| IJssel | |
|---|---|
| Gelderse IJssel | |
 Sunset on the IJssel at Deventer | |
| Country | The Netherlands |
| Province | Gelderland, Overijssel |
| Regions | Liemers, Veluwe, Achterhoek, Salland |
| Major cities | Arnhem (suburbs), Doesburg, Zutphen, Deventer, Zwolle (suburbs), Kampen |
| Length | 125 km (78 mi) |
| Source | Nederrijn |
| - location | Westervoort, Gelderland, The Netherlands |
| Mouth | Ketelmeer (inlet of lake IJsselmeer) |
| - location | Kampen, Salland, Overijssel, The Netherlands |
| Major tributaries | |
| - right | Oude IJssel, Berkel, Schipbeek |
 Location of river IJssel in dark blue. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country The Veluwe is a forest-rich ridge of hills in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. The Achterhoek is a region in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch Province of Overijssel. Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Doesburg ( Dutch ( is a Municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Gelderland Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Deventer is a Municipality and City in the Salland region of the Dutch Province of Overijssel. Zwolle is a Municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. Kampen is a Municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Nederrijn ("Lower Rhine" is the name of the Dutch part of River Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of Westervoort is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands IJsselmeer (sometimes translated as Lake IJssel, alternative international spelling Lake Yssel) is a shallow lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch Province of Overijssel. Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Oude IJssel ( Dutch) or Issel ( German) is a River in Germany and the Netherlands approximately 80 km long The Berkel is a River in the Netherlands and Germany. It is a right Tributary of the River IJssel. The Schipbeek is a Tributary of the IJssel in the Netherlands and a continuation of the Buurser Beek. | |
River IJssel (IPA: [ˈɛi̯səl]), sometimes called Gelderse IJssel ("Gelderland IJssel") to avoid confusion with its Hollandse IJssel namesake in the west of the Netherlands, is a branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country The Hollandse IJssel (" Holland IJssel" as opposed to the 'regular' or Gelderland IJssel) is a branch of the Rhine delta The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country River IJssel flows from Westervoort, east of the city of Arnhem, until it discharges into the IJsselmeer ("Lake IJssel", until the 1932 completion of the Afsluitdijk known as the Zuiderzee, a North Sea inlet). Westervoort is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. IJsselmeer (sometimes translated as Lake IJssel, alternative international spelling Lake Yssel) is a shallow lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The Afsluitdijk ( English: Closure Dike Frisian: Ofslútdyk is a major dike in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and The Zuiderzee (ˌzaɪdɚ ˈzeɪ] Dutch: Zuiderzee, ˈzœydərzeː was a shallow Inlet of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. River IJssel is one of the three major distributary branches into which the Rhine divides itself shortly after crossing the German-Dutch border, the other two being the rivers Nederrijn and Waal. A distributary, or a distributary channel, is a Stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nederrijn ("Lower Rhine" is the name of the Dutch part of River Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of WAAL ("The Whale" is a Classic rock radio station broadcasting at 99
Contents |
History
The name "IJssel" is thought to derive from the Germanic i sala, meaning "dark water". The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. A branch near its mouth (between Zwolle and Kampen) is today called Zwarte Water, Dutch for "black water". In medieval times, the Zuiderzee had not yet formed from the complex of lakes known as Flevo; the IJssel flowed through these lakes with the last, tidal stretch being called Vlie. The Zuiderzee (ˌzaɪdɚ ˈzeɪ] Dutch: Zuiderzee, ˈzœydərzeː was a shallow Inlet of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands The Vlie or Vliestroom is the seaway between the Dutch islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. Now cut off from the IJssel by means of the Afsluitdijk, Vlie remains as the strait separating the islands of Vlieland (itself named after the Vlie strait) and Terschelling. The Afsluitdijk ( English: Closure Dike Frisian: Ofslútdyk is a major dike in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and A strait is a narrow navigable Channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Vlieland ( Flylân is a Municipality in the northern Netherlands. Terschelling ( Skylge Terschelling dialect: Schylge) is a Municipality and an Island in the northern Netherlands, one It is hypothesised that the now-poldered tidal inlets of Medem (near Medemblik) and IJ (near Amsterdam) once were branches of river IJssel. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with Medemblik ( West Frisian: Memelik) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region The IJ (sometimes shown on old Maps as " Y " or " Ye " is a River, formerly a Bay, in the Dutch Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
The IJssel as the lower part of the Oude IJssel
The IJssel once was the lower part of the Oude IJssel (lit. Oude IJssel ( Dutch) or Issel ( German) is a River in Germany and the Netherlands approximately 80 km long Oude IJssel ( Dutch) or Issel ( German) is a River in Germany and the Netherlands approximately 80 km long "Old IJssel", German Issel), a small river that rises in Germany and is now a 70 km long tributary of the IJssel. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The connection between Rhine and IJssel was probably artificial, allegedly dug by men under the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus as a defence against Germanic tribes and to let Roman ships carry troops along it[1]. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus (the date of his name change is unknown and variously called Drusus, Drusus I, Nero The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The current Oude IJssel is the second-largest contributor to the flow of the river until today, after river Rhine.
The source of the Oude IJssel is near Borken in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Borken is a town and the capital of the district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the First it flows south-west until it nearly reaches the Rhine near Wesel; then it turns north-west. Wesel (ˈveːzəl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. After passing through Isselburg it crosses the border with the Netherlands. Isselburg is a municipality in the district of Borken, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The river, called Oude IJssel from here, then flows through Doetinchem and joins the IJssel at Doesburg. Doetinchem ( Low German: Deutekem is a city and municipality in the east of the Netherlands.
