A fountain in Boise, Idaho, February 2007

Snowflakes by Wilson Bentley, 1902

Ice is the name given to any one of the 15 known crystalline solid phases of water. Boise (ˈbɔɪsi is the capital and most populous city of the U The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Wilson Alwyn "Snowflake" Bentley ( February 9, 1865 – December 23, 1931 born at Jericho in the U In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as In non-scientific contexts, it usually describes ice I_h, which is known to be the most abundant of these phases. Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary Ice, or frozen water. It can appear transparent or an opaque bluish-white color depending on the presence of impurities such as air. Impurities are Substances inside a confined amount of Liquid, Gas, or Solid, which differ from the Chemical composition of the material Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter the appearance. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel

The most common phase transition to ice I_h occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C (273. In Thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary Ice, or frozen water. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 15 K, 32 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 It can also deposit from a vapor with no intervening liquid phase, such as in the formation of frost. Deposition is a process in which gas transforms into solid (also known as desublimation Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air

Ice appears in nature in forms as varied as snowflakes and hail, icicles, glaciers, pack ice, and entire polar ice caps. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Hail is a form of precipitation which consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice (hailstones Icicle (yacht is also the name of the largest Ice yacht An icicle is a spike of Ice formed when water dripping or falling "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Drift ice is Sea ice that floats on the surface of the water in cold regions as opposed to Fast ice, which is attached ("fastened" to a shore An ice cap is an Ice mass that covers less than 50 000 km² of land area (usually covering a highland area It is an important component of the global climate, particularly in regard to the water cycle. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above Furthermore, ice has numerous cultural applications, from the ice cooling one's drink to winter sports and ice sculpture. A winter sport is a Sport commonly played during Winter. As a formal term it refers to a sport played on Snow or Ice, but informally can refer Ice sculpture is a form of Sculpture that uses Ice as the Raw material.

The word is from Old English ís, in turn derived from Proto-Germanic *isaz. Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice "

Characteristics

Strings of ice found in the Adirondack Region of New York State

As a naturally occurring crystalline solid, ice is considered a mineral consisting of hydrogen oxide. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific

An unusual property of ice frozen at a pressure of one atmosphere is that the solid is some 8% less dense than liquid water. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm Water is the only known non-metallic substance to expand when it freezes. Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the Ice has a density of 0. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 9167 g/cm³ at 0 °C, whereas water has a density of 0. 9998 g/cm³ at the same temperature. Liquid water is most dense, essentially 1. 00 g/cm³, at 4 °C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the hexagonal crystals of ice as the temperature drops to 0 °C. In Crystallography, the hexagonal is one of the 7 Crystal system, it contains 7 Point groups. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Ice crystals - small crystalline form of Ice including hexagonal columns hexagonal plates dendritic crystals and Diamond dust. (In fact, the word "crystal" derives from Greek word for frost. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air ) This is due to hydrogen bonds forming between the water molecules, which line up molecules less efficiently (in terms of volume) when water is frozen. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by The result of this is that ice floats on liquid water, which is an important factor in Earth's climate. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature (density of ice at −180 °C (93 K) is 0. 9340 g/cm³).

When ice melts, it absorbs as much heat energy (the heat of fusion) as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 °C, while its temperature remains a constant 0 °C. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of

It is also theoretically possible to superheat ice beyond its equilibrium melting point. Simulations of ultrafast laser pulses acting on ice show it can be heated up to room temperature for an extremely short period (250 ps) without melting it. ^[1]

Light reflecting from ice can appear blue, because ice absorbs more of the red frequencies than the blue ones. Also, icebergs containing impurities (e. g. sediments, algae, air bubbles) can appear green. ^[2]

Slipperiness

Ice crystals at refrigerator window

Until recently, it was widely believed that ice was slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it caused a thin layer to melt. For example, the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melted a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade.

This explanation is no longer widely accepted. There is still debate about why ice is slippery. The explanation gaining acceptance is that ice molecules in contact with air cannot properly bond with the molecules of the mass of ice beneath (and thus are free to move like molecules of liquid water). These molecules remain in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication regardless of pressure against the ice exerted by any object. ^[3]

This phenomenon does not seem to hold true at all temperatures. The extreme conditions found, especially, in Antarctica have been observed to make ice and snow not slippery. Explorers report that at very low temperatures snow loses its "glide", and pulling a sledge across it becomes like pulling a sledge through sand.

