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Location of Mirzapur and the 82.5° E longitude that is used as the reference longitude for Indian Standard Time
Location of Mirzapur and the 82. For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur 5° E longitude that is used as the reference longitude for Indian Standard Time

Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India, with a time offset of UTC+5:30. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A time offset is defined by international convention as a number of hours and minutes from Coordinated Universal Time in Greenwich England. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time India does not observe daylight saving time, (DST) or other seasonal adjustments, although DST was used briefly during the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. Daylight saving time ( DST The Sino-Indian War ( Hindi: भारत-चीन युद्ध Bhārat-Chīn Yuddh) also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of Skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. [1] In military and aviation time, IST is designated E* ("Echo-Star"). [2]

Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82. 5° E longitude. Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement This line passes through several major Indian cities, however the Vindhyachal town, just west of the town of Mirzapur near Allahabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh is most cited. Vindhyachal is a town in Mirzapur District of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U The longitude difference between Vindhyachal and the United Kingdom's Royal Observatory at Greenwich translates to an exact time difference of 5 hours 30 minutes. Vindhyachal is a town in Mirzapur District of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Observatory Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO) was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Local time is calculated from a clock tower at the Allahabad Observatory (25.15° N 82.5° E) though the official time-keeping devices are entrusted to the National Physical Laboratory, in New Delhi. A clock tower is a Tower built with one or more (often four Clock faces. The Allahabad Observatory located in the town of Mirzapur, just outside Allahabad is the centre responsible for maintaining the Indian Standard Time (IST The National Physical Laboratory of India, situated in New Delhi, is the Measurement standards laboratory of India New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. [3]

Contents

History

One of the earliest descriptions of standard time in India appeared in the 4th century CE astronomical treatise Surya Siddhanta. Indian astronomy —the earliest textual mention of which is given in the religious literature of India (2nd millennium BCE—became an established tradition by the 1st millennium BCE The Surya Siddhanta is a treatise of Indian astronomy. Later Indian mathematicians and astronomers such as Aryabhata and Varahamihira Postulating a spherical earth, the book defined the prime meridian, or zero longitude, as passing through Avanti, the ancient name for the historic city of Ujjain ( 23°10′58″N, 75°46′38″E), and Rohitaka, the ancient name for Rohtak (28°54′N, 76°38′E), a city near the historic battle-field of Kurukshetra. The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC in ancient Greek philosophy and possibly ancient Indian philosophy. The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of Longitude) at which longitude is defined to be 0° The former Avanti kingdom was one among the many kingdoms ruled by the Yadava kings in the central and western India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ujjain ( Hindi:उज्जैन (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti Rohtak (रोहतक is a Municipal council located in Rohtak District in the Haryana state of India on N Kurukshetra ( Hindi: कुरुक्षेत्र is the name of a City in Kurukshetra District of the Indian state of Haryana हरियाणा [4]

Situated upon the line which passes through the haunt of the demons (equator and 76° E) and the mountain which is the seat of the gods (the North Pole), are Rohitaka and Avanti . The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern . . [5]

The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain,[6] and was divided into smaller time units in the following manner:[7]

Time that is measurable is that which is in common use, beginning with the prāṇa (or, the time span of one breath). The pala contains six prāṇas. The ghalikā is 60 palas, and the nakṣatra ahórātra, or astronomical day, contains 60 ghalikās. A nakṣatra māsa, or astronomical month, consists of 30 days. The month is a unit of Time, used with Calendars which is approximately as long as some natural period related to the motion of the Moon;

