Gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus) is a small Gull which breeds in much of Europe and Asia, and also in coastal eastern "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " [4]

Annual flu

Main article: Flu season

The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the U. See also Influenza Flu season is the portion of the year in which there is a regular outbreak in flu cases See also Influenza Flu season is the portion of the year in which there is a regular outbreak in flu cases See also Influenza Human flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create Influenza in Humans and are endemic in humans S. "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U. S. " [5].

The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. A Vaccine is an Inoculation designed to increase immunity against a specific disease Hemagglutinin (HA or haemagglutinin ( British English) is an Antigenic Glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza Viruses H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. Influenzavirus B is a genus in the Virus family Orthomyxoviridae. [6]

The dominant strain in January 2006 is H3N2. January 2006: ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. Amantadine is the Organic compound known formally as 1-aminoadamantane Rimantadine ( INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered Antiviral drug used to treat and in rare cases prevent Influenzavirus H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

"[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of two similar Viruses that are infecting the same cell Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause " [7]

Genetics

"The physical structure of all influenza A viruses is similar. The virions or virus particles are enveloped and can be either spherical or filamentous in form. In clinical isolates that have undergone limited passages in eggs or tissue culture, there are more filamentous than spherical particles, whereas passaged laboratory strains consist mainly of spherical virions. "[8]

The Influenza A virus genome is contained on eight single (non-paired) RNA strands that code for eleven proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, NEP, PA, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2). The segmented nature of the genome allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains during cellular cohabitation. In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways The eight RNA segments are:

The genome segments have common terminal sequences, and the ends of the RNA strands are partially complementary, allowing them to bond to each other by hydrogen bonds. In Molecular biology, complementarity is a property of double-stranded Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNARNA duplexes A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen After transcription from negative-sense to positive-sense RNA the +RNA strands get the cellular 5' cap added by cap snatching, which involves the viral protein NS1 binding to the cellular pre-mRNAs. Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA The 5' cap is a specially altered Nucleotide end to the 5' end of Precursor messenger RNA and some other primary RNA transcripts as found in Eukaryotes The cap is then cleaved from the cellular pre-mRNA using a second viral protein, PB2. The short oligo cap is then added to the influenza +RNA strands, allowing its processing as messenger RNA by ribosomes. An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that The +RNA strands also serve for synthesis of -RNA strands for new virions.

The RNA synthesis and its assembly with the nucleoprotein takes place in the cell nucleus, the synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. The assembled virion cores leave the nucleus and migrate towards the cell membrane, with patches of viral transmembrane proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 proteins) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein, and bud through these patches, releasing finished enveloped viruses into the extracellular fluid. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer A transmembrane protein is a Protein that spans the entire Biological membrane. Budding (also called burgeoning) is the formation of a new Organism by the protrusion of part of another organism A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Extracellular fluid (ECF usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells

In nonhumans

See H5N1 for the current epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) of H5N1 influenza

Wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of Influenza A viruses. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause In Epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek epi- upon + zoion animal is a Disease that appears as new cases in a given animal population In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Most or all Birds collectively referred to as fowl belong to one of two orders namely the gamefowl or landfowl ( Galliformes) and the waterfowl An asymptomatic carrier ( healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other organism that has contracted an Infectious disease, but who displays no symptoms Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of Influenza A virus had been demonstrated to be transmitted from wild fowl to only birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans; and only between humans and pigs and between humans and domestic fowl; and not other pathways such as domestic fowl to horse. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus [10]

Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. Occasionally viruses are transmitted from these birds to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through [2] [3]

H5N1 has been shown to be transmitted to tigers, leopards, and domestic cats that were fed uncooked domestic fowl (chickens) with the virus. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Laboratory mice have been infected successfully with a variety of avian flu genotypes. [11]

Influenza A viruses spread in the air and in manure and survives longer in cold weather. Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing; however, there is no evidence that the virus can survive in well-cooked meat. Symptoms in animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death within a few days. In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways

"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents". [12]

Avian influenza viruses that the OIE and others test for in order to control poultry disease include: H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, H12N5 and others. The Office international des épizooties ( OIÉ, French for "International Epizootic Office" now known as the World Organisation for Animal Health ( Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H7N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Influenzavirus A is a Genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of Viruses Influenzavirus A includes only one Species: Influenza A virus H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Influenzavirus A is a Genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of Viruses Influenzavirus A includes only one Species: Influenza A virus H5N9 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H9N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H5[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus H10N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus

Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959-2003[13]
YearAreaAffectedSubtype
1959ScotlandchickenH5N1
1963EnglandturkeyH7N3
1966Ontario (Canada)turkeyH5N9
1976Victoria (Australia)chickenH7N7
1979GermanychickenH7N7
1979EnglandturkeyH7N7
1983Pennsylvania (USA)*chicken,turkeyH5N2
1983IrelandturkeyH5N8
1985Victoria (Australia)chickenH7N7
1991EnglandturkeyH5N1
1992Victoria (Australia)chickenH7N3
1994Queensland (Australia)chickenH7N3
1994Mexico*chickenH5N2
1994Pakistan*chickenH7N3
1997New South Wales (Australia)chickenH7N4
1997Hong Kong (China)*chickenH5N1
1997ItalychickenH5N2
1999Italy*turkeyH7N1
2002Hong Kong (China)chickenH5N1
2002ChilechickenH7N3
2003Netherlands*chickenH7N7

*Outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H5N9 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H5[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus H5N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H5[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N4 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H5[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus H7N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Most other outbreaks involved little or no spread from the initially infected farms.

1979: "More than 400 harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7). Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus " [14]

1995: "[V]accinated birds can develop asymptomatic infections that allow virus to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Intensive surveillance is required to detect these “silent epidemics” in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1995 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and evolving virus (Lee et al. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 , 2004). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " " [15]

1997: "Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar For example, until 1997, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. S. pig population. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times However, in 1997, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order " [16]

2000: "In California, poultry producers kept their knowledge of a recent H6N2 avian influenza outbreak to themselves due to their fear of public rejection of poultry products; meanwhile, the disease spread across the western United States and has since become endemic. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or H6N2 is an Avian influenza Virus with two forms one has a low and the other a high Pathogenicity Avian derived from the Latin word avis " [17]

2003: In Netherlands H7N7 influenza virus infection broke out in poultry on several farms. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus [18]

2004: In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C February 2004 was the second month of 2004 in the Gregorian calendar. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September [19]

2005: Tens of millions of birds died of H5N1 influenza and hundreds of millions of birds were culled to protect humans from H5N1. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H5N1 is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long term pandemic threat. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause

2006: H5N1 spreads across the globe killing hundreds of millions of birds and over 100 people causing a significant H5N1 impact from both actual deaths and predicted possible deaths. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Financial According to the New York Times, due to the H5N1 threat as of March 2006 "governments worldwide have spent billions planning

Swine flu
Main article: Swine Flu
Swine flu (or "pig influenza") refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs. Swine Flu (or Swine influenzavirus (SIV flu) refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that creates Influenza in Pigs and are endemic Swine Flu (or Swine influenzavirus (SIV flu) refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that creates Influenza in Pigs and are endemic The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu in pigs are Influenza A virus and Influenza C virus but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs. The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that Influenzavirus C is a genus in the Virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes those Viruses which cause Influenza. The known subtypes of Influenza A virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and
Horse flu
Main article: Horse flu
Horse flu (or "Equine influenza") refers to varieties of Influenza A virus that affect horses. Equine influenza ( Horse flu) refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that are endemic in Horses Horse flu viruses were first isolated in 1956 Equine influenza ( Horse flu) refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that are endemic in Horses Horse flu viruses were first isolated in 1956 Horse 'flu viruses were only isolated in 1956. There are two main types of virus called equine-1 (H7N7) which commonly affects horse heart muscle and equine-2 (H3N8) which is usually more severe. H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus
Dog flu
Main article: Dog flu
Dog flu (or "canine influenza") refers to varieties of Influenza A virus that affect dogs. Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that create Influenza in canines. Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of Influenzavirus A that create Influenza in canines. The equine influenza virus H3N8 was found to infect and kill greyhound race dogs that had died from a respiratory illness at a Florida racetrack in January 2004. H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus January 2004: &larr - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August
H3N8
Main article: H3N8
H3N8 is now endemic in birds, horses and dogs. H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus

Human influenza virus

"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known Influenza A virus subtypes currently circulating among humans. H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and [20]

Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian influenza viruses" include:

PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. See also Influenza Human flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create Influenza in Humans and are endemic in humans For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers RNA polymerase ( RNAP or RNApol) is an Enzyme that produces RNA. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2(CH24NH2
HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Hemagglutinin (HA or haemagglutinin ( British English) is an Antigenic Glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza Viruses Sialic acid is a generic term for the N - or O -substituted derivatives of Neuraminic acid, a Monosaccharide with a nine- Carbon backbone Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors.

