The United States of America is located in the middle of the North American continent with Canada to the north and the United Mexican States to the south. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States ranges from the Atlantic Ocean on the nation's east coast to the Pacific Ocean bordering the west, and also includes the state of Hawaii, a series of islands located in the Pacific Ocean, the state of Alaska located in the northwestern part of the continent above the Yukon, and numerous other holdings and territories. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. [1]
The first known inhabitants of modern-day United States territory are believed to have arrived over a period of several thousand years beginning sometime prior to 15,000 years ago by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska. The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Solid evidence of these cultures settling in what would become the US is dated to at least 14,000 years ago. [2]
Relatively little is known of these early settlers compared to the Europeans who colonized the area after the first voyage of navigator Christopher Columbus in 1492 for Spain. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [1] Columbus' men were also the first documented Old Worlders to land in the territory of the United States when they arrived in Puerto Rico during their second voyage in 1493. The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} [3] Juan Ponce de León, who arrived in Florida in 1513[4], is credited as being the first European to reach modern-day U. Juan Ponce de León ( IPA: /xwan'ponʒedele'on/ (1460 – July 1521 was a Spanish Conquistador. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the S. territory, although some evidence suggests that John Cabot might have reached what is presently New England in 1498. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the [5][6]
In its beginnings, the United States consisted only of the Thirteen Colonies, which consisted of states occupying the same lands as when they were British colonies. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the American colonists fought off their British colonists in the American Revolutionary War of the 1770s and issued a Declaration of Independence in 1776. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" This article is about declarations of independence in general Seven years later, the signing of the Treaty of Paris officially recognized independence from Britain. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally [7] In the nineteenth century, westward expansion of United States territory began, upon the belief of Manifest Destiny, in which the United States would occupy all the North American land east to west, from the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. By 1912, with the admission of Arizona to the Union, the U. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. S. reached that goal. The outlying states of Alaska and Hawaii were both admitted in 1959. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the
Ratified in 1788, the Constitution serves as the supreme American law in organizing the government; the Supreme Court is responsible for upholding Constitutional law. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Many social progresses came up starting in the nineteenth century; those advancements have been widely reflected in the Constitution. Slavery was abolished in 1865 by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; the following Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments respectively guaranteed citizenship for all persons naturalized within U. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that S. territory and voting for people of all races. In later years, civil rights were extended to women and black Americans, following much activism and lobbying from members of these minority groups. The Nineteenth Amendment prohibited gender discrimination in voting rights; later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial segregation in public places. The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving
The Progressive Era marked a time of economic progress for the United States, advancing to the Roaring Twenties. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to describe the 1920s principally in North America, that emphasizes the period's social artistic and cultural dynamism However, Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929) led to the Great Depression, a time of economic downturn and mass unemployment. The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the ’29 Crash, the Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of October 1929 Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Great Depression in the United States began on "Black Tuesday" with the Wall Street crash of October 1929 and rapidly spread Consequently, the U. S. government established the New Deal, a series of reform programs that intended to assist those affected by the Depression. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D The economy recovered, so much that the U. S. became a world superpower by the dawn of the Cold War. A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Under the Ronald Reagan administration for much of the 1980s, the government practiced supply-side economics, which intended to increase government revenue through tax cuts. Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for Recession became eminent again in 2001, especially with the September 11, 2001 attacks. In response to the terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush declared war on Afghanistan, in which those affiliated with the Al Qaeda terrorist network responsible for the September 11 attacks were stationed. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The In 2003, the U. S. Congress authorized the use of force in Iraq under speculation that Iraq might have had weapons of mass destruction to be used against the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. S. and their allies. [1] No evidence has been found to corroborate the weapons of mass destruction claims.