Types of ice

Ice coating the branches of a tree.

Feather ice on the plateau near Alta, Norway. ( Áltá or formerly Álaheadju in Northern Sami, Alattio or Alta in Finnish / Kven) is a municipality and town in the county The crystals form at temperatures below −30 °C (i. e. −22 °F).

Everyday ice and snow has a hexagonal crystal structure (ice I_h). "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. In Crystallography, the hexagonal is one of the 7 Crystal system, it contains 7 Point groups. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary Ice, or frozen water. Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can form in roughly a dozen different phases. Only a little less stable (metastable) than I_h is the cubic structure (I_c). Ice Ic is a metastable cubic Crystalline variant of Ice. The Oxygen atoms are arranged in a diamond structure

When both start cooling and pressure more types exist, the formation conditions for each being represented on the phase diagram of ice. In Physical chemistry, Mineralogy, and Materials science, a phase diagram is a type of graph used to show the equilibrium conditions These are II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. Ice II is a Rhombohedral crystalline form of Ice with highly ordered structure Ice III is a Tetragonal crystalline Ice, formed by cooling Water down to 250 K at 300 MPa. Ice V is Monoclinic crystalline form of Ice formed by cooling water to 253 K at 500 MPa. Ice VI is a Tetragonal crystalline form of Ice formed by cooling water to 270 K at 1 Ice VII is a cubic crystalline form of Ice formed when liquid water freezes at pressures above 2 Ice VIII is a Tetragonal crystalline form of Ice formed from Ice VII by cooling it below 5 °C Ice IX is a metastable form of solid Water stable at temperatures below 140 K and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. Ice X is a cubic crystalline form of Ice formed in the same manner as Ice VII, but at pressures as high as about 70 GPa. With care all these types can be recovered at ambient pressure. The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, ordering and density. There are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure, both fully hydrogen disordered, these are IV and XII. Ice IV is a metastable Rhombohedral phase of Ice. It can be formed by heating High-density amorphous ice slowly at a pressure of 0 Ice XII is a Metastable, dense, Crystalline phase of Solid Water. Ice XII was discovered in 1996. In 2006, XIII and XIV were discovered. Ice XIII is a Monoclinic crystalline form of Ice formed by cooling water to below 130 K at 500 MPa. Ice XIV is a Orthorhombic Crystalline phase of Ice. It is obtained by cooling Liquid water to 118 K at a pressure of 1 ^[4] Ices XI, XIII, and XIV are hydrogen-ordered forms of ices I_h, V, and XII respectively.

As well as crystalline forms, solid water can exist in amorphous states as amorphous solid water (ASW), low density amorphous ice (LDA), high density amorphous ice (HDA), very high density amorphous ice (VHDA) and hyperquenched glassy water (HGW). Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass. Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass. Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass. Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass. Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass.

Rime is a type of ice formed on cold objects when drops of water crystalize on them. This can be observed in foggy weather, when the temperature drops during night. Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground Stratus clouds are usually the only clouds that touch the ground Soft rime contains a high proportion of trapped air, making it appear white rather than transparent, and giving it a density about one quarter of that of pure ice. Soft rime is a white Ice deposition that forms when the Water droplets in light freezing Fog or Mist freeze to the outer surfaces of The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Hard rime is comparatively denser. Hard rime is a white Ice that forms when the Water droplets in Fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects

Aufeis is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys. Aufeis ( German for "ice on top" is a sheet-like mass of layered Ice that forms from successive flows of ground water during freezing temperatures Ice frozen in the stream bed blocks normal groundwater discharge and causes the local water table to rise, resulting in water discharge on top of the frozen layer. This water then freezes, causing the water table to rise further and repeat the cycle. The result is a stratified ice deposit, often several meters thick.

