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Indo-American relations
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Indo-American relations refers to the bilateral relations between the United States of America and the Republic of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the political term for the term as used in Biology, see symmetry (biology. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

India, though being one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement, developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union which plagued Indo-American relations throughout the Cold War. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries have warmed considerably with the Bush Administration seeing India as its new ally in Asia. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America [1][2]

Contents

History

Swami Vivekananda in Chicago, 1893.
Swami Vivekananda in Chicago, 1893. Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The historic relationship between India and the United states was very strong. One event is the visit of Swami Vivekananda who introduced Yoga and Vedanta to America. Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation Vivekananda was the first known Hindu Sage to come to the West, where he introduced Eastern thought at the World's Parliament of Religions, in connection with the World's Fair in Chicago, in 1893. There have been several meetings referred to as a Parliament of the World’s Religions, most notably the World's Parliament of Religions of 1893 the first attempt to create The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Here, his first lecture, which started with this line "Sisters and Brothers of America," [3] made the audience clap for two minutes just to the address, for prior to this seminal speech, the audience was always used to this opening address: "Ladies and Gentlemen". It was this speech that catapulted him to fame by his wide audiences in Chicago and then later everywhere else in America, including far-flung places such as Memphis, Boston, San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, and St. Louis. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The City of New York Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West

After Indian independence to the end of cold war, the relationship between the two nations have often been thorny. During 1961–1963 there was a promise to help set up a large steel mill in Bokaro that was withdrawn by the US. The 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars did not help their relations. During the Cold War, the US asked for Pakistan’s help because India was seen to lean towards the Soviet Union. Later, when India disagreed to support the anti-Soviet operation in Afghanistan, it was left with few allies. Not until 1997 was there any effort to improve relations with the United States.

Soon after Atal Bihari Vajpayee became Indian Prime Minister, he authorized a nuclear weapons test in Pokhran, which got the immediate attention of the US. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpeiː (born December 25 1924 The eleventh Prime Minister of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Pokhran (also spelled Pokaran) is a city and a Municipality located in Jaisalmer district The Clinton administration and Vajpayee exchanged representatives to help build relations. In March 2000 , President Bill Clinton visited India. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country He had bilateral and economic discussions with Prime Minster Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpeiː (born December 25 1924 The eleventh Prime Minister of India. Over the course of improved diplomatic relations with the Bush administration, India has agreed to allow close international monitoring of its nuclear weapons development while refusing to give up its current nuclear arsenal. India and the US have also greatly enhanced their economic ties.

During the 9-11 terrorist attacks on the US, President Bush chose India as the country to control and police the Indian Ocean sea-lanes from the Suez to Singapore. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Singapore The tsunami that occurred in December 2004 saw the US and Indian navies to work together in search and rescue operations and to reconstruct the damaged lives and land. An Open Skies Agreement was made in April 2005. This helped enhance trade, tourism, and business by the increased number of flights. Air India purchased 68 US Boeing aircraft, which cost $8 billion. Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E

Former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice have made recent visits to India as well. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States After Hurricane Katrina, India donated $5 million to the American Red Cross and sent 2 plane loads of relief supplies and materials to help. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance disaster relief and education inside And on 1 March 2006, President Bush made another diplomatic visit to expand relations between India and the United States. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Economic relations

Economic assistance is also an important factor in the Indo-U. S. relationship.

The United States continues to be largest trading partner for India. India’s exports to the United States during 2003 totalled nearly $13. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 1 billion, led by export of apparel and household goods, diamonds, and jewellery. American exports to India were valued at $5 billion. [3]

The United States is also one of India’s largest direct investors. From the year 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI inflow has increased from $11. 3 million to $344. 4 million, totaling $4132. 8 million. This is a compound rate increase of 57. 5% annually. Indian direct investments abroad were started in 1992. Indian corporations and registered partnership firms are allowed to invest in businesses up to 100% of their net worth. India’s largest outgoing investments are manufacturing, which account for 54. 8% of the country’s foreign investments. The second largest are non-financial services (software development), which accounts for 35. 4% of investments.

Military relations

Naval ships from India, US, Japan, Australia and Singapore during a naval exercise.
Naval ships from India, US, Japan, Australia and Singapore during a naval exercise.