Colonial America
After a period of exploration by people from various European countries, Dutch, Spanish, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. [8][1] Columbus was the first European to set foot on what would one day become U. COLUMBUS is a Computational chemistry software suite for calculating ab initio molecular electronic structures designed as a collection of individual programs communicating S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico in 1493. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} In the 15th century, Europeans brought horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and, in turn, took back to Europe corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash. [8]
Spanish exploration and settlement (1492 – various dates)
- See also: New Spain
Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to come to what is now the United States, beginning with Christopher Columbus' second expedition, which reached Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, This list of explorers is sorted by surname See also the links below. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Christopher Columbus (1451–1506 was a Navigator and an Admiral for the Crown of Castile whose voyages to America greatly expanded Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land [9] The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de León, who landed in 1513 on a lush shore he christened La Florida. Juan Ponce de León ( IPA: /xwan'ponʒedele'on/ (1460 – July 1521 was a Spanish Conquistador. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the [4]
Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon[10] and the Great Plains. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Grand Canyon The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada In 1540, De Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the present US and, in the same year, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican Indians across the modern Arizona-Mexico border and traveled as far as central Kansas. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (Born in 1510 &ndash Died on September 22 1554 was a Spanish Conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " [11] Other Spanish explorers include Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón, Pánfilo de Narváez, Sebastián Vizcaíno, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portolà, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Tristán de Luna y Arellano and Juan de Oñate. Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (c 1475 probably Toledo Spain &ndash 18 October, 1526, (San Miguel de Guadalupe colony was a Spanish explorer Pánfilo de Narváez (1470 &ndash 1528 was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548-1624 was a Spanish soldier entrepreneur explorer and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Philippines, the Baja Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (ca 1499 &ndash January 3 1543 was a Portuguese explorer known as João Rodrigues Cabrilho in Portuguese noted for his exploration Gaspar de Portolà i Rovira (1716 1784 was a soldier Governor of Baja and Alta California (1767&ndash1770 Explorer and founder of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ( February 15, 1519 - September 17, 1574) was a sixteenth century Spanish admiral and pirate hunter known most notably Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ( Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, ca Tristán de Luna y Arellano (1519 – 1571 was a Spanish Conquistador of the 16th century Don Juan de Oñate Salazar ( 1552 &ndash 1626) was an explorer colonial governor of the New Spain (present-day Mexico province of New [12]
The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. [1] Later such Spanish settlements include Santa Fe, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Santa Fe River in New Mexico. The Santa Fe River is a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico.
French colonization (1564-1803)
- See also: New France and Fort Caroline
English/British Colonial America (1585-1776)
The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century, along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes. The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English Joint stock company established by royal charter by The James Settlement was the first permanent English settlement in North America. The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that gave birth to forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude[13], and by a British policy of benign neglect (salutary neglect) that permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Salutary neglect was an undocumented though long standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the American colonies obedient to [14]
The first successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 It languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco. Between the late 1610s and the Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 convicts to its American colonies. [15] One example of conflict between Native Americans and English settlers was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Native Americans had killed hundreds of English settlers. The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) or Powhatan Renape (literally the "Powhatan Human Beings" is the name of a The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philip's War in New England. King Philip's War, sometimes called Metacom 's War or Metacom's Rebellion was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the [16]
The Plymouth Colony was established in 1620. Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691 The area of New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America [1] The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the Thirteen Colonies established in 1733. The Province of Carolina from 1663 to 1712, was a North American British proprietary Colony, controlled by eight English noblemen The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern colonies in British North America. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the [17] Several colonies were used as penal settlements from the 1620s until the American Revolution. A penal colony is a Settlement used to detain Prisoners and generally use them for Penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's [18] Methodism became more a religion more prevalent among colonial citizens after the First Great Awakening, a religious revival led by preacher Jonathan Edwards in 1734. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The First Great Awakening (referred to by some historians as the Great Awakening) was a period of heightened religious activity primarily in Great Britain and its Jonathan Edwards may refer to Athletes Jonathan Edwards (athlete (born 1966 British triple jumper and world record holder Jonathan Edwards [1]
Formation of the United States of America (1776-1789)