Characteristics
The average discharge of the IJssel can change significantly. The average discharge has been stated as 300 cubic meters per second. This can be as low as 140 and as high as 1800, depending on the Nederrijn locks west of Arnhem, which regulate the amount of water taken in by the Nederrijn and IJssel branches. A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways.
As a lowlands river, the IJssel has a lot of bends and naturally occurring dead branches (locally called "hank"); some bends have been cut off by man (most notably near Rheden and Doesburg), reducing the river's length from 146 km[2] to 125 km, but not nearly as radically as with river Meuse. Rheden is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. Doesburg ( Dutch ( is a Municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Gelderland The Meuse (in Dutch and in German: "Maas" in Latin: "Mosa" in Celtic:"Mus" (the rootword presumingly The naturally occurring phenomenon of sedimental island-forming in the outside of bends has been regulated to the point of non-occurrence since the late nineteenth century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
The IJssel as a Rhine distributary
From the moment the connection between the Rhine and IJssel was dug, the Rhine became the largest contributor to the flow of the IJssel, although only a relatively small amount of the total Rhine flow makes its way into the IJssel system. Various tributaries can sometimes add a considerable volume of water to the total flow of the IJssel, such as the Berkel and Schipbeek streams. The Berkel is a River in the Netherlands and Germany. It is a right Tributary of the River IJssel. The Schipbeek is a Tributary of the IJssel in the Netherlands and a continuation of the Buurser Beek. The IJssel river is the only branch of the Rhine delta that takes up tributary rivers rather than giving rise to distributaries.
Only in the last few miles of the river's run, near the city of Kampen, distributaries form, resulting in the relatively minor IJssel delta. Kampen is a Municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. Some of the branches have been dammed up to lower the risk of flooding; others have silted up. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Several of the delta branches are, however, still connected without interruption. Most of the damming-up was done prior to 1932, when the Zuiderzee was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer lake. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. IJsselmeer (sometimes translated as Lake IJssel, alternative international spelling Lake Yssel) is a shallow lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands The area had been prone to flooding in times of northwestern gales, pushing back the saline Zuiderzee water into the IJssel delta and preventing the water flowing from the mouths of the IJssel branches from discharging into the Zuiderzee. A gale is a very strong Wind. There are conflicting definitions of how strong
The modern-day names of the delta branches are, west to east, Keteldiep, Kattendiep, Noorddiep, Ganzendiep and Goot. Of these, the Keteldiep and Kattendiep channels are the main navigational arteries; the Noorddiep has been closed off at both sides. Another branch, De Garste, had already completely silted up by the middle of the nineteenth century[3]. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ganzendiep branch up to the Goot fork was known as IJssel proper[3] due to it being the historical main channel, with the present-day main channel being called Regtediep or Rechterdiep until well into the twentieth century[4]. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
The IJssel, although now technically "merely" a Rhine branch, has retained most of the character of a distinct river in its own right, in no small part due to the fact that it has its own tributaries and, in river Oude IJssel, even a former headstream.
Tributaries and connecting canals
The following canals and tributary streams connect to the IJssel, in downstream order:
- Apeldoorns Kanaal (west) near the town of Dieren
- river Oude IJssel (east) at the city of Doesburg
- the Berkel stream (east) at the city of Zutphen
- the Twentekanaal (east) between Zutphen and the village of Eefde (municipality of Gorssel)
- the Schipbeek stream (east) near the city of Deventer
- the Grift stream (west) at the town of Hattem; its lower reaches have been channelised to form the mouth of the Griftkanaal
- the Willemsvaart canal (east) at the city of Zwolle
- the Zwolle-IJsselkanaal (east) near Zwolle
River crossings
Road bridges
Road bridges across river IJssel (with nearest places on the left and right bank):
- Arnhem - Westervoort
- Arnhem - Duiven (A12 motorway)
- Ellecom - Doesburg (N317)
- Brummen - Zutphen (N314)
- Zutphen - Zutphen
- Wilp - Deventer (A1 motorway)
- Deventer - Deventer (N344)
- Hattem - Zwolle
- Hattemerbroek - Zwolle (A28 motorway)
- Kampen - Kampen (N764)
- Kampen - Kampen
- Kampen - Noordoostpolder (N50)
Ralroad bridges
Railroad bridges (with nearest train station on the left and right bank):
Cable ferries
Only those ferries capable of carrying motorised vehicles are included. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Duiven is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. Brummen is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. Voorst is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Twello is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Voorst, about 5 km southwest of Deventer. Deventer is a Municipality and City in the Salland region of the Dutch Province of Overijssel. Oldebroek is a Municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands and it has almost 6000 inhabitants Zwolle is a Municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. A cable ferry or chain ferry is a means of water transportation by which a Ferry or other boat is guided and in many cases propelled across a river or other larger
- Dieren – Olburgen
- Brummen – Bronkhorst
- Welsum – Olst
- Vorchten – Wijhe
References
- ^ ter Laan, K. et al. ed. (1942). Van Goor's aardrijkskundig woordenboek van Nederland (in Dutch). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Den Haag: Van Goor Zonen.
- ^ Augé, Claude ed. (1922). Larousse universel en deux volumes (in French). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Paris: Larousse. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
- ^ a b Grote (1990). Grote historische atlas van Nederland (3) : Oost-Nederland 1830-1855 (in Dutch). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff Atlasprodukties. Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. ISBN 90-01-96232-7.
- ^ Kwast, B. ed. (1932). Schoolatlas der geheele aarde (in Dutch). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Groningen: Wolters. Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands.
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