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Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. Such practices vary widely and what is considered acceptable in one culture may be unacceptable in another. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic In medical contexts, the term "hygiene" refers to the maintenance of health and healthy living. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity The term appears in phrases such as personal hygiene, domestic hygiene, dental hygiene, and occupational hygiene and is frequently used in connection with public health. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Occupational Hygiene is the discipline of anticipating recognising evaluating and controlling Health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations The term "hygiene" is derived from Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation. In Greek mythology, Hygieia ( or Hygeia ( was a daughter of Asclepius. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Hygiene is also a science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health. Also called hygienics.

Contents

Personal hygiene

The following are examples of personal hygiene as practiced in many cultures.

General

Hands

Other

Grooming

Main article: Personal grooming

The related term personal grooming/grooming means to enhance one's physical appearance or appeal for others, by removing obvious imperfections in one's appearance or improving one's hygiene. Personal grooming (also called titivating) is the art of cleaning grooming and maintaining parts of the body Personal grooming (also called titivating) is the art of cleaning grooming and maintaining parts of the body Variations in the physical appearance of humans, known as human looks, are believed by Anthropologists to be an important factor in the development of personality and Perfection is broadly a state of completeness and flawlessness

Many animals groom themselves and each other. Grooming in humans typically includes bathroom activities such as primping: washing and cleansing the hair, combing it to extract tangles and snarls, and styling. Hair washing is the cosmetic act of keeping Hair clean by washing it with Shampoo or other Detergent products and water Hair care is an overall term for parts of Hygiene and Cosmetology involving the Hair on the human head Haircut redirects here For the financial term see Haircut (finance. It can also include cosmetic care of the body, such as shaving and other forms of depilation. Shaving is the removal of hair by using Razor or any other kind of bladed implement to slice it down to the level of the skin Hair removal describes any method of removing Hair, especially from the human body

Food and cooking hygiene

Main article: Food and cooking hygiene. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling preparation, and storage of Food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. See also Food safety. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling preparation, and storage of Food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness.

The purposes of food and cooking hygiene are to prevent food contamination, the transmission of disease, and to prevent food poisoning. Food contamination refers to the presence in food of harmful chemicals and microorganisms which can cause consumer illness In Medicine, transmission is the passing of a Disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Food and cooking hygiene protocols specify safe ways to handle and prepare food, and safe methods of serving and eating it. Such protocols include

Medical hygiene

Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of medical waste) were tightened up as a result of late-20th century disease outbreaks, notably AIDS and Ebola. Ebola is the common term for a group of Viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, and for the disease which they

Personal service / served hygiene

Excessive hygiene

Excessive hygiene practices may cause allergic diseases. An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their Boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure to achieve sterilization Body piercing is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the Human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of Skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons A wet wipe, also known as a wet nap, wet towel or a moist towelette, is a small moistened piece of Paper or Cloth that often comes Some parts of the body, e. g. the ear canal, or inside of the vagina are mostly better left alone for the body's own cleaning systems. The ear canal ( external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus) is a tube running from the Outer ear to the Middle ear. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus

Hygiene hypothesis

Main article: Hygiene hypothesis

In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, and later a lack of exposure to helminths as adults, increases susceptibility to allergic diseases [1]. In Medicine, the hygiene Hypothesis states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents Symbiotic microorganisms (e Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the See also Parasitic worm (disambiguation Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaroytic Parasites that unlike external parasites such Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy.

External ear canals

See also: Cotton swab#ear hazards

The ear canals have a perfectly functioning cleaning system of their own, and don't normally need assistance. Cotton swabs ( British English: cotton buds) are used in First aid, Cosmetics application and a variety of other uses The ear canal ( external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus) is a tube running from the Outer ear to the Middle ear. In fact, attempts to clean the ear canals may only do the opposite, since earwax, carrying debris and other material towards to opening, is pushed back inwards. Earwax, also known by the Medical term cerumen, is a yellowish waxy substance secreted in the Ear canal of Humans and many other

Dryness

The skin has a natural layer of fat, which protects the skin from e. g. drought. When washing, unless using aqueous creams, etc. Aqueous Cream BP is a medicinal substance officially registered in the British Pharmacopoeia. , with compensatory mechanisms, this layer is removed, leaving the skin unprotected. By this mechanism, excessive washing may eventually trigger eczema. Eczema (from Greek έκζεμα) is a form of Dermatitis, or Inflammation of the Epidermis.

History of hygienic practices

Elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts such as the Manusmriti and the Vishnu Purana. The Manu Smriti ( Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति is a work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society [2] Bathing is one of the five Nitya karmas (daily duties) in Sikhism, not performing which leads to sin according to some scriptures. Nitya karma refers to those karmas (or rituals which have to be performed daily by Hindus These codes were based on the notion of ritual purity and were not informed by an understanding of the causes of diseases and their means of transmission. Ritual purification is a feature of many Religions The aim of these Rituals is to remove specifically defined uncleanliness prior to a particular type However, some of the ritual-purity codes did improve hygiene, from an epidemiological point of view, more or less by accident.