The thirteen colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776. Between 1776 and 1789, the United States became an independent country creating and ratifying its new constitution, and establishing of the federal government Washington's crossing of the Delaware, occurring on December 25, 1776 during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a surprise attack against The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the They subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a nation in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, also the Articles of Confederation was the governing Constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britain´s formal acknowledgement of the United States as an independent nation. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally [7]
The United States defeated Great Britain with help from France and Spain in the American Revolutionary War. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The colonists' victory at Saratoga in 1777 led the French into an open alliance with the United States. Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight In 1781, a combined American and French Army, acting with the support of a French fleet, captured a large British army led by General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The Siege of Yorktown or Battle of Yorktown in 1781 was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess Cornwallis ( 31 December 1738 &ndash 5 October 1805) was a British military commander and colonial Yorktown is a Census-designated place (CDP in York County, Virginia, United States. The surrender of General Cornwallis ended serious British efforts to find a military solution to their American problem. [7]
Seymour Martin Lipset points out that "The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then In this sense, it was the first 'new nation. '" [19] Side by side with the states' efforts to gain independence through armed resistance, a political union was being developed and agreed upon by them. The first step was to formally declare independence from Great Britain. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia, declared the independence of "the United States of America" in the Declaration of Independence. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then Although the states were still independent entities and not yet formally bound in a legal union, July 4 is celebrated as the nation's birthday. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples The new nation was dedicated to principles of republicanism, which emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption and hereditary aristocracy. Republicanism is the Value system of Governance that has been a major part of American civic thought since the American Revolution [7]
The Continental Congress that convened on September 5, 1774 played an important coordinating role among the thirteen colonies in dealing with Great Britain, including the American Revolutionary War from 1775. The Boston Tea Party was an act of Direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [7] A constitutional government, the Congress of the Confederation first became possible with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union on March 1, 1781. The Congress of the Confederation or the United States in Congress Assembled was the governing body of the United States of America from March 1, Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1781 ( MDCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [20] Samuel Huntington became the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled. Samuel Huntington ( January 5 1796 was an American jurist statesman and revolutionary leader from Connecticut. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the [21] However, it became apparent early on that the new constitution was inadequate for the operation of the new government and efforts soon began to improve upon it. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity [22]
A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Federal Convention, or the " Grand Convention at Philadelphia The structure of the national government was profoundly changed on March 4, 1789, when the American people replaced the Articles with the Constitution. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The new government reflected a radical break from the normative governmental structures of the time, favoring representative, elective government with a weak executive, rather than the existing monarchical structures common within the western traditions of the time. The system of republicanism borrowed heavily from Enlightenment Age ideas and classical western philosophy in that a primacy was placed upon individual liberty and upon constraining the power of government through division of powers and a system of checks and balances. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance [22] Additionally, the Bill of Rights was ratified on December 15, 1791 to guarantee individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice and consisted of the first ten amendments of the Constitution. A Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [23] John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose membership was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789; the first Supreme Court session was held in New York City on February 1, 1790. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court The United States Judiciary Act of 1789 (1 Stat 73 was a landmark Statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of The City of New York Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [24] In 1803, the Court case Marbury v. Madison made the Court the sole arbiter of constitutionality of federal law. Marbury v Madison, is a Landmark case in United States law. It formed the basis for the exercise of Judicial review in the United States under Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable Constitution. [25]
Westward expansion (1789–1849)
George Washington—a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander in chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention—became the first President of the United States under the new U. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by S. Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, when settlers in the Pennsylvania counties west of the Allegheny Mountains protested against a federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks, was the first serious test of the federal government. The Whiskey Rebellion, less commonly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Allegheny Mountain Range (also spelled Alleghany and Allegany) &mdash informally the Alleghenies &mdash is part of the vast Appalachian [26] He announced his resignation from the presidency in his farewell address, which was published in the newspaper Independent Chronicle on September 26, 1796. George Washington's Farewell Address was written to the people of the United States at the end of his second term as President of the United States Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In his address, Washington triumphed the benefits of federal government and importance of religion and morality while warning against foreign alliances and formation of political parties. [27] His vice president John Adams succeeded him in presidency; Adams was a member of the Federalist Party. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s However, the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a peace mission to France despite ongoing disputes with that nation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Thomas Jefferson, a Republican, defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence In the United States Presidential election of 1800, sometimes referred to as the “Revolution of 1800” Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams [28]
