Citizendia

Life in France

Censorship
Culture
Demographics
Politics
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The preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958, recalls the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In standard conditions France does not have Censorship laws being a Liberal democracy respectful of Freedom of press. The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France The French educational system is highly centralized organised and ramified This article addresses the current economic situation of France Public Holidays in France are There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several Poverty in France has fallen by 60% over thirty years Although it affected 15% of the population in 1970 in 2001 only 6 France is a secular country where Freedom of thought and of religion are preserved in virtue of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the The most-watched sports in France is football. Other popular sports include Handball, Basketball, Rugby union, Cycling, Sailing and The modern social structure in France started in the late 1950s and is based on three distinct classes The social situation in the French suburbs, known as Banlieues ' is a complex topic The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining France has also ratified the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is a document containing Human rights provisions ‘solemnly proclaimed’ by the European Parliament All these international law instruments takes precedent on national legislation. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards In academic terms French law can be divided into two main categories private law (" droit privé " and public law (" droit public " However, human rights abuses take place nevertheless. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The most frequent cases are of police abuse, while France is regularly condemned, both by French citizens and institutions and also by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) for the scandalous detention conditions in the penitentiary system. Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of The state of detention centres for illegal aliens who received an order of deportation has also often be criticized. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Furthermore, although freedom of press and of expression is included in the Constitution, it has suffered over the years from some restrictions in specific cases. Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation.

Contents

Conventions and Acts

During the French Revolution, deputies from the Third Estate drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, voted by the General Estates on August 26, 1789. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining Inspired by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and by the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence — Lafayette participated in the drafting of both — in that it proclaims the "inalienable rights of Man," and is protected by a "Supreme Being," it mainly granted to the people the right of freedom of expression, of freedom of thought, freedom of association, liberty, security and the protection of private property, which was later criticized by Karl Marx. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience and freedom of ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact viewpoint Freedom of association is the Individual right to come together with other individuals and collectively express promote pursue and defend common interests Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual


Censorship

Main article: Censorship in France

In standard conditions, France does not have censorship laws, being a liberal democracy respectful of freedom of press. In standard conditions France does not have Censorship laws being a Liberal democracy respectful of Freedom of press. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press However, before its repeal under François Mitterrand in the early 1980s, the ORTF used to control the mass media. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist The Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française ( ORTF) was the national agency charged between 1964 and 1974 with providing public radio and television in France "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" The CSA has since replaced it, but is only charged of surveillance of the respect of French law in the media, in particular concerning the 1990 Gayssot Act which prohibits racist and/or religious hate speech (under which negationism, in particular but not only Holocaust denial falls under), and time period allocated to each political party during pre-electoral periods. The Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA is a French institution created in 1989 whose role is to regulate the various electronic media in France such as radio and television including In academic terms French law can be divided into two main categories private law (" droit privé " and public law (" droit public " The Gayssot Act ( Loi Gayssot) voted for on July 13, 1990, makes it an offense in France to question the existence of the category of Crimes List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Hate speech is a term for speech intended to degrade intimidate or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, Gender For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France Furthermore, other laws prohibit homophobic hate speech, and a 1970 law prohibits the advocacy of illegal drugs. BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs

Police abuses and detention conditions

Torture and inhumane treatments during the Algerian War

Main article: Torture during the Algerian War

During the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), the French military systematically used torture against the National Liberation Front and the civilian population. The French Armed Forces made a systematic and indiscriminate use of torture during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62 creating a public controversy which is far from The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from The Military of France encompasses an army, a navy, an air force and a military police force. The National Liberation Front ( Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني transliterated: Jabhat al-Taḩrīr al-Waţanī French: Front A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. The French interrogators were notorious for the use of man-powered electrical generators on suspects: this form of torture was called (la) gégène. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic Paul Aussaresses, a French general in charge of intelligence services during the Algerian war, defended the use of torture in a 2000 interview in the Paris newspaper Le Monde. Paul Aussaresses (b 7 November 1918 in Saint-Paul-Cap-de-Joux, Tarn) is a retired French Army Brigadier General, who fought 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Le Monde (The World is a In an interview on the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes, in response to the question of whether he would torture Al-Qaeda suspects, his answer was, "It seems to me it's obvious. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Not to be confused with the BBC news magazine program Sixty Minutes (TV series. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The "