Ice can also form icicles, similar to stalactites in appearance, as water drips and re-freezes. Icicle (yacht is also the name of the largest Ice yacht An icicle is a spike of Ice formed when water dripping or falling A stalactite ( Greek stalaktites, (Σταλακτίτης from the word for "drip" and meaning "that which drips" is a type of Speleothem

Clathrate hydrates are forms of ice that contain gas molecules trapped within its crystal lattice. Clathrate hydrates (or gas clathrates gas hydrates clathrates hydrates etc were first documented in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy; they are crystalline Pancake ice is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions. Pancake ice is a form of Ice that consists of round pieces of ice with diameters ranging from a few inches to many feet in diameter depending on the local conditions that affect

Some other substances (particularly solid forms of those usually found as fluids) are also called "ice": dry ice, for instance, is a popular term for solid carbon dioxide. Dry ice is solid Carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

In outer space hexagonal crystalline ice, the predominant form on Earth, is extremely rare. Amorphous ice is more common; however, hexagonal crystalline ice can be formed via volcanic action. ^[5]

Uses of ice

Ice harvesting

Harvesting ice on Lake Saint Clair in Michigan, circa 1905. Lake St Clair ( French Lac Sainte-Claire) is a Lake that lies between Ontario, Canada, and Michigan in the Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America.

Ice being transported by cart in Mumbai, India

Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Until recently, the Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the winter from Lake Balaton for air conditioning. The Hungarian Parliament Building (Országház is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, one of Europe's oldest legislative buildings a notable landmark Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations Icehouses were used to store ice formed in the winter to make ice available year-round, and early refrigerators were known as iceboxes because they had a block of ice in them. Ice houses were buildings used to store Ice throughout the year prior to the invention of the Refrigerator. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - An Icebox was the common appliance for providing Refrigeration in the home before safe refrigerants made compact mechanical Refrigerators useful In many cities it was not unusual to have a regular ice delivery service during the summer. For the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting had become big business in America. Frederic Tudor, who became known as the “Ice King,” worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the tropics. Frederic Tudor ( September 4, 1783 - February 6, 1864) was Boston 's "Ice King" the founder of the Tudor Ice Company The advent of artificial refrigeration technology has since made delivery of ice obsolete. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable

In 400 BC Iran, Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The ice was brought in during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts, and stored in specially designed, naturally cooled refrigerators, called yakhchal (meaning ice storage). yakh-chāl (meaning "ice pit" ( Persian Language:یخچال is an ancient type of refrigerator This was a large underground space (up to 5000 m³) that had thick walls (at least two meters at the base) made out of a special mortar called sārooj, composed of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, and which was known to be resistant to heat transfer. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. The space often had access to a Qanat, and often contained a system of windcatchers that could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels in summer days. A qanat (from قناة) or kareez (from كاريز) is a Water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements A windcatcher ( Persian: بادگیر Bâdgir, Arabic: بارجيل Baarjiil) is a traditional Persian architectural device The ice was then used to chill treats for royalty during hot summer days.

Sports on ice

Ice surfing on the Żnin Small Lake. Żnin is a small Town in Poland with a population of 14558 (June 2005

Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, in many sports such as ice skating, tour skating, ice hockey, ice fishing, ice climbing, curling, broomball and sled racing on bobsled, luge and skeleton. Ice skating is Traveling on Ice with skates, narrow (and sometimes parabolic) blade-like devices moulded into special Boots A study Tour skating (sometimes known as Nordic skating or trip skating is a recreational form of Ice skating on natural ice Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Ice fishing is the Activity of catching fish with lines and fish hooks or spears through an opening in the Ice on a frozen body of Water Ice climbing, as the term indicates is the activity of ascending inclined ice formations Curling is a team Sport with similarities to Bowls and Shuffle board, played by two teams of four players each on a rectangular sheet of carefully prepared A variant of broomball is played by non-Russians in Moscow See Moscow broomball. Bobsleigh, bobsled or bobsledge is a Winter sport invented by Englishmen in the late 1860s in which teams make timed runs down narrow twisting banked A luge is a small one- or two-person Sled on which one sleds supine (face up and feet-first Skeleton is a Winter sport in which competitors aim to drive a one-person Sled in a prone head-first position down an ice track in the fastest time Many of the different sports played on ice get international attention every four years during the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years

A sort of sailboat on blades gives rise to ice boating. An ice boat (often spelled as "iceboat" once called an ice scooter) is a Boat or purpose-built framework similar in appearance to a Sail boat The human quest for excitement has even led to ice racing, where drivers must speed on lake ice while also controlling the skid of their vehicle (similar in some ways to dirt track racing). Ice racing is a form of motor racing It utilizes cars, Motorcycles Snowmobiles All-terrain vehicles or other motorized vehicles This article concerns auto racing motorcycles, horses, and dogs also race on dirt tracks The sport has even been modified for ice rinks. An Ice rink is a frozen body of Water where people can Ice skate or play winter sports