The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States and provided U. For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale" S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to [29] In response to continued British impressment of American sailors into the British Navy, president James Madison declared war on Britain in 1812. Impressment (colloquially " the Press " or " press-ganging " is the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy usually James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 [30] Slave importation from Africa became illegal beginning in 1808, despite a growing plantation system in many southern states such as North Carolina and Georgia. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule [31] The United States and Britain came to a draw in the War of 1812 after bitter fighting that lasted until January 8, 1815, during the Battle of New Orleans. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, essentially resulted in the maintenance of the status quo ante bellum[32]; however, crucially for the U. The Treaty of Ghent ( signed on December 24 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 The term status quo ante bellum comes from Latin meaning literally as things were before the war. S. , some Native American tribes had to sign treaties with the U. S. government in response to their losses in the war. [30] During the later course of the war, the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 over concerns that the war would weaken New England. The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England 's opposition to the war reached There, they proposed seven constitutional amendments meant to strengthen the region politically, but once the Federalists delivered them to Washington, D.C., the recent American victories in New Orleans and the signing of the Treaty of Ghent undermined the Federalists' arguments and contributed to the downfall of the party. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Treaty of Ghent ( signed on December 24 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 [33]
The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States. The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. [1] The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into areas of the Western Hemisphere. It was not until the Presidential Administration of Teddy Roosevelt that the Monroe Doctrine became a central tenet of American foreign policy. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. The Monroe Doctrine was then invoked in the Spanish-American War as well as later in the proxy wars between the United States and Soviet Union in Central America and has also essentially given developing nations in the Americas support from the United States and warned the powers in Europe to steer clear of far western affairs. A proxy war is the war that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly [34]
In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act, part of a United States government policy known as Indian removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 26 This established Andrew Jackson, a military hero and President, as a cunning tyrant in regards to native populations. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 The act resulted most notably in the forced migration of several native tribes to the West, with several thousand Indians dying en route, and the Creeks' violent opposition and eventual defeat. The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States The Indian Removal Act also directly caused the ceding of Spanish Florida and subsequently led to the many Seminole Wars. The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as [35]
In its mission to end slavery, the abolitionist movement also gained a larger following of participants from both black and white races. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The American Anti-Slavery Society was politically active from 1833 to 1839 for the government to abolish slavery, but Congress imposed a "gag rule" that rejected any citizen's request against slavery. The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-1870 was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. A gag rule is a rule that limits or forbids the raising consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body [36] William Lloyd Garrison, formerly associated with the Society, then began publication of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator in Boston, Massachusetts in 1831, and Frederick Douglass, a black ex-slave, began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer The Liberator was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator The North Star was an Abolitionist newspaper founded in 1847 by Frederick Douglass in Rochester New York. [37]
The Republic of Texas was annexed by president John Tyler in 1845. The Republic of Texas was a sovereign Nation in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to John Tyler Jr (March 29 1790 January 18 1862 was the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845 and the first ever to obtain that office via succession [38] The U. S. , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers, defeated Mexico in 1848 during the Mexican-American War. Public sentiment in the U. S. was divided as Whigs[39] and anti-slavery forces[40] opposed the war. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, New Mexico, and adjacent areas to the United States, which composed about thirty percent of former Mexican land. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish) is the Peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Westward expansion was enhanced further by the California Gold Rush following the discovery of gold in that state in 1848. The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Numerous "forty-niners" trekked to California in pursuit of gold; land-demanding European immigrants also contributed to the rising Western population. [1]
Civil War era (1849–1865)
In the middle of the 19th century, white Americans of the North and South were unable to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African American slavery. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The History of the United States (1849-1865 included the American Civil War and the turbulent years leading up to it which included many events that were critical in its The Northern United States is a large geographic region of the United States of America. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The issue of slavery in the new territories was settled by the Compromise of 1850 brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas; the Compromise included admission of California as a free state and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act to make it easier for masters to reclaim runaway slaves. The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846&ndash1848 Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The free states of the United States existed in opposition to the Slave states prior to the American Civil War. The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of [38] In 1854, the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act abrogated the Missouri Compromise by providing that each new state of the Union would decide its stance on slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands repealed the Missouri Compromise of The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving [41] After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 Election, eleven Southern states seceded from the union between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America, on February 8, 1861. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [42]
