Sherpa carrying wood to Mount Everest base camp

Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle power. For other uses of the word Sherpa see Sherpa (disambiguation. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. (Non-human animal-powered Transport is a broad category of the Human use of non-human Working animals (also known as "beasts of burden" for the Time immemorial is a phrase meaning time extending beyond the reach of Memory, record or Tradition. Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity

Although motorization has increased speed and load capacity, many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of lower cost, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Leisure or free time, is a period of Time spent out of work and essential domestic Activity. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available (especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions), and is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Sustainable transport is a concept developed in reaction to things that have gone visibly wrong with transportation policy practice and performance through much the world over the last

Available muscle power

Road cyclist

The average "in-shape" cyclist can produce about 3 watts/kg for more than an hour (e. g. , around 200 watts for a 70 kg rider), with top amateurs producing 5 watts/kg and elite athletes achieving 6 watts/kg for similar lengths of time. Elite track sprint cyclists are able to attain an instantaneous maximum output of around 2,000 watts, or in excess of 25 watts/kg; elite road cyclists may produce 1,600 to 1,700 watts as an instantaneous maximum in their burst to the finish line at the end of a five-hour long road race.

Modes of transporting self

Using only one's own muscles

• Crawling
• Walking and running
• Swimming and diving
• Climbing as in alpinism and abseiling

Using object(s) & sheer muscle power

The Skateboard is propelled by simply "pushing" it (one foot riding on board, one foot pushing on ground) or by the natural effects of gravity. Crawling is a form of Animal locomotion generally involving slow movement along the ground such as that seen in Snakes Snails and Earthworms Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Diving off a deck into the Great South Bay of Long Islandjpg|thumb|A man dives into the Great South Bay of Long Island. UserStan Shebs for a timetable --> Climbing is the activity of using one's hands and feet (or “Alpinist” redirects here See also Alpinist (magazine Mountaineering is the Sport, Hobby or Profession of Abseiling (German abseilen, "to rope down" rappelling in American and British English is the controlled descent down a rope in Rock climbing

The Trikke works simply by shifting your body weight. The Trikke (pronounced "trike" is a human powered three-wheeled carving Vehicle that utilizes Conservation of angular momentum to allow

A human-powered vehicle (HPV) is a vehicle powered solely by human muscle. Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport.

• Canoeing and kayaking
• Cross-country skiing
• Cycling uses a bicycle, unicycle, tricycle, quadricycle, velomobile or similar wheeled vehicle, including collective variations such as tandem bicycle and side-car
• Draisine
• Human-powered hydrofoil
• Ice skating
• Kick scooter
• Kicksled
• Man-powered aircraft
• Roller skating
• Skateboarding
• Trikke
• Rowing

Using a natural force, object(s) & muscles

Here human muscles are not the primary source of power, but are used instead to control natural forces (such as gravity or wind). Canoeing is the activity of paddling a Canoe for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip Sport, or transportation. Kayaking is the use of a Kayak for moving across water Kayaking is generally differentiated from Canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a Winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields primarily Northern Europe, Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A unicycle is a one-wheeled Human-powered vehicle. Unicycles are similar to but less complex than Bicycles History The unicycle's history began A tricycle (often abbreviated to trike) is a three-wheeled vehicle A Quadricycle is a four-wheeled human-powered vehicle. It is also referred to as a quadracycle, quadcycle, quadrocycle or as a four-wheel A velomobile or bicycle car is a Human-powered vehicle, enclosed for protection from weather and collisions The tandem bicycle or twin is a form of Bicycle (occasionally a Tricycle) designed to be ridden by more than one person A sidecar is a one-wheeled device attached to the side of a Motorcycle, producing a three-wheeled vehicle A draisine primarily refers to a light auxiliary rail vehicle or trolley. A human-powered hydrofoil is a small Hydrofoil boat propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator Ice skating is Traveling on Ice with skates, narrow (and sometimes parabolic) blade-like devices moulded into special Boots A study A kick scooter or push scooter is a small platform with two or more wheels that is propelled by a rider pushing off the ground The kicksled is a small Sled consisting of a chair mounted on a pair of flexible metal runners which extend backward to about twice the chair's length A human-powered aircraft (HPA is an Aircraft powered by direct human energy and the force of Gravity; the Thrust provided by the human may be the Roller skating is the Traveling on smooth terrain with roller skates Skateboarding is the act of riding and performing tricks using a Skateboard. The Trikke (pronounced "trike" is a human powered three-wheeled carving Vehicle that utilizes Conservation of angular momentum to allow With regard to Watercraft, rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of Oars in the water These forms of transport include:

• Glider (non-motorized if bungee launch or foot-launch is used)
• Kitesurfing
• Sailing
• Streetluge Boards
• Surfing
• Wind surfing

Modes for transporting others

• Stretcher
• Travois
• Litters, e.g. Sedan chair
• Rickshaw
• Cycle rickshaw
• Handcar
• Bicycle