Foucault and the GIP: the struggle against the penitentiary system

Further information: Michel Foucault and  Groupe Information Prisons

Philosopher Michel Foucault condemned in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975) not only the detention conditions in prison, but the existence of the penitentiary system in itself. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison is a book written by the philosopher Michel Foucault. He showed that since its creation, reformists had tried to "humanize" prisons, but that it was impossible. For other uses see Reform (disambiguation Reform means beneficial change or sometimes more specifically reversion to a pure original According to him, prisons had a specific role to play in the control of the population, by pitting against them some members of the popular classes, called and created by power mechanisms as "delinquents," that is "professional criminals" against the rest of the popular class, bravely recompensed by the dominant bourgeoisie as honest and hard-working. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This page is about the rap group For the movie of the same name see The Delinquents. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Foucault thus observed that since its creation, prison reformers had seen that prison fed and created criminality by putting together people forced in a desperate situation. Far from redeeming people or helping them "integrate" society, he showed that it created a specific criminal population, which the police used, via infiltrators, to control the rest of the population, and to carry out covert operations. A covert operation is a Military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an Open secret, but

This contrasted with the previous "popular illegalisms" tolerated by the Ancien Régime before the Revolution, when the whole of the popular classes engaged in illegal behaviours, such as taking wood from the sovereign's territory or poaching. Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in Poaching is the illegal Hunting, Fishing or Harvesting of wild plants or animals Along with Daniel Defert, Jean-Marie Domenach, editor of the Catholic left-wing Esprit magazine, historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet and other left-wing intellectuals, Foucault created the Groupe d'information sur les prisons (GIP) in 1971, which had as aim to make the discourse of prisoners possible to hear. Daniel Defert (born September 10, 1937) is a prominent French AIDS activist and the founding president (1984-1991 of the first AIDS awareness organization Jean-Marie Domenach (1922 – 1997 was a French writer and intellectual Esprit is a French Literary magazine. Founded in October 1932 by Emmanuel Mounier, it was the Personalist review " Esprit opposed Pierre Emmanuel Vidal-Naquet ( July 23 1930 &ndash July 29, 2006) was a French Historian who began teaching at the His thesis was that power mechanisms blocked society from hearing this discourse. Thus, society prohibited prisoners from speaking for themselves, giving the right to speech (and be listened) to criminologists, psychiatrists and other "experts," as well as intellectuals (represented by the classic figures of Emile Zola or Jean-Paul Sartre. A criminologist is often defined as someone who studies the Etiology of Crime, criminal behavior types of crime and social cultural and media reactions to crime A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French The GIP was particularly active against the QHS (Quartiers de Haute Sécurité), which are the French version of high security quarters. Supermax is the name used to describe "control-unit" Prisons or units within prisons which represent the most secure levels of It reinvidicated the repeal of such instruments. Along with other left-wing intellectuals and activists, among them Sartre and Gilles Deleuze, they protested against the detention conditions of the Action Directe prisoners, the assassination of Black Panthers member George Jackson in the US, the detention of Mumia Abu-Jamal, etc. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established George Jackson ( September 23, 1941 &ndash August 21, 1971) was a Black American militant who became a member of the Black Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24 1954 is an American who was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel

Death penalty

Further information: Capital punishment in France

France is the last western European country to have practised death penalty, by executing Hamida Djandoubi (and not Christian Ranucci as it is usually believed), on September 10, 1977. Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 Hamida Djandoubi ( حميدة جندوبي) (c 1949 &ndash 10 September 1977) was the last person to be Guillotined in France, at Christian Ranucci ( April 6, 1954 Avignon &ndash July 28, 1976 Marseille) was one of the last people executed Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Capital punishment has been abolished on 9th October, 1981. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981

Today

On the other hand, police abuse remains a reality in France today, while France has been condemned by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) for the conditions of detention in prisons, including the use of torture on detainees. Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Although the law and the Constitution prohibits any kind of torture whatsoever, such practices happen. In 2004, the Inspector General of the National Police received 469 registered complaints about illegitimate police violence during the first 11 months of the year, down from 500 during the same period in 2003. The National Police ( police nationale) formerly the Sûreté Nationale, is one of two National police forces and the main civil law enforcement There were 59 confirmed cases of police violence, compared to 65 in the previous year. In April 2004, the ECHR condemned the Government for "inhumane and degrading treatments" in the 1997 case of a teenager beaten while in police custody. The court ordered the Government to pay Giovanni Rivas $20,500 (15,000 euros) in damages and $13,500 (10,000 euros) in court costs. [1] The head of the police station in Saint-Denis, near Paris, has been forced to resign after allegations of rape and other violences committed by the police force under his orders. Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Nine investigations concerning police abuse in this police station were done in 2005 by the IGS inspection of police. [2][3] Conditions in detention centers for illegal aliens have also been widely criticized by human rights NGO. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country In 2006, a young 20 year-old Serbian girl accused a policeman of attempting to rape her in such a centre in Bobigny, in the suburbs of Paris, the year before[4]

Long delays in bringing cases to trial and lengthy pretrial detention has been a major problem. Bobigny is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France.

