| Ichneumonidae | ||||||||||||||
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Lycorininae |
Ichneumonidae is a family within the insect Order Hymenoptera. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects comprising the sawflies, Wasps Bees and Ants The name refers to Ophioninae is a sub-family of Ichneumonidae very rich in tropical species Diplazontinae is a subfamily of Ichneumonidae. They are Koinobiont endoparasitoids of Syrphidae. Banchinae are a Subfamily of the Parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae with about 1500 Species; the Genera Cryptinae, Gelinae, Phygadeuontinae and Hemitelinae are names used for a Subfamily of the ichneumon wasp family of Cryptinae, Gelinae, Phygadeuontinae and Hemitelinae are names used for a Subfamily of the ichneumon wasp family of Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects comprising the sawflies, Wasps Bees and Ants The name refers to Insects in this family are commonly called ichneumon flies, ichneumon wasps, or simply ichneumons. Ichneumon wasps are important parasitoids of other insects. A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host Organism which it ultimately kills Common hosts are larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects comprising the sawflies, Wasps Bees and Ants The name refers to Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. There are approximately 3,000 species in North America, and over 60,000 worldwide - more than any other Hymenoptera family. They differ from the wasps that sting (Aculeata: Vespoidea and Apoidea) in that the antennae have more segments; typically 16 or more, whereas the others have 13 or fewer. The name Aculeata is used to refer to a Monophyletic lineage of Hymenoptera. Vespoidea is a superfamily of order Hymenoptera of class Insecta, although older taxonomic schemes may vary in this Female ichneumons frequently exhibit an ovipositor longer than their body. The ovipositor is an organ used by some of the Animals for Oviposition, i Ovipositors and stingers are homologous structures; some Ichneumons inject venom along with the egg, but they do not use the ovipositor as a stinger, per se, except in the subfamily Ophioninae. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. Ophioninae is a sub-family of Ichneumonidae very rich in tropical species Stingers in aculeate Hymenoptera are used exclusively for defense; they cannot be used as egg-laying equipment. Males do not possess stingers/ovipositors in either lineage.
Some species of ichneumon wasps lay their eggs in the ground, but most inject them directly into a host's body, typically into a larva or pupa.
In some of the largest species, in the genera Megarhyssa and Rhyssa, both sexes will wander over the surface of logs, and tree trunks, tapping with their antennae. Each sex does so for a different reason; females are 'listening' for wood boring larvae of the horntail wasps (hymenopteran family Siricidae) upon which to lay eggs, males are listening for emerging females with which to mate. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Horntail or wood wasp ( Name Latin = "Urocerus gigas") is the common name for any of the 100 non-social species of the family Siricidae Upon sensing the vibrations emitted by such a wood-boring insect larva, the female wasp will drill her ovipositor into the substrate until it reaches the cavity wherein lies the larva. She then injects an egg through the hollow tube into the poor unfortunate's home. There the egg will hatch and the resulting larva will devour its host before emergence. How a female is able to drill with her ovipositor into solid wood is still somewhat of a mystery to science, though it has been found that there is metal (ionized manganese or zinc) in the extreme tip of some species' ovipositors. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30
Contents |
Oviposition
1 Tapping with her antennae the wasp listens for the vibrations that indicate a host is present.
2 With the longer ovipositor, the Wasp drills a hole through the bark.
3 The Wasp inserts the ovipositor into the cavity which contains the host larva.
4 Making corrections.
5 Depositing her eggs.
6 Depositing her eggs.
Family Description
- Long Family Description Many illustrations from John Curtis British Entomology
- Short Family Description
Classification and Systematics
- Classification and Systematics David Wahl
- Ichneumonidae:Classification of afrotropical ichneumonid wasps. John Curtis (3 September 1791 - 6 October 1862 was an English Entomologist and Illustrator. Extensive use of images.
- Key to Subfamilies found in Britain and Ireland Extensive use of images.
Distribution
The distribution of Ichneumonidae is one of the most notable exceptions to the latitudinal gradient in species diversity because it shows greater speciation at high latitudes than at low latitudes (Sime & Brower, 1998). See latitudinal gradients in species diversity
Recommended Literature
World
- Townes, H. The pattern The increase in species richness or Biodiversity that occurs from the Poles to the Tropics, often referred to as the latitudinal gradient 1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 11. 300 pp.