Some of the vehicles mentioned under Modes of self transport also exist(ed) in a version with cargo and/or passengers, such as the galley. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes Gliding is a Recreational activity and competitive Sport in which pilots fly un-powered aircraft known as Gliders or sailplanes Kitesurfing, kiteboarding, uses wind power to pull a rider through the water on a small Surfboard or a kiteboard (which is like a Wakeboard) Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Street luge is an extreme gravity-powered activity that involves riding a streetluge board (sometimes referred to as a sled down a paved Road or course Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders Windsurfing is a surface water sport using a windsurf board also commonly called a sailboard usually two to five meters long and powered by a single sail A stretcher is a Medical device used to carry casualties or an incapacitated person from one place to another A travois ( Canadian French, from French travail, a frame for restraining horses also obsolete travoy or travoise) is a frame The litter is a class of Wheelless Vehicles a type of Human-powered transport, for the transport of persons Rickshaws (or rickshas) are a mode of Human-powered transport: a runner draws a two-wheeled Cart which seats one or two persons The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo A handcar (also known as a pump trolley, pump car, jigger or Kalamazoo) is a Railroad car powered by its passengers or by people The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare Various of the above examples have also been models for a motorized variation.

Human-powered land vehicles

The bicycle is the most popular human-powered vehicle

Surrey style rental quadricycle built by the International Surrey Company

Human-powered land vehicles, such as the handcar (a human-powered railroad car), normally travel at ground level but can also travel above (for example, on a trestle) and below ground (such as when used in mining). The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A Quadricycle is a four-wheeled human-powered vehicle. It is also referred to as a quadracycle, quadcycle, quadrocycle or as a four-wheel International Surrey Company Ltd, also called "The Surrey Company" is a Quadricycle manufacturer based Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. A handcar (also known as a pump trolley, pump car, jigger or Kalamazoo) is a Railroad car powered by its passengers or by people Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body

Skateboards have the advantage of being so small and light that users can easily carry them when not skating.

The most efficient human-powered land vehicle is the bicycle. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind ^[1] Compared to the much more common upright bicycle, the recumbent bicycle is faster on level ground or down hills due to better aerodynamics while having similar power transfer efficiency. An upright bicycle is a Bicycle on which the rider sits astride the saddle and stands on the pedals this is the most common type of bicycle CNC Cruzbike 2007jpg|thumb|300px|Cruzbike Sofrider (a PBFWD recumbent and woman at end of the "Ride Across North Carolina" 2007]] A recumbent bicycle is a Bicycle A power transfer or Energy transfer is the process of passing working energy from one system or device to another In 2002, Sam Whittingham pedaled a streamliner (a fully-faired recumbent) for 200 m at 130. Sam Whittingham is a Canadian Cyclist who has held several world records on Recumbent bicycles As of 2007, he holds the following records A streamliner is any vehicle that incorporates streamlining to produce a shape that provides less resistance to air. 36 km/h (81. 00 mph) in the Varna Diablo II ^[2]

Velomobiles and cabin cycles are increasingly popular in colder and/or wetter countries due to the protection they offer against the environment. A velomobile or bicycle car is a Human-powered vehicle, enclosed for protection from weather and collisions A cabin cycle is a form of land vehicle with a hull that wraps around the basic Bicycle or Motorcycle design Freight bicycles are used as low-cost, zero-emission vehicles to haul cargo. Freight bicycles, carrier cycles, freight Tricycles or cargo bikes' are Human powered vehicles designed and constructed specifically Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, Cycle rickshaws can be used as taxicabs. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride

Olympic Cyclist and IRONMAN triathlon winner, John Howard set a 244. John Kennedy Howard (born August 16, 1947 in Springfield, Missouri) is an Olympic Cyclist from the United States 9 km/h (152. 2 mph) speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats near Wendover, Utah on July 20, 1985 while cycling in the wake of a motorized Vesco Streamliner pace-car. ^[3] The wake of pace-car reduced the aerodynamic drag against which Howard pedalled to almost zero. ^[4]

Greg Kolodziejzyk set two world records recognized by both the International Human Powered Vehicle Association and Guinness (TM) World Records on July 17, 2006 on a race track in Eureka, CA. The first record is for the most distance traveled in 24 hours by human power (647 miles, 1041 km), and the second for the worlds fastest 1000 km time trial (23 hours, 2 minutes). ^[5]

In 1969, artists in a small Northern California town began the Kinetic sculpture race which has grown to a 42 mile (67. A Kinetic sculpture race is an organized contest of human-powered amphibious all-terrain works of art 2 km), three-day all terrain, human-powered sculpture race and county wide event. It is held every year in the last weekend in May.