"About 52 key genetic changes distinguish avian influenza strains from those that spread easily among people, according to researchers in Taiwan, who analyzed the genes of more than 400 A type flu viruses. "[21] "How many mutations would make an avian virus capable of infecting humans efficiently, or how many mutations would render an influenza virus a pandemic strain, is difficult to predict. We have examined sequences from the 1918 strain, which is the only pandemic influenza virus that could be entirely derived from avian strains. Of the 52 species-associated positions, 16 have residues typical for human strains; the others remained as avian signatures. The result supports the hypothesis that the 1918 pandemic virus is more closely related to the avian influenza A virus than are other human influenza viruses. "[22]

Human flu symptoms usually include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. See also Influenza Human flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create Influenza in Humans and are endemic in humans Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages See also Strep throat. Pharyngitis (ˌfarɪnˈdʒʌɪtɪs is in most cases a Painful inflammation of the Pharynx, and is Myalgia means " Muscle Pain " and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders Conjunctivitis (commonly called " Pink Eye " or " Red Eye " in North America and " Madras eye " in India) is an inflammation Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal The severity of the infection will depend to a large part on the state of the infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the strain before, and is therefore partially immune. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human is far worse, killing 50% of humans that catch it. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. [23]

The Influenza A virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are:

H1N1
Main article: H1N1
H1N1 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. A variant of H1N1 was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [24] Controversy arose in October, 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the journal, Science. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific Many fear that this information could be used for bioterrorism. For the use of biological agents in warfare see Biological warfare.
"When he compared the 1918 virus with today's human flu viruses, Dr. The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 30 of the virus's 4,400 amino acids. Those few changes turned a bird virus into a killer that could spread from person to person. " [25]
H2N2
Main article: H2N2
The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of H2N2 avian influenza that originated in China in 1957, spread worldwide that same year during which a influenza vaccine was developed, lasted until 1958 and caused between one and four million deaths. H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) A Vaccine is an Inoculation designed to increase immunity against a specific disease Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
H3N2
Main article: H3N2
H3N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and It evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000. H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses especially Influenza, combine to form a new subtype H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and [26] "An early-onset, severe form of influenza A H3N2 made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. " [27]
The dominant strain of annual flu in January 2006 is H3N2. January 2006: ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. Amantadine is the Organic compound known formally as 1-aminoadamantane Rimantadine ( INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered Antiviral drug used to treat and in rare cases prevent Influenzavirus Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [28]
"[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause " [29]
H5N1
Main article: H5N1
H5N1 is the world's major influenza pandemic threat. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause Note For information about the content tone and sourcing of this article please see the tags at the bottom of this page
H7N7
Main article: H7N7
H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential. H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus In 2003 in Netherlands 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection following an outbreak in poultry on several farms. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands One death was recorded.
H1N2
Main article: H1N2
H1N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus The new H1N2 strain appears to have resulted from the reassortment of the genes of the currently circulating influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that of the currently circulating H1N1 viruses and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses. Hemagglutinin (HA or haemagglutinin ( British English) is an Antigenic Glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza Viruses H1[[Neuraminidase N2]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. Sialidase 1 (lysosomal sialidase, also known as NEU1 or neuraminidase, is a human Gene. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and
H9N2
Main article: H9N2
Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) infection was confirmed in 1999, in China and Hong Kong in two children, and in 2003 in Hong Kong in one child. H9N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H9N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders All three fully recovered. [30]
H7N2
Main article: H7N2
One person in New York in 2003 and one person in Virginia in 2002 were found to have serologic evidence of infection with H7N2. H7N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. H7N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus Both fully recovered. [31]
H7N3
Main article: H7N3
In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C February 2004 was the second month of 2004 in the Gregorian calendar. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed in that region. "Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild influenza-like illness. Conjunctivitis (commonly called " Pink Eye " or " Red Eye " in North America and " Madras eye " in India) is an inflammation " [32] Both fully recovered.
H10N7
Main article: H10N7
In 2004 in Egypt H10N7 is reported for the first time in humans. H10N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. H10N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus It caused illness in two infants in Egypt. One child’s father is a poultry merchant. Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or [33]

Evolution

See also: Punctuated equilibrium

Taubenberger says:

"All influenza A pandemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory of evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing populations experience little change for most of their geological The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause H7N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics. For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through [34]

Researchers from the National Institutes of Health used data from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project and concluded that during the ten-year period examined most of the time the hemagglutinin gene in H3N2 showed no significant excess of mutations in the antigenic regions while an increasing variety of strains accumulated. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP is an effort to dramatically improve the availability of genomic sequences and related information about the influenza (flu viruses Hemagglutinin (HA or haemagglutinin ( British English) is an Antigenic Glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza Viruses H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and This resulted in one of the variants eventually achieving higher fitness, becoming dominant, and in a brief interval of rapid Darwinian evolution rapidly sweeping through the human population and eliminating most other variants. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 [35]

See also

Further reading

Official sources
Further information: H5N1
General information
Further information: Flu
News

Sources and notes

  1. ^ WHO Avian influenza (" bird flu") - Fact sheet
  2. ^ a b Klenk et al (2008). "Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range", Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.  
  3. ^ a b Kawaoka Y (editor). (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-06-6 .  
  4. ^ CIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research And Policy Pandemic Influenza Overview
  5. ^ whitehouse.gov National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza - Introduction - "Although remarkable advances have been made in science and medicine during the past century, we are constantly reminded that we live in a universe of microbes - viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi that are forever changing and adapting themselves to the human host and the defenses that humans create. Influenza viruses are notable for their resilience and adaptability. While science has been able to develop highly effective vaccines and treatments for many infectious diseases that threaten public health, acquiring these tools is an ongoing challenge with the influenza virus. Changes in the genetic makeup of the virus require us to develop new vaccines on an annual basis and forecast which strains are likely to predominate. As a result, and despite annual vaccinations, the U. S. faces a burden of influenza that results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U. S. A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs. This Strategy will guide our preparedness and response activities to mitigate that impact. "
  6. ^ CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Research Article - Influenza A (H3N2) Outbreak, Nepal - "The 2003–2004 influenza season was severe in terms of its impact on illness because of widespread circulation of antigenically distinct influenza A (H3N2) Fujian-like viruses. These viruses first appeared late during the 2002–2003 influenza season and continued to persist as the dominant circulating strain throughout the subsequent 2003–2004 influenza season, replacing the A/Panama/2007/99-like H3N2 viruses (1). Of the 172 H3N2 viruses genetically characterized by the Department of Defense in 2003–2004, only 1 isolate (from Thailand) belonged to the A/Panama-like lineage. In February 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) changed the H3N2 component for the 2004–2005 influenza vaccine to afford protection against the widespread emergence of Fujian-like viruses (2). The annually updated trivalent vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B viruses. "
  7. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press - Books - "The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005)" - page 126 - "H5N1 virus is now endemic in poultry in Asia (Table 2-1) and has gained an entrenched ecological niche from which to present a long-term pandemic threat to humans. At present, these viruses are poorly transmitted from poultry to humans, and there is no conclusive evidence of human-to-human transmission. However, continued, extensive exposure of the human population to H5N1 viruses increases the likelihood that the viruses will acquire the necessary characteristics for efficient human-to-human transmission through genetic mutation or reassortment with a prevailing human influenza A virus. Furthermore, contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China (Peiris et al. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and , 2001) and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this 'intermediate host. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause ' Therefore, it is imperative that outbreaks of H5N1 disease in poultry in Asia are rapidly and sustainably controlled. The seasonality of the disease in poultry, together with the control measures already implemented, are likely to reduce temporarily the frequency of H5N1 influenza outbreaks and the probability of human infection. "
  8. ^ Clinical Services Journal article Avian influenza issues analysed published March 2006
  9. ^ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P09345 Complete sequence of a cDNA clone of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) virus: comparison with contemporary North American and European strains.
  10. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 30