Ice and transportation

U. S. Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002. An icebreaker is a special purpose Ship or Boat designed to move and navigate through Ice -covered waters McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2200

Ice can also be an obstacle; for harbors near the poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, ideally all-year round. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored A geographical pole, or geographic pole, is either of two fixed points on the surface of a spinning body or Planet, at 90 degrees from the Equator, based Examples are Murmansk (Russia), Petsamo (Russia, formerly Finland) and Vardø (Norway). Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km (Vuoreija Vuorea Várggát is a town and municipality in the county of Finnmark in the extreme northeast of Norway. Harbors that are not ice-free are opened up using icebreakers. An icebreaker is a special purpose Ship or Boat designed to move and navigate through Ice -covered waters

Ice forming on roads is a dangerous winter hazard. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Black ice is very difficult to see because it lacks the expected frosty surface. For the AC/DC album see Black Ice (album Black Ice is a rap group featuring Ice T and Black Silver Whenever there is freezing rain or snow that occurs at a temperature near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the windows of vehicles. Freezing rain is a type of precipitation that begins as Snow at higher altitude falling from a Cloud towards earth melts completely on its way down while passing GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening Driving safely requires the removal of the ice build-up. Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long and labor-intensive process. An ice scraper is a handheld Tool for removing Frost, ice, and Snow from Windows usually on Automobiles Basic scrapers

Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of windows. This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while, but can happen while driving if the outside temperature is low enough. Moisture from the driver's breath is the source of water for the crystals. It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have rear-window defrosters to combat the problem. A defogger or defroster is a device for clearing Condensation from a Window, and is also useful for Melting Frost, Ice, A similar problem can happen in homes, which is one reason why many colder regions require double-pane windows for insulation. Insulated Glazing Unit or Insulating Glass Unit (commonly referred to as IGU) is a set of two or more sheets of glass spaced apart and Hermetically sealed

When the outdoor temperature stays below freezing for extended periods, very thick layers of ice can form on lakes and other bodies of water (although places with flowing water require much colder temperatures). A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the The ice can become thick enough to drive onto with automobiles and trucks. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Doing this safely requires a thickness of at least 30 centimeters (one foot).

For ships, ice presents two distinct hazards. Spray and freezing rain can produce an ice build-up on the superstructure of a vessel sufficient to make it unstable and to require it to be hacked off or melted with steam hoses. Freezing rain is a type of precipitation that begins as Snow at higher altitude falling from a Cloud towards earth melts completely on its way down while passing And icebergs — large masses of ice floating in water (typically created when glaciers reach the sea) — can be dangerous if struck by a ship when under way. An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater Ice that has broken off from a snow-formed Glacier or Ice shelf and is floating in open water "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Icebergs have been responsible for the sinking of many ships, a notable example being the Titanic. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland

For aircraft, ice can cause a number of dangers. As an aircraft climbs, it passes through air layers of different temperature and humidity, some of which may be conducive to ice formation. If ice forms on the wings or control surfaces, this may adversely affect the flying qualities of the aircraft. During the first non-stop flight of the Atlantic, the British aviators Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown encountered such icing conditions - Brown left the cockpit and climbed onto the wing several times to remove ice which was covering the engine air intakes of the Vickers Vimy aircraft they were flying. John Alcock may refer to John Alcock (aviator John Alcock (bishop John Alcock (behavioral ecologist Sir Arthur Whitten Brown KBE (23 July 1886 &ndash 4 October 1948 was a Scottish aviator WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

A particular icing vulnerability associated with reciprocating internal combustion engines is the carburettor. A carburetor (North American spelling or carburettor ( Commonwealth spelling) is a device that blends air and Fuel for an Internal As air is sucked through the carburettor into the engine the local air pressure is lowered, which causes adiabatic cooling. So, in humid close-to-freezing conditions, the carburettor will be colder and tend to ice up. This will block the supply of air to the engine, and cause it to fail. Aircraft reciprocating engines with carburettors are provided with carburettor air intake heaters for this reason. The increasing use of fuel injection—which does not require carburettors—has made "carb icing" less of an issue for reciprocating engines. Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine.