Discrimination

France

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The so-called “idéal républicain” (republican ideal) intends to achieve equality in right between French citizens. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The government of France is a Semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, Second French Republic (1848-1852 President of the Provisional Government of the Republic Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (24 February 1848 The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers François Fillon (fʁɑ̃swa fijɔ̃ born 4 March 1954 in Le Mans, Sarthe) is the current Prime Minister of France, having been appointed to that Early Modern France Chief Ministers of the French Kings Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Jules Cardinal The Constitutional Council ( Conseil Constitutionnel) was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 This article is for the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. The French Congress (Congrès du Parlement français - Congress of the French Parliament is the name given to the body created when both houses of the present-day French This article is about the present-day French institution For institutions with the same name during the Ancien Régime in France see Conseil du Roi. The Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation in French) is the main Court of last resort in France. Political parties in France lists political parties in France. Gaullism (Gaullisme is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main Political parties, the Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party France is a Representative democracy. Public officials in the legislative and executive branches are either elected by the citizens (directly or indirectly or appointed by elected The French presidential election of 1958 the first of the French Fifth Republic, took place on December 21, 1958. The 1965 French presidential election was the first presidential election by direct universal suffrage of the French Fifth Republic. The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969 French legislative elections took place on March 4 and 11 1973 to elect the 5th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Presidential elections were held in France in 1974 following the death of President Georges Pompidou. The French legislative elections took place on March 12 and March 19, 1978 to elect the 6th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic The French presidential election of 1981 was won by François Mitterrand, the first Socialist President of the Fifth Republic. French legislative elections took place on June 14 and 21 1981 to elect the 7th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. The French legislative elections took place on March 16 1986 to elect the 8th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Presidential elections were held in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988 French legislative elections took place on June 5 and 12 1988 to elect the 9th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, one month after the re-election of François French legislative elections took place on March 21 and 28 1993 to elect the 10th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Presidential elections took place in France on 23 April and 7 May 1995 to elect the fifth president of the Fifth Republic. French legislative election took place in May 25 and June 1 1997 to elect the 11th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002 and a runoff election between the top two candidates ( Jacques Chirac and The French legislative elections took place on June 9 and June 16, 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France The French legislative elections took place on 10 June and 17 June 2007 to elect the 13th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, |||} Metropolitan France As of January 1, 2008, Metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including Corsica, although France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy A charter member of the United Nations, France holds one of the permanent seats in the Security Council and is a member of most of its specialized and related agencies The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. This is a list of major Political scandals in France: Until 1958 1816 - Shipwreck of and search for French Frigate Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent But, France is a highly centralized Republic, with power concentrated in the national government, at the expense of local or regional governments. French attitude against discrimination show this defiance against communitarism. Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century opposing in its opinion exalted forms of Individualism while advocating phenomena For example, ethnic or religious statistics are forbidden.

That's why France has expressed reservations about article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights :

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations Treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in

Minority acculturation

Before the Revolution, French (which is, in fact, only a dialect of Langue d'Oïl or Picard) was spoken in only slightly more than half of the territory of France. Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, Picard is a Language closely related to French, and as such is one of the larger group of Romance languages. In western Brittany, southern Flanders, Alsace-Lorraine and most of the southern half of France (Occitania), local people had their own distinct cultures. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Occitania ( Occitan: Occitània) refers to the lands where Occitan is the traditional language in use though more recently viewed as a minority language Breton is a Celtic language akin to Welsh, Alsace-Lorraine was part of the German-speaking world, while Occitan is a separate Romance language whose literature flourished in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance and served as a model for Italian, Spanish and French. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all With the Revolution came the ultranationalist idea of uniformity which saw in the French language the only possible vehicle of cultural and political development, and a serious persecution of the other languages and cultural peculiarities began. The Revolution eventually subsided, but the quest for uniformity continued. Whereas in most of Europe local languages were able to get some official recognition during the 19th and 20th century and begin recovery, in France any official status is still denied on the grounds that the Constitution says (article 2) that the language of the Republic is French and special rights cannot be bestowed on groups of individuals (that is, the speakers of a language other than French cannot have the right to use their language officially). Promotion of a local language or culture has finally been allowed, but under severe restrictions which effectively make it difficult to publish, organize classes, or media broadcasts. The French stance in regard to its own cultural and linguistic minorities has been thus the complete opposite of its position in support of a more autonomous or independent Quebec.