Taking a day to be 24 hours, the smallest time unit, prāṇa, or one respiratory cycle, equals 4 seconds, a value consistent with the normal breathing frequency of 15 breaths/min used in modern medical research. [8] The Surya Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain. [5] Despite these early advances, standard time was not widely used outside astronomy. For most of India's history, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the Hindu calendar in both lunar and solar units. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as Sidereal time is a measure of the position of the Earth in its rotation around its axis or time measured by the apparent Diurnal motion of the Vernal equinox Solar times are measures of the apparent position of the Sun on the Celestial sphere. [9] For example, the Jantar Mantar observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in Jaipur in 1733 contains large sundials, up to 90 ft (27 m) high, which were used to accurately determine the local time. The Jantar Mantar is a collection of architectural astronomical instruments built by Maharaja - meaning King - Jai Singh II at his then new capital of Jaipur The situation on his accession When Jai Singh sat on the ancestral throne at Amber he had barely enough resources to pay for the support of 1000 cavalry—this abysmal situation Jaipur ( Hindi: जयपुर also popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan state, India. A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun.

Astronomer John Goldingham is credited with the establishment of the current fractional time zone (UTC+5:30).
Astronomer John Goldingham is credited with the establishment of the current fractional time zone (UTC+5:30). John Goldingham was the first official astronomer of the Madras Observatory, appointed in 1802

In 1792, the British East India Company established the Madras Observatory in Chennai (then Madras), largely due to the efforts of the British sailor–astronomer Michael Topping. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The Madras Observatory was founded by the British East India Company in 1786 in Chennai (then Madras Michael Topping (1747&ndash1796 was the Chief Marine Surveyor of Fort St In 1802, John Goldingham, appointed as the first official astronomer of the Company in India, established the longitude of Madras ( 13°5′24″N, 80°18′30″E) as 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time as the local standard time. Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London Standard time is the result of synchronizing clocks in different geographical locations within a Time zone to the same time rather than using the local meridian as This marked the first use of the current time zone, and departure from the earlier standard of the day beginning at sunrise; now it started at midnight. The clock in the observatory was attached to a gun that was fired at 8 p. m. daily to announce that "all was well" with IST. [10] Time-keeping support for shipping activities in Bombay Harbour was provided by the Colaba Observatory in Bombay, which was established in 1826. Mumbai Harbour (aka Front Bay) is the southern portion of the Ulhas River Estuary, the northern (and narrower part of which is called Thane Creek [11]

Most towns in India retained their own local time until a few years after the introduction of the railways in the 1850s, when the need for a unified time zone became apparent. This article is about the technical workings and operations of railways in India which are run by the Indian Railways. Local time in Mumbai (then Bombay) and Kolkata (then Calcutta), as headquarters of the two largest Presidencies of British India, assumed special importance, and was gradually adopted by the nearby provinces and princely states. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were the three Presidency cities in British India. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a In the 19th century, clocks were kept in synchronisation through by telegraph – for example the railways synchronised their clocks thorough a time signal that was sent from the head office or the regional headquarters at a specified time every day. [12]

In 1884, the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. set up uniform time zones across the world. The International Meridian Conference was a conference held in October 1884 in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D It was decided that India would have two time zones, with Calcutta using the 90th east meridian and Bombay the 75° E meridian. Calcutta time was set at 5 hours 30 minutes 21 seconds ahead of GMT, while Bombay time was 4 hours 51 minutes ahead. Calcutta time was one of the two Time zones established in British India in 1884 [13] By the late 1880s, many railway companies began to use Madras time (known as "Railway time") as an intermediate time between the two zones. Madras Time was a Time zone set up in 1802 by John Goldingham, the first official astronomer of the British East India Company in India. Another time zone, Port Blair mean time, was established at Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Port Blair mean time was the Time zone of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India in the Bay of Bengal. Port Blair ( Hindi: पोर्ट ब्लेयर is the largest town and a Municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a Union territory of India. Informally the territory's name is often abbreviated to A & N Islands, or ANI The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. The Port Blair mean time was set to 49 minutes 51 seconds ahead of Madras time. [14]