Jet engines do not experience carb icing, but recent evidence indicates that they can be slowed, stopped, or damaged by internal icing in certain types of atmospheric conditions much more easily than previously believed. In most cases, the engines can be quickly restarted and flights are not endangered, but research continues to determine the exact conditions that produce this type of icing, and find the best methods to prevent or reverse it in flight.

Other uses of ice

• Engineers used pack ice's formidable strength when they constructed Antarctica's first floating ice pier in 1973. Drift ice is Sea ice that floats on the surface of the water in cold regions as opposed to Fast ice, which is attached ("fastened" to a shore Deep Freeze]] personnel constructed the first floating ice pier at Antarctica’s southern-most sea port at McMurdo Station in 1973 ^[6] Such ice piers are used during cargo operations to load and offload ships. Fleet operations personnel make the floating pier during the winter. They build upon naturally occurring frozen seawater in McMurdo Sound until the dock reaches a depth of about 22 feet (6. The ice-clogged waters of Antarctica's McMurdo Sound extend about 55 km (35 mi long and wide 7 m). Ice piers have a lifespan of three to five years.
• The manufacture and use of ice cubes or crushed ice is common for drinks. O'Shea Jackson (born June 15 1969 better known by his Stage name Ice Cube, is an American Actor, Screenwriter, producer, and O'Shea Jackson (born June 15 1969 better known by his Stage name Ice Cube, is an American Actor, Screenwriter, producer, and
• Pagophagia, a type of pica eating disorder, is the compulsive consumption of ice. Pagophagia is a form of pica involving the compulsive consumption of Ice or Iced drinks It has been shown to respond to Iron supplementationleading Pica is a medical disorder characterized by an Appetite for largely non-nutritive substances (e
• Structures and ice sculptures are built out of large chunks of ice. Ice sculpture is a form of Sculpture that uses Ice as the Raw material. The structures are mostly ornamental (as in the case with ice castles) and not practical for long-term habitation. An ice palace or ice castle is a Castle -like structure made of blocks of Ice. Ice hotels exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas. An ice hotel is a temporary Hotel made up entirely of Snow and sculpted blocks of Ice. Igloos are another example of a temporary structure, made primarily from snow. An igloo ( Inuit language: iglu, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ "house" plural iglooit or igluit, but in English
• During World War II, Project Habbakuk was a British program which investigated the use of pykrete (wood fibres mixed with ice) as a possible material for warships, especially aircraft carriers due to the ease with which a large deck could be constructed, but the idea was given up when there were not enough funds for construction of a prototype. Project Habakkuk or Habbakuk (spelling varies see below was a plan by the British in World War II to construct an Aircraft carrier out of Pykrete is a Composite material made of approximately 45 percent Sawdust or some other form of Wood pulp (such as paper and 55 percent Ice by
• Ice can be used to start a fire by carving it into a lens that will focus sunlight onto kindling. When one waits long enough, a fire will start.
• In global warming, ice plays an important part because it reflects 90% of the sun's rays. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Furthermore, ice cores help provide historical climate information. An ice core is a Core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have re-crystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods
• In January and February 1658, the straits between the islands of Denmark, Great Belt and Little Belt froze over, allowing a Swedish army to March across the Belts and defeat the Danish army. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Great Belt (Storebælt is a Strait between the main Danish islands of Zealand ( Sjælland) and Fyn. The Little Belt (Lillebælt is a Strait between the Danish island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula. The March across the Belts was a campaign between January 30 and February 8 1658 during the Northern Wars where Swedish king Karl X Gustav led the The resulting Treaty of Roskilde ceded large areas of Denmark to Sweden. The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Ice at different pressures

Most liquids freeze at a higher temperature under pressure because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: water freezes at a temperature below 0 °C under a pressure higher than 1 atm. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen Consequently water also remains frozen at a temperature above 0 °C under a pressure lower than 1 atm. The melting of ice under high pressures is thought to contribute to why glaciers move. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Ice formed at high pressure has a different crystal structure and density than ordinary ice. Ice, water, and water vapor can coexist at the triple point, which is 273. General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid 16 K at a pressure of 611. 73 Pa.