By 1860, there had been nearly four million slaves residing in the United States, nearly eight times as many from 1790; within the same time period cotton production in the U. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp S. boomed from one thousand to nearly one million per year. There were some slave rebellions - including by Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), and Nat Turner (1831) - but they all failed and led to tighter slave oversight in the south. Gabriel (1776&ndash October 10, 1800) today commonly if incorrectly known as Gabriel Prosser, was a skilled and literate enslaved blacksmith Denmark Vesey (originally Telemaque,1767? &ndash July 2, 1822) was a West Indian slave brought to the United States Nat Turner (Nathaniel Turner October 2 1800 – November 11 1831 was an American slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the Antebellum [43] White abolitionist John Brown tried and failed to free a group of black slaves held in Harpers Ferry, Virginia and was therefore executed for his actions. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Harpers Ferry redirects here For other uses see Harpers Ferry (disambiguation. [44] Harriet Beecher Stowe, daughter of minister Lyman Beecher, published her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 in response to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin Lyman Beecher ( October 12, 1775 &ndash January 10, 1863) was a Presbyterian clergyman temperance movement leader and the father Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel intended to express her views of the cruelty of slavery and sold nearly 300,000 copies during its first year of publication. [38] Numerous slaves also escaped their masters through the Underground Railroad, a term defining secret routes where abolitionists confidentially transported runaway slaves to "free state" territory; its most famous leader was Harriet Tubman. The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c 1820 – 10 March 1913 was an African-American Abolitionist, Humanitarian, and Union [45]
.PNG/180px-US_Secession_map_1865_(BlankMap_derived).PNG)
The Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Fort Sumter, in the Confederate state of South Carolina. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. [46] Along with the northwestern portion of Virginia, four of the five northernmost "slave states" did not secede and became known as the Border States. [42] Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North when General Robert E. Lee led 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland. Background and opposing forces See also Northern Virginia Campaign See also [[Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. [47] The Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single day in American history. Sharpsburg is a town in Washington County, Maryland, approximately 13 miles (20 km south of Hagerstown. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday [48] At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made General Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States General William Tecumseh Sherman marched from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Atlanta, Georgia, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood. Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U John Bell Hood ( June 1 or June 29, 1831 &ndash August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War [42] Sherman's army laid waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "March to the Sea", and reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah in December 1864. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj Savannah is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. [49] Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the [42] Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South. [50]
Reconstruction and the rise of industrialization (1865—1890)
Reconstruction took place for most of the decade following the Civil War. The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass The history of the United States (1865–1918 covers Reconstruction and the rise of Industrialization in the United States. During this era, the "Reconstruction Amendments" were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans. The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, passed between 1865 Those amendments included the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment that guaranteed citizenship for all people born or naturalized within U. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first S. territory, and the Fifteenth Amendment that granted the vote for all men regardless of race. The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that While the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbade discrimination in the service of public facilities, the Black Codes denied blacks certain privileges readily available to whites. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 ( was United States federal law proposed by Republican Senator Charles Sumner and Republican Congressman Benjamin F [51] In response to Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) emerged around the late 1860s as a white-supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are Increasing hate-motivated violence from groups like the Klan influenced both the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 that classified the KKK as a terrorist group[52] and an 1883 Supreme Court decision nullifying the Civil Rights Act of 1875; the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as regulating only states' decisions regarding civil rights. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes The Civil Rights Act of 1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, is an important federal statute in force in the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. [53] During the era, many regions of the southern U. S. were military-governed and often corrupt; Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election between Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Samuel Jones Tilden ( February 9, 1814 August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U Hayes won the election, and the South soon re-entered the national political scene. [1]