Human-powered aircraft

Main article: Human-powered aircraft

Airplanes

MIT Daedalus human powered aircraft

The Pedaliante flew short distances fully under human power in 1936, but the distances were not significant enough to win the prize of the Italian competition for which it was built. A human-powered aircraft (HPA is an Aircraft powered by direct human energy and the force of Gravity; the Thrust provided by the human may be the The MIT Aeronautics and Astronautics Department's Daedalus was a Human-powered aircraft which on 23 April, 1988 flew 74 mi (119 km from Enea Bossi Sr ( 29 March 1888 – 1963 was an Italian-American aerospace engineer and aviation pioneer Furthermore, the fully human-powered flights were deemed to be a result of the pilot's significant strength and endurance; and ultimately not attainable by a typical human. Additional attempts were made in 1937 and 1938 using a catapult system, launching the plane to a height of 9 metres (30 ft). With the catapult launch, the plane successfully traveled the 1 km (0. 62 mi) distance outlined by the competition, but was declined the prize due to the takeoff method. ^[6][7][8]

The first officially authenticated regularly-feasible take-off and landing of a human-powered airplane (one capable of powered takeoffs, unlike a glider) was made on 9 November 1961 by Derek Piggott in Southampton University's Man Powered Aircraft (SUMPA). A human-powered aircraft (HPA is an Aircraft powered by direct human energy and the force of Gravity; the Thrust provided by the human may be the Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Alan Derek Piggott MBE (born 27 December 1922 is one of Britain's best known glider pilots and instructors The University of Southampton is a university situated in the city of Southampton, on the south coast of England.

Perhaps the best-known human-powered plane is the Gossamer Albatross, which flew across the English Channel in 1979. The Gossamer Albatross was a Human-powered aircraft built by American Aeronautical engineer Dr Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

The current distance and duration record recognised by the FAI was achieved on 23 April 1988 from Iraklion on Crete to Santorini in a MIT Daedalus 88 piloted by Kanellos Kanellopoulos: a straight distance of 115. The MIT Aeronautics and Astronautics Department's Daedalus was a Human-powered aircraft which on 23 April, 1988 flew 74 mi (119 km from 11 km (74 miles) in 3 hours, 54 minutes.

The current speed record is held by the Monarch B, built by a team at MIT in 1983, which won a Kremer Prize of £20,000 for sustaining a speed of over 30 km/h over a 1. 5 km triangular course.

Helicopters

Main article: Human-powered helicopter

The first officially observed human-powered helicopter to have left the ground was the Da Vinci III in 1989. A human-powered helicopter is a Helicopter designed to carry at least one person but limited to using only what power is provided by the person(s on board usually by pedalling It was designed and built by students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in California, USA. It flew for 7. 1 seconds and reached a height of 8 inches (20 cm). The second was the Yuri I in 1994, designed and built by students at Nihon University in Japan. It flew for 19. 46 seconds and reached an altitude of 20 cm. Both were attempts to win the Sikorsky Prize. The Sikorsky Prize is a $20000 reward established in 1980 by the American Helicopter Society (AHS to the first controlled flight of a Human powered helicopter

Airships and balloons

French inventors have built man-powered airships and balloons. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" A balloon is a flexible bag filled with a type of Gas, such as Helium, Hydrogen, Nitrous oxide or air. Solar hot air balloons and solar hot air airships are new types of balloons and airships. ^[9]Because lift is supplied through buoyancy, human power can be devoted to thrust. ^[10][11]

Human-powered watercraft

Hydrofoil

The world speed record on water was set 27 October 1991 by MIT Professor Mark Drela who pedalled a human-powered hydrofoil, "Decavitator", to 18. A human-powered hydrofoil is a small Hydrofoil boat propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator The Decavitator was a human-powered Hydrofoil that was built by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 knots (9. 53 meters/second) over a 100 meter race course in Boston, Massachusetts.

Submarines

In 1989 the first human-powered International Submarine Race (ISR) was held in Florida with 17 craft. Since then nine more races have been held. The races themselves have been moved from the waters of Florida to the United States Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division David Taylor Model Basin in Bethesda, Maryland, and are held biennially. At the 9th ISR in 2007 (in which 23 submarines participated) several new records where set: A single-person craft, Omer5 achieved a record speed of 8. 035 knots breaking the Omer team's previous record of 7. 19 knots set by Omer 4 in 2004. Also Omer 6 snatched up a record for non -propeller driven craft with a speed of 4. 642 knots. [1]

See also

This article is part of the Transport series

Modes. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different . .

Animal-powered Aviation Cable Human-powered Pipeline Ship Space Rail Road

See also. (Non-human animal-powered Transport is a broad category of the Human use of non-human Working animals (also known as "beasts of burden" for the Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Cable transport refers to the broad class of Transport modes that rely on vehicles pulled by cables rather than having an internal power source Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Space transport is the use of Spacecraft to Transport people or cargo through Outer space. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods . .

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• Animal-powered transport
• Bicycle
• Bicycle and human powered vehicle museums, list of
• Carfree Cities
• Cycle rickshaw
• Freight bicycle
• Fuel efficiency in transportation
• International Human Powered Vehicle Association
• Locomotion
• Quadricycle
• Self-propelled travel
• Sidewalk
• Tricycle
• Unicycle
• Utility cycling
• Velomobile

References

External links

• Human Powered Vehicle Records
• Human Powered Vehicle Challenge - American Society Of Mechanical Engineers

Air

• Human Powered Aircraft Group - Virginia Tech
• Human Powered Helicopters - History, technology, people

Water

• Human Powered Boats - Events, photos, links
• Human Powered Hydrofoils from 1953 to 2005
• Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil - videos, documentation
• International Submarine Races
• Human Powered Submarine of Virginia Tech
• Human Powered River Gym Green Transport in NYC

Land