Freedom of religion

Further information: Status of religious freedom in France

Women rights

France allowed women's suffrage on April 21, 1944. Freedom of religion is guaranteed in France by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

The Neuwirth law legalized birth control methods on December 28, 1967. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Youths were given anonymous and free access to them in 1974. The age of majority is the threshold of Adulthood as it is conceptualized (and recognized or declared in Law.

Abortion was legalized by Simone Veil law on January 17, 1975. Simone Veil, DBE (born 13 July 1927 is a French Lawyer and Politician who served as a member of the Constitutional Council of France

Homosexuality

Homosexuality has been unpenalized during the Revolution by the law of the September 25-October 6 1791. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an On August 6, 1942 Vichy government introduced a discriminative law: article 334 (later moved to penal code article 331) increased age of consent from 15 to 21 for homosexual relations. This law remained valid until August 4, 1982.

A less known discriminative law doubled penalty for indecent exposure in case of homosexual activity, between 1960 and 1980. See also Public indecency, Exhibitionism Indecent exposure is the deliberate exposure by a person of a portion or portions of his or her own body under

Today homosexual activists try to make legal LGBT adoption and same-sex marriage in France. LGBT adoption refers to the Adoption of children by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgendered people Same-sex marriage is not legal in France. As of 2006, one Same-sex marriage ceremony has been conducted in France and was declared void The pacte civil de solidarité, a form of civil union, has been introduced in 1999. In France, a pacte civil de solidarité ( English: "civil pact of solidarity" commonly known as a PACS /paks/ (or A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage.

Disabled people

Since July 1987 , all companies with at least 20 workers have to employ at least 6% handicaped people.

Equal opportunity

Despite the opening up of public service appointments to European citizens, a number of public sector posts are reserved only for French nationals, especially when related to Defence issues.

Human trafficking

There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in Europe (see main article: trafficking in human beings). Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude The end of communism and collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution. [1] [2] France is a transit and destination country for persons, primarily women, trafficked mainly from Central and Eastern Europe and from Africa for the purpose of labour exploitation and sexual exploitation. The Government of France fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. The French government was called on to make sure that implementation of the 2003 Domestic Security Law did not result in re-victimizing trafficking victims by improving the screening of foreign prostitutes so that trafficking victims are properly identified and protected from their traffickers. [3]

Mass surveillance and databases

See Government databases#France. Government databases collect personal information for various reasons ( Mass surveillance, Schengen Information System in the European Union, Social

The CNIL is supposed to authorize government databases which may imbreach on privacy. The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés or CNIL (knil is an independent French administrative authority whose mission is to ensure that Data Government databases collect personal information for various reasons ( Mass surveillance, Schengen Information System in the European Union, Social Data privacy is the relationship between collection and dissemination of Data, Technology, the public Expectation of privacy, and the Legal issues

Human rights organisations


References

  1. ^ 2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in France, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004; Released by the US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor - URL accessed on February 18, 2007 (English)
  2. ^ Viols, vols, violences : neuf enquêtes visent des policiers du commissariat de Saint-Denis, Le Monde, 9 September 2005 (French)
  3. ^ Mais que fait la Police ? (But What Is Doing The Police?), Marianne, September 14, 2005 (French)
  4. ^ Anita, expulsable, accuse un policier de tentative de viol, Libération, August 9, 2006 (French)

See also

External links

The Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL at the United States Department of State is one of four bureaus that comprise the Office of the Under Secretary Le Monde (The World is a Marianne, a National emblem of the French Republic, is by extension a Personification]alagor of Liberty and Reason. Libération (affectionately known as Libé) is a French Daily Newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre The Paris massacre of 1961 refers to a massacre in Paris on 17 October 1961, during the Algerian War (1954–62 The High Authority for the Struggle Against Discrimination and for Equality ( French Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l'égalité or Humanism in France found its way from Italy, but did not become a distinct movement until the 16th century was well on its way The Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation was founded on 17 October 1990 ont of the initiative of the former French prime minister Michel Rocard as well France has traditionally been fairly tolerant in matters of private morality including homosexuality and this is reflected in the country's legislation
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