- Townes, H. 1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 12. 537pp.
- Townes, H. 1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 13. 307pp
- Townes, H. 1971. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 17. 372 pp.
Townes works which illustrate all genera introduce an unconventional Nomenclature ( Not following International Code of Zoological Nomenclature )
- Fitton, M. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming G. and Gauld, I. D. 1976. The family-group names of the Ichneumonidae (excluding Ichneumoninae) (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology. 1:247-258. (93)
- Fitton, M. G. & I. D. Gauld. 1978. Further notes on family-group names of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 3: 245-247.
- Gauld, I. D. 1976a. The classification of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 33: 1-135.
- Aubert, J. The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight Ecozones dividing the Earth surface F. 1969. Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises, Paris.
- Aubert, J. F. 1978. Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 2. Banchinae et Suppl. aux Pimplinae. Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises, Paris & EDIFAT-OPIDA, Echauffour.
- Aubert, J. F. 2000. Les ichneumonides oeust-palearctiques et leurs hotes. 3. Scolobatinae (=Ctenopelmatinae) et suppl. aux volumes precedents, in English The West Palaearctic ichneumonids and their hosts. 3. Scolobatinae (=Ctenopelmatinae) and supplements to preceding volumes. Litterae Zoologicae 5: 1-310.
Auberts works give synonymic catalogues and indexed host data backed by his collection in Lausanne. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva
- Oehlke J. 1966. Die westpaläarktische Arte der Tribus Poemeniini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie. 15 (1965), 881-892. Unconventinal Nomenclature. Not following I. C. Z. N.
- Oehlke J. 1967. Westpaläarktische Ichneumonidae 1, Ephialtinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, (nova editio. s-Gravenhage). 2,1- 49. Unconventinal Nomenclature. Not following International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
- Perkins, J. F. , 1959. Ichneumonidae, key to subfamilies and Ichneumoninae – 1. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 7 (Part 2ai), 1–116.
- Perkins, J. F. , 1960 Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Ichneumonidae, subfamilies Ichneumoninae 2, Alomyinae, Agriotypinae and Lycorininae. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 7 (Part 2aii), 1–96.
- Townes, H. T. , Momoi, SA and Townes, M. , 1965 Catalogue and Reclassification of Eastern Palearctic Ichneumonidae Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 5 661 pages. Bibliographic synonymic catalogue. Keys to subfamilies and genera. Host information.
Bibliography
Sime, K. , & Brower, A. (1998) Explaining the latitudinal gradient anomaly in ichneumonid species richness: evidence from butterflies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 387-399
Famous workers
Famous ichneumonologists include:
- Thomas Ansell Marshall
- Arnold Förster
- August Emil Holmgren
- Carl Gustav Alexander Brischke
- Alexander Henry Haliday
- Constantin Wesmael
- Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
- Peter Cameron
Gallery
 Ophion luteus |  Ophion ventricosus |  Lissonota sp |  Ophion luteus |
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External links
- Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
- Photo Essay: Giant Ichneumon Wasps Ovipositing
- Reference Photos: Giant Ichneumon Wasps - Male Megarhyssa sp.
- Ichneumonidae as Biological Control Agents of Pests with Bibliography long download pdf
- Ichneumonid Types in Entomological Institute of Hokkaido UniversityIn Japanese but a pulldown menu of Subfamilies by clicking bottom box. Thomas Ansell Marshall (1827-1903 was an English Reverend and Entomologist, mainly interested in Hymenoptera. Arnold Förster (1810 - 1884 was a German Entomologist, who worked mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. August Emil Holmgren (1829 – 1888 was a Swedish Entomologist mainly interested in the Hymenoptera, especially Ichneumonidae. Carl Gustav Alexander Brischke ( December 17 1814 – 1897) was a German Entomologist who worked on Diptera and Hymenoptera Alexander Henry Haliday, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday and Alexis Heinrich Haliday (1807–1870 was an Irish Entomologist. Constantin Wesmael was a Belgian Entomologist, born on 4 October, 1798 in Brussels. Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst, sometimes Jean Louis Charles or Carl, ( November 14 1777 &ndash January 14 1857 Peter Cameron (1847-1 December 1912 New Hill, Derbyshire) was an English Entomologist who specialised in Hymenopteta.
- Ichneumonidae Database In Korean but with images and type repositories
in English.
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