  11. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 82 - "Interestingly, recombinant influenza viruses containing the 1918 HA and NA and up to three additional genes derived from the 1918 virus (the other genes being derived from the A/WSN/33 virus) were all highly virulent in mice (Tumpey et al. , 2004). Furthermore, expression microarray analysis performed on whole lung tissue of mice infected with the 1918 HA/ NA recombinant showed increased upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, tissue injury, and oxidative damage (Kash et al. , 2004). These findings were unusual because the viruses with the 1918 genes had not been adapted to mice. The completion of the sequence of the entire genome of the 1918 virus and the reconstruction and characterization of viruses with 1918 genes under appropriate biosafety conditions will shed more light on these findings and should allow a definitive examination of this explanation. Antigenic analysis of recombinant viruses possessing the 1918 HA and NA by hemagglutination inhibition tests using ferret and chicken antisera suggested a close relationship with the A/swine/Iowa/30 virus and H1N1 viruses isolated in the 1930s (Tumpey et al. , 2004), further supporting data of Shope from the 1930s (Shope, 1936). Interestingly, when mice were immunized with different H1N1 virus strains, challenge studies using the 1918-like viruses revealed partial protection by this treatment, suggesting that current vaccination strategies are adequate against a 1918-like virus (Tumpey et al. H1[[Neuraminidase N1]] is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. , 2004). "
  12. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 285 - "As of October 2001, the potential for use of infectious agents, such as anthrax, as weapons has been firmly established. It has been suggested that attacks on a nation’s agriculture might be a preferred form of terrorism or economic disruption that would not have the attendant stigma of infecting and causing disease in humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents, generally following foot and mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease virus at or near the top of the list. Rapid detection techniques for bioweapon agents are a critical need for the first-responder community, on a par with vaccine and antiviral development in preventing spread of disease. "
  13. ^ WHO Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks - Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959-2003.
  14. ^ NCBI - NLM - NIH National Center for Biotechnology Information (part of) U. S. National Library of Medicine (part of) National Institutes of Health (part of) US Government - Science. 1982 Feb 26;215(4536):1129-31. - Mass mortality of harbor seals: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus. - "More than 400 harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7). The virus has avian characteristics, replicates principally in mammals, and causes mild respiratory disease in experimentally infected seals. Concurrent infection with a previously undescribed mycoplasma or adverse environmental conditions may have triggered the epizootic. The similarities between this epizootic and other seal mortalities in the past suggest that these events may be linked by common biological and environmental factors. "
  15. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 15 - "Unlike most other affected countries, Indonesia also instituted mass vaccination of healthy domestic birds against H5N1, followed by routine vaccination (China has a similar policy; other Asian countries are considering it [ProMED-mail, 2004j]) (Soebandrio, 2004). This is a risky strategy, because vaccinated birds can develop asymptomatic infections that allow virus to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Intensive surveillance is required to detect these “silent epidemics” in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1995 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and evolving virus (Lee et al. , 2004). "
  16. ^ CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People
  17. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 27.
  18. ^ BBC News Early bird flu warning for Dutch - 6 November 2005
  19. ^ CDC detailed analysis Human Illness from Avian Influenza H7N3, British Columbia
  20. ^ CDC Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus
  21. ^ Bloomberg News article Scientists Move Closer to Understanding Flu Virus Evolution published August 28, 2006
  22. ^ CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Volume 12, Number 9 – September 2006 - Genomic Signatures of Human versus Avian Influenza A Viruses article by Chen G-W, Chang S-C, Mok C-K, Lo Y-L, Kung Y-N, Huang J-H, et al. posted August 23, 2006
  23. ^ New England Journal of Medicine Volume 352:686-691 - February 17, 2005 - Number 7 - Fatal Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in a Child Presenting with Diarrhea Followed by Coma
  24. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 7.
  25. ^ New York Times Published: November 8, 2005 - Hazard in Hunt for New Flu: Looking for Bugs in All the Wrong Places
  26. ^ Detailed chart of its evolution here at PDF called Ecology and Evolution of the Flu
  27. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 115 - "There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003–2004 flu season. An early-onset, severe form of influenza A H3N2 made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of Proteins on the surface of its coat Hemagglutinin (H and As a result, stronger than usual demand for annual flu inactivated vaccine outstripped the vaccine supply, of which 10 to 20 percent typically goes unused. Because statistics on pediatric flu deaths had not been collected previously, it is unknown if the 2003–2004 season witnessed a significant change in mortality patterns. "
  28. ^ Reason New York Times This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs By Altman Published: January 15, 2006
  29. ^ NAP Books National Academies Press Books - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) - page 126
  30. ^ CDC Avian Influenza Infection in Humans
  31. ^ CDC Avian Influenza Infection in Humans
  32. ^ CDC detailed analysis Human Illness from Avian Influenza H7N3, British Columbia
  33. ^ niaid.nih.gov Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics
  34. ^ CDC ARTICLE 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics by Jeffery K. Taubenberger published January 2006
  35. ^ Science Daily article New Study Has Important Implications For Flu Surveillance published October 27, 2006
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