Regular bathing was a hallmark of Roman civilization. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC [3] Elaborate baths were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded the infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where individuals could be depilated, oiled, and massaged. Water was constantly changed by an aqueduct-fed flow. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water. Roman cities also had large sewers, such as Rome's Cloaca Maxima, into which public and private latrines drained. The Cloaca Maxima was one of the world's earliest Sewage systems Romans didn't have demand-flush toilets but did have some toilets with a continuous flow of water under them. (Similar toilets are seen in Acre Prison in the film Exodus. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. )

Until the late 19th Century, only the elite in Western cities typically possessed indoor facilities for relieving bodily functions. The poorer majority used communal facilities built above cesspools in backyards and courtyards. A cesspit, or cesspool, is a pit conservancy tank or covered Cistern, which can be used for Sewage or Refuse. This changed after Dr. John Snow discovered that cholera was transmitted by the fecal contamination of water. John Snow ( 15 March 1813 &ndash 16 June 1858) was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of Anaesthesia and medical Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Though it took decades for his findings to gain wide acceptance, governments and sanitary reformers were eventually convinced of the health benefits of using sewers to keep human waste from contaminating water. This encouraged the widespread adoption of both the flush toilet and the moral imperative that bathrooms should be indoors and as private as possible. A toilet is a Plumbing fixture and disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes: Urine and fecal matter. [4]

Islamic world

Main article: Islamic hygienical jurisprudence
Further information: Islamic cleanliness, Wudu, Ghusl, Islamic dietary laws, and Islamic toilet etiquette

Since the 7th century, Islam has always placed a strong emphasis on hygiene. This is a sub-article to Fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene is a prominent topic in Islam. This is a sub-article to Islamic hygienical jurisprudence and Cleanliness. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast Ghusl (غسل is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing required in Islam for various rituals and prayers This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam and Toilet The Islamic faith has particular rules regarding personal hygiene when going to the The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Other than the need to be ritually clean in time for the daily prayer (Arabic: Salah) through Wudu and Ghusl, there are a large number of other hygiene-related rules governing the lives of Muslims. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast Ghusl (غسل is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing required in Islam for various rituals and prayers Other issues include the Islamic dietary laws. This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. In general, the Qur'an advises Muslims to uphold high standards of physical hygiene and to be ritually clean whenever possible. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Europe

Contrary to popular belief[5] and although the Early Christian leaders condemned bathing as unspiritual,[6] bathing and sanitation were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [7][8] As a matter of fact, soapmaking first became an established trade during the so-called "Dark Ages. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe " The Romans used scented oils (mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Also, contrary to myth, chamber pots were not emptied out the window and into streets in the European Middle Ages—this was instead a Roman practice. Bathing in fact did not fall out of fashion in Europe until shortly after the Renaissance, replaced by the heavy use of sweat-bathing and perfume, as it was thought in Europe that water could carry disease into the body through the skin. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living (Water, in fact, does carry disease, but more often if it is drunk than if one bathes in it; and water only carries disease if it is contaminated by pathogens. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious ) Modern sanitation as we know it was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century. [9]

Academic resources

See also

  • Islamic hygienical jurisprudence
  • occupational hygiene, the practice of controlling workplace exposure to harmful agents. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Brigadier General Carl Rogers Darnall ( December 25, 1867, Weston Texas, USA - January 18, 1941, Washington A Clean Living Movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades many with moral overtones erupts into the popular consciousness Cleanliness is the absence of dirt including Dust, Stains bad smells and Garbage. Contamination control ( IPA: /kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən kənˈtroʊl/ is the collective name for any method that effectively controls the growth and proliferation of contamination Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Feminine hygiene is a general term used to describe Personal care products used by women during Menstruation, Vaginal discharge, and other bodily functions Hand washing is the act of cleansing the Hands with Water or another Liquid, with or without the use of Soap or other Detergents In Medicine, the hygiene Hypothesis states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents Symbiotic microorganisms (e Hygiene programs are ways of providing basic Hygiene facilities to homeless people This is a sub-article to Fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene is a prominent topic in Islam. Occupational Hygiene is the discipline of anticipating recognising evaluating and controlling Health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting
  • Personal care
  • Public health
  • Public hygiene
  • Sleep hygiene
  • Social hygiene movement
  • Typhoid Mary
  • Toiletry

References

  1. ^ Strachan DP. Personal care or toiletries is the Industry which Manufactures Consumer Products used for Beautification and in Personal Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Sleep hygiene can be defined as "all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep The social or mental hygiene movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was an attempt by Progressive-era reformers to control Venereal disease, Personal care or toiletries is the Industry which Manufactures Consumer Products used for Beautification and in Personal Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the "hygiene hypothesis". Thorax 55 Suppl 1:S2-10. : S2-10, 2000.
  2. ^ Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
  3. ^ Roman bath houses
  4. ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, ISBN 1-932-59521-X
  5. ^ The Bad Old Days — Weddings & Hygiene
  6. ^ Ablutions or Bathing, Historical Perspectives + (Latin: abluere, to wash away)
  7. ^ The Great Famine (1315-1317) and the Black Death (1346-1351)
  8. ^ Middle Ages Hygiene
  9. ^ Tales of the Middle Ages - Daily Life

External links

Dictionary

hygiene

-noun

  1. The science of health, its promotion and preservation.
  2. Those conditions and practices that promote and preserve health.
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