The U. S. -India defense relationship derives from a common belief in freedom, democracy, and the rule of law, and seeks to advance shared security interests. These interests include maintaining security and stability, defeating terrorism and violent religious extremism, preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and associated materials, data, and technologies and protecting the free flow of commerce via land, air and sea lanes.

Economic relations

United States is India's largest trading partner. In 2007, United States exported US$17. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 24 billion worth goods to India and imported US$24. 02 billion worth Indian goods. [4] Major items exported by India to the US include textiles, machinery, ITeS, gems and diamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products, coffee, tea and other edible food products. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Business process outsourcing ( BPO) contains the transmission of processes along with the associated operational activities and responsibilities to a third party with at least In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Major American items imported by India include aircraft, fertilizers, computer hardware, scrap metal and medical equipment. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard Scrap is a term used to describe Recyclable materials left over from every manner of product consumption such as parts of vehicles building supplies and surplus materials [5][6]

The United States is also India's largest investment partner with American direct investment of US$9 billion accounting for 9% of total foreign investment into India. Americans have made notable foreign investment in India's power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum exploration/processing, and mining industries. [7]

In July 2005, President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh created a new program called the Trade Policy Forum. It is run by a representative from each nation. The United States Trade Representative is Rob Portman and the Indian Commerce Secretary is Minister of Commerce Kamal Nath. Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (born December 19 1955 is an American lawyer and politician who has served in two cabinet positions and as a member of Congress The Ministry of Commerce and Industry administers two departments the Department of Commerce and the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion Shri Kamal Nath (born 18 November 1946) is an Indian politician and the current Union Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Industry The goal of the program is to increase bilateral trade which is a two-way trade deal and the flow of investments.

There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum which include: Agricultural Trade group- This group has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India to export mangoes to the United States, permitting India’s APEDA (Agricultural and Process Food Products Export Development Authority) to certify Indian products to the standards of the USDA, and executing regulation procedures for approving edible wax on fruit. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers group- Goals of the group include: agreeing that insecticides that are manufactures by United States companies can be sold throughout India. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary India had agreed to cut special regulations on trading carbonated drinks, many medicinal drugs, and lowering regulations on many imports that are not of agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss improved facets on the trade of Indian regulation requirements, jewelry, computer parts, motorcycles, fertilizer, and those tariffs that affect the American process of exporting boric acid. This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide

The two nations have discussed matters such as those who wish to break into the accounting market, Indian companies gaining licenses for the telecommunications industry, and setting polices by the interaction of companies from both countries regarding new policies related to Indian media and broadcasting. Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, This is a list of major companies based in India. Please note that the list is highly incomplete and does not have every company of all sizes The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit This group has strived to exchange valuable information on recognizing different professional services offered by the two countries, discussing the movement and positioning of people in developing industries and assigning jobs to those people, continuation of talks in how India’s citizens can gain access into the market for financial servicing, and discussing the limitation of equities.

The two countries have had talks about the restriction of investments in industries such as financial services, insurance, and retail. Also, to take advantage of any initiatives in joint investments such as agricultural processing and the transportation industries. Both countries have decided to promote small business initiatives in both countries by allowing trade between them.

The majority of exports from the United States to India include: aviation equipment, engineering materials and machinery, instruments used in optical and medical sectors, fertilizers, and stones and metals.

Below are the percentages of traded items India to US increased by 21. 12% to $6. 94 billion.

  1. Diamonds & precious stones (25%)
  2. Textiles (29. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. 01%)
  3. Iron & Steel (5. 81%)
  4. Organic Chemicals (4. 3%)
  5. Machinery (4. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity 6%)
  6. Electrical Machinery (4. 28%)

Major items of export from US to India: For the year 2006, figures are available up to the month of April. Merchandise exports from US to India increased by 20. 09. 26% to US $2. 95 billion. Select major items with their percentage shares are given below

  1. Engineering goods & machinery (including electrical) (31. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity 2%)
  2. Precious stones & metals (8. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across 01%)
  3. Organic chemicals (4. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. 98%)
  4. Optical instruments & equipment (7. An optical instrument either processes Light waves to enhance an image for viewing or analyzes light waves (or Photons to determine one of a number of characteristic A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other 33%)
  5. Aviation & aircraft ( 16. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them 8%)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ [2]
  3. ^ Embassy of India
  4. ^ Foreign Trade Census
  5. ^ India - US Trade and Economic Relations
  6. ^ India (10/07)
  7. ^ India (10/07)

Sources


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