Phases of ice

References

1. ^ Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice : Abstract : Nature
2. ^ Why some ice looks blue
3. ^ Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery - New York Times
4. ^ C. G. Salzmann, P. G. Radaelli, A. Hallbrucker, E. Mayer, J. L. Finney, Science 311, 1758, 2006
5. ^ Astronomers Contemplate Icy Volcanoes in Far Places, Kenneth Chang, New York Times, December 9, 2004
6. ^ "Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships," Antarctic Sun. January 8, 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica. McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2200

See also

Parameter to measure the size of a sea ice floe.

External links

• The phase diagram of water-steam-ice: WebCalculation
• The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants
• Webmineral listing for Ice
• MinDat.org listing and location data for Ice
• The physics of ice
• The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams
• A recent discovery about how ice melts
• 'Unfreezable' water, 'bound water' and water of hydration
• Electromechanical properties of ice
• Estimating the maximum thickness of an ice layer
• Sandia's Z machine creates ice in nanoseconds
• Amazing ice at lake Leman

Gallery

Row of Icicles	A natural, 4 tonne, block of ice on a beach in Iceland	Ice pier during 1983 cargo operations. Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues For the AC/DC album see Black Ice (album Black Ice is a rap group featuring Ice T and Black Silver De-icing is the process of removing Ice from a Surface. Anti-icing is the process of Preventing ice from forming on a surface Diamond dust is a ground-level Cloud composed of tiny Ice crystals Firn is partially-compacted Névé, a type of Snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than Frazil ice is a collection of loose randomly oriented needle-shaped Ice Crystals in water An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater Ice that has broken off from a snow-formed Glacier or Ice shelf and is floating in open water "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Slurry ice is a phase changing Refrigerant comprised of millions of ice “micro-crystals” (typically 0 Ice climbing, as the term indicates is the activity of ascending inclined ice formations Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined O'Shea Jackson (born June 15 1969 better known by his Stage name Ice Cube, is an American Actor, Screenwriter, producer, and Ice crystals - small crystalline form of Ice including hexagonal columns hexagonal plates dendritic crystals and Diamond dust. Tour skating (sometimes known as Nordic skating or trip skating is a recreational form of Ice skating on natural ice Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. An ice hotel is a temporary Hotel made up entirely of Snow and sculpted blocks of Ice. Deep Freeze]] personnel constructed the first floating ice pier at Antarctica’s southern-most sea port at McMurdo Station in 1973 An ice spike is an upward-facing Icicle that forms as a body of Water freezes. A polynya (common US spelling or polynia (common UK spelling ( is an area of open water surrounded by Sea ice. Pykrete is a Composite material made of approximately 45 percent Sawdust or some other form of Wood pulp (such as paper and 55 percent Ice by Sea ice is formed from Ocean water that freezes Because the Oceans consist of Saltwater, this occurs at about -1 Amorphous ice is an Amorphous solid form of water meaning it consists of Water molecules that are randomly arranged like the atoms of common Glass. Névé ( is a young granular type of Snow which has been partially melted refrozen and compacted TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as Icebiking (also referred to as snowbiking or winter biking is the activity of Cycling in cold winter weather on roads and paths covered with Snow, Icicle (yacht is also the name of the largest Ice yacht An icicle is a spike of Ice formed when water dripping or falling Frost flowers is the name commonly given to a condition in which thin layers of Ice are extruded from long-stemmed plants in Autumn or early winter A rusticle is a formation of Rust similar to an Icicle or Stalactite in appearance that occurs underwater when Wrought iron oxidizes *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " An ice nucleus is a particle which acts as the nucleus for the formation of an Ice crystal in the atmosphere. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( McMurdo Station, Antarctica. McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2200	A glass of iced water.
Ice on a fence, frozen during winter. A fence is a freestanding structure designed to restrict or prevent movement across a boundary	An ancient ice house (yakhchal) in Kerman, Iran, built during the Middle Ages for storing harvested ice. yakh-chāl (meaning "ice pit" ( Persian Language:یخچال is an ancient type of refrigerator Kerman (کرمان is a city in Iran. It is the center of Kerman province. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.	Pancake ice formed by alternating above/below freezing temperatures and wave action at the mouth of the Winooski river, Burlington, Vermont	Half-melted block of ice from a New Zealand glacier, note the honeycomb-like structure
Ground ice strings close up	Ice forming on a wooden railing. Winooski is a city in Chittenden County, Vermont, in the United States. Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.	Ice crystals at window	Ice mountain on Lake Ontario, Canada
Ice in harbour, Lake Ontario, Canada	Patterns of ice.