British India did not officially adopt the standard time zones until 1905, when the meridian passing east of Allahabad at 82. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British 5° E longitude was picked as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country. This came into force on 1 January 1906, and also applied to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island However, Calcutta time was officially maintained as a separate time zone until 1948. [12]

IST in relation with the bordering nations
IST in relation with the bordering nations

In 1925, time synchronisation began to be relayed through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organisations that needed to know the precise time. This continued until the 1940s, when time signals began to be broadcast using the radio by the government. [12]

After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time for a few more years. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant [12] The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location near Mirzapur, so that it would be as close to UTC +5:30 as possible. For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur

During the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, daylight saving was briefly used to reduce civilian energy consumption. [1]

Problems

In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving. [3] The findings of the committee, which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal, did not recommend changes to the unified system, stating that "the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large. The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India. Kapil Sibal was born in Jalandhar, Punjab on 8 August 1948 He obtained his M "[15]

Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 do allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area. [16]

Time signals

Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, for both commercial and official use. The Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory is a part of the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi which maintains and calibrates the Indian Standard Time The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time. An atomic clock is a type of Clock that uses an Atomic resonance Frequency standard as its timekeeping element

Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:[17]

The exact time is broadcast over the state–owned All India Radio and Doordarshan television network. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time. In Computing, a mirror is an exact copy of a Data set On the Internet, a mirror site is an exact copy of another Internet site A time server is a server Computer that reads the actual time from a reference clock and distributes this information to its clients using a Computer network Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth [18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b India Time Zones. The equation of time is the difference over the course of a year between time as read from a Sundial and time as read from a Clock, measured in an ideal situation International Atomic Time ( TAI, from the French name Temps Atomique International) is a high-precision atomic Time standard that tracks Terrestrial Time (TT is the modern astronomical standard for the passage of time on the surface of the Earth (for civil purposes Coordinated Universal This is a list of Time zones sorted by Time offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC The zoneinfo database also called the tz database, is a collaborative compilation of information about the world's Time zones primarily intended for use with computer Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  2. ^ Military and Civilian Time Designations. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Retrieved on 2006-12-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  3. ^ a b Sen, Ayanjit (2001-08-21). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. India investigates different time zones. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  4. ^ Schmidt, Olaf H. (1944). The Computation of the Length of Daylight in Hindu Astronomy. Isis, 35(3):205–211. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
  5. ^ a b Burgess, Ebenezer. 1858–1860. "Translation of the Surya-Sikddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With Notes, and an Appendix." Journal of the American Oriental Society, 6:141–498. (pages 183–186).
  6. ^ Swerdlow, N. 1973. "A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy." Isis. 64(2):239–243.
  7. ^ Das, Sukumar Ranjan. 1928. "The Equation of Time in Hindu Astronomy">, The American Mathematical Monthly, 35(10):540–543. Retrieved 1 December 2006. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  8. ^ Piepoli, M. 1997. "Origin of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Conscious Humans." Circulation. 95:1813–1821. Retrieved 1 December 2006. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ Tomczak, Matthias (2004-07-15). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Lecture 7: Living with the seasons—the calendar problem. Lectures on Science, civilization and society, Flinders University, Australia. Retrieved on 2006-12-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
  10. ^ History of Indian Time (IST). Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  11. ^ History of Indian Institute of Geomagnetism. National Informatics Centre (2006-10-10). The National Informatics Centre (NIC is the main Science & technology organization of the Government of India in the field of Informatics Services Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  12. ^ a b c d Odds and Ends. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  13. ^ Indian Time Zones (IST). Project Gutenberg. International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884 Protocols of the Proceedings. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  14. ^ Note on the earthquake of 31 December 1881, Records of the Geological Survey of India,, XVII(2), 47–53, 1884. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  15. ^ Standard Time for Different Regions. Department of Science and Technology] (2004-07-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  16. ^ A matter of time. National Resource Centre for Women. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  17. ^ Indian Time Today (IST). Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  18. ^ Satellites for Navigation. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the

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