Following was the Gilded Age, a term that author Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late nineteenth century when there had been a dramatic expansion of American industry. In American history, the Gilded Age refers to major growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Reform of the Age included the Civil Service Act, which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs. The United States Civil Service consists of all appointive positions in the executive judicial and legislative branches of the Government of the United States except positions in the Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act, which ended railroads' discrimination against small shippers, and the Sherman Antitrust Act, which outlawed monopolies in business. The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a Regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which was signed The Sherman Antitrust Act ( Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch 647,) was the first United States Federal statute to limit Cartels and Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators, scandalous politics, and unethical business practices. By century's end, American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations and ranked only behind Great Britain. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices, farmers joined the Populist Party. The Populist Party (also known as the People's Party) was a relatively short-lived Political party in the United States in the late 18th century [54] Later, an unprecedented wave of immigration served both to provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas. American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. Abusive industrial practices led to the often violent rise of the labor movement in the United States. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better [55] Influential figures of the period included John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. John Davison Rockefeller ( July 8, 1839 &ndash May 23, 1937) was an American Industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist
Progessivism, imperialism, and World War I (1890—1918)
After the Gilded Age came the Progressive Era, whose followers called for reform over perceived industrial corruption. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s Viewpoints taken by progressives included greater federal regulation of anti-trust laws and the industries of meat-packing, drugs, and railroads. Four new constitutional amendments—the Sixteenth through Nineteenth—resulted from progressive activism. The The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from [56] The era lasted from 1900 to 1918, the year marking the end of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [57]
U. S. Federal government policy, since the James Monroe Administration, had been to move the indigenous population beyond the reach of the white frontier into a series of Indian reservations. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Tribes were generally forced onto small reservations as Caucasian farmers and ranchers took over their lands. In 1876, the last major Sioux war erupted when the Black Hills Gold Rush penetrated their territory. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States, and is general considered to have started 1860 -70 [58]
The United States began its rise to international power in this period with substantial population and industrial growth domestically and numerous military ventures abroad, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the United States blamed the sinking of the USS Maine (ACR-1) on Spain. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Also at stake were U. S. interests in acquiring Cuba, an island nation fighting for independence from Spanish occupation; Puerto Rico and the Philippines were also two former Spanish colonies seeking liberation. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP In December 1898, representatives of Spain and the U. S. signed the Treaty of Paris to end the war, with Cuba becoming an independent nation and Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines becoming U. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. S. territories. [59][1] In 1900, Congress passed the Open Door Policy that at the time required China to grant equal trading access to all foreign nations. The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs As a theory the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice as was reflected in treaties concluded with [1]
President Woodrow Wilson declared U. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. S. entry into World War I in April 1917 following a yearlong neutrality policy; the U. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All S. had previously shown interest in world peace by participating in the Hague Conferences. The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and American participation in the war proved essential to the Allied victory. Wilson also implemented a set of propositions titled the Fourteen Points to ensure peace, but they were denied at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United Isolationist sentiment following the war also blocked the U. S. from participating in the League of Nations, an important part of the Treaty of Versailles. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. [1]
Post-World War I and the Great Depression (1918–1940)
Following World War I, the U. The history of the United States from 1918 through 1945 covers the post- World War I era the Great Depression, and World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power. The aftershock of Russia's October Revolution resulted in real fears of communism in the United States, leading to a three-year Red Scare. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In American history, the First Red Scare took place in the period 1917–1920 and was marked by a widespread fear of Anarchism, as well as the effects of radical
The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers; instead, the United States chose to pursue unilateralism, if not isolationism. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism
In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol was prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" Prohibition encouraged illegal breweries and dealers to make substantial amounts of money selling alcohol illegally. In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The Prohibition ended in 1933, a failure. Additionally, the KKK reformed during that decade and gathered nearly 4. 5 million members by 1924, and the U. S. government passed the Immigration Act of 1924 restricting foreign immigration. The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United [60] During most of the 1920s, the United States enjoyed a period of unbalanced prosperity: farm prices and wages fell, while industrial profits grew. The boom was fueled by a rise in debt and an inflated stock market. A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company The Hawley-Smoot Tariff, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Dust Bowl, and the ensuing Great Depression led to government efforts to restart the economy and help its victims with Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (sometimes known as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act) was an act signed into law on June 17 1930, that raised U The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the ’29 Crash, the Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of October 1929 The Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of severe Dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D The recovery was rapid in all areas except unemployment, which remained fairly high until 1940.
World War II (1940–1945)
As with World War I, the United States did not enter World War II until after the rest of the active Allied countries had done so. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States home front during World War II covers the developments within the United States, 1940-1945 to support its efforts during World War II. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Its decision to declare war followed Japan's surprise attack on the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. S. Naval Fleet in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Until then, the United States's isolationism had bound the country to neutrality. Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism Any potential active contributions that the United States could have made to the war would have been limited by its general unpreparedness for a conflict of such a magnitude; the American armed forces were significantly smaller than the equivalent forces of France, Germany, Britain, the Soviet Union and Japan. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
The United States's first contribution to the war was simultaneously to cut off the oil and raw material supplies desperately needed by Japan to maintain its offensive in Manchuria, and to increase military and financial aid to China. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Its first contribution to the Allies came in September 1940, when the United States gave Britain 50 old destroyers in exchange for military bases in the Caribbean. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting This was followed, in December 1940, when the United States began a "Lend-Lease" program with Britain, supplying much needed military equipment. Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union,
On 31 October 1941, less than two months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, an American destroyer escorting cargo ships in the Atlantic was sunk by a German U-boat. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers War, however, was not declared on Germany. On 7 December 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor, citing America's recent trade embargo as justification. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The following day, Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully urged a joint session of Congress to declare war on Japan, calling 7 December 1941 "a date which will live in infamy. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Infamy Speech was delivered on December 8, 1941, by United States President Franklin D " Four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 11, Nazi Germany declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers
Battle against Germany
Upon entering the war, the United States realized they could not fight both Japan and Germany at once. Thus it was decided to concentrate the bulk of their efforts on fighting Hitler in Europe, while maintaining a defensive position in the Pacific until Hitler was defeated. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The United States's first step was to set up a large airforce in Britain to concentrate on bombing raids into Germany itself. An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service The American Air force relied on the B-17 Flying Fortress as its primary heavy bomber. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Britain had ceased its daylight bombing raids, due to heavy casualties inflicted by the Luftwaffe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The USAAF suffered similar high losses until the introduction of the P-51 Mustang as a long range escort fighter for the bombers, allowing them continue with daylight raids.
The American army's first ground action was fighting alongside the British and Australian armies in North Africa, this was important ground as it gave access to the Suez canal which was one of two crucial trade links that Britain relied on throughout the war, along with the Atlantic. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. By May 1943, the British 8th Army had expelled the Germans from North Africa and the Allies controlled this vital link until the end of the war. The American navy also played an active role in the Atlantic protecting the convoys bringing vital American war material to Britain. By midway through 1943, the Allies were fighting the war from Britain with unbroken supply lines, whilst at the same time Hitler's armies were very much on the back foot, with heavy bombing taking its toll on production. The tide had swung dramatically from the grim days of early 1942.
By early 1944, a planned invasion of Western Europe was underway. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Germany fully expected this attack to occur, but brilliant Allied strategy and a complete lack of intelligence flowing to Germany from Britain following the efficient elimination of virtually all German spies by British Intelligence allowed this attack to occur largely as a surprise. What followed on 6 June 1944, was Operation Overlord, or D-Day. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The largest war armada ever assembled landed on the beaches of Normandy and began the penetration of Western Europe that eventually overthrew Hitler and Nazi Germany. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Hitler had fallen for the Allied bluff and prepared most of his troops for an invasion at Calais, much further north than where the actual landing would take place. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. It was not until the attack was well underway that the German army realised what was occurring and sent forces in defense. The German Army (Deutsches Heer heɐ) is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was too late. In all, almost 5,000 ships, 10,000 aircraft and 176,000 troops took part in the 6-week battle that ended in a decisive victory for the allies.
Following the landing at Normandy, the Americans contributed greatly to the outcome of the war, with dogged fighting in the Battle of the Ardennes and the Battle of the Bulge resulting in Allied victories against the Germans. For the World War II Battle of the Ardennes see Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Ardennes was one of the opening battles of World The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains The battles took a heavy toll on the Americans, who lost 19,000 men during the Battle of the Bulge alone. The allied bombing raids on Germany increased to unprecedented levels after the D-Day invasion, with over 70% of all bombs dropped on Germany occurring after this date. Germany was flattened, the country was physically and emotionally rubble. On 30 April 1945, with Berlin completely overrun with Russian forces and his country in tatters, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar On 8 May 1945, the war with Germany was over, following its unconditional surrender to the Allied forces. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
From a modest contribution in troops at the beginning of the campaign in Europe, by the end of the war approximately 66% of all allied divisions in Western Europe were American.
Battle against Japan
Due to the United States commitment to defeating Hitler in Europe, the first years of the war against Japan was largely a defensive battle with the United States Navy attempting to prevent the Japanese Navy from asserting dominance of the Pacific region. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Initially, Japan won the majority of its battles in a short period of time. Japan quickly defeated and created military bases in Guam, Thailand, Malaya, Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Burma. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. This was done virtually unopposed and with quicker speed than that of the German Blitzkrieg during the early stages of the war. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial This was important for Japan, as it had only 10% of the homeland industrial production capacity of the United States.
The turning point of the war was the Battle of Midway in June 1942. The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The United States Navy had broken the Japanese communication codes, which allowed it to strategically position its ships in order to deliver a comprehensive defeat to the Japanese Navy. Following this, the Americans began fighting towards China where they could build an airbase suitable to commence bombing of mainland Japan with its B-29 Superfortress fleet. The Americans began by selecting smaller, lesser defended islands as targets as opposed to attacking the major Japanese strongholds. During this period, they inadvertently triggered what would become their most comprehensive victory in the entire war.
After defeating Japanese troops and landing in the Mariana Islands, the Japanese retaliated by sending 6 aircraft carriers carrying 430 planes to counter attack. The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning The battle that ensued on June 19, 1944, became known as the "Marianas Turkey Shoot". Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Battle of the Philippine Sea (aka "The Marianas Turkey Shoot" was a decisive naval battle of World War II, and the largest aircraft carrier battle in history The American Navy pilots shot down 369 of the 430 Japanese bombers, fighters and dive bombers, and heavily wounded many others. Only 36 Japanese aircraft remained operational after this battle, or around 8%.
The Pacific war became the largest naval conflict in history. The American Navy emerged victorious after at one point being stretched to almost breaking point with almost complete destruction of the Japanese Navy. The American forces were then poised for an invasion of the Japanese mainland, to force the Japanese into unconditional surrender. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. On April 12 1945, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died and Vice President Harry S. Truman was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States. He had no knowledge of the Manhattan Project and was faced with the choice to use Nuclear weapons against Japan. The decision to use nuclear weapons to end the conflict has been one of the most controversial decisions of the war. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Supporters of the use of the bombs argue that an invasion would have cost enormous numbers of lives, citing the battle of Okinawa, where the death toll was higher than that from the two nuclear bombs combined. The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault They also point out that a conventional fire bombing campaign would have caused enormous civilian casualties, as the bombing of Tokyo had done. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Others argue that a military demonstration should have taken place, or that footage of the test bomb in Los Alamos should have been sent to the Japanese along with a demand for surrender. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, unexpected by the Japanese. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus The Americans then made a bluff suggesting to the Japanese that they had a limitless supply of atomic bombs. On August 15, 1945, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally and the war was over, avoiding a bloody invasion. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
Cold War beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement (1945–1964)
Following World War II, the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers. The history of the United States from 1945 through 1964 covers the early Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale The U.S. Senate, on December 4, 1945, approved U. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar S. participation in the United Nations (UN), which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism S. and toward more international involvement. The post-war era in the United States was defined internationally by the beginning of the Cold War, in which the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to expand their influence at the expense of the other, checked by each side's massive nuclear arsenal and the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Mutual assured destruction ( MAD; sometimes written as mutually assured destruction) is a Doctrine of military Strategy in which a full-scale The result was a series of conflicts during this period including the Korean War and the tense nuclear showdown of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. Within the United States, the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence, and also resulted in government efforts to encourage math and science toward efforts like the space race. McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975
In the decades after World War II, the United States became a global influence in economic, political, military, cultural and technological affairs. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales At the center of middle-class culture since the 1950s has been a growing obsession with consumer goods.
John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Known for his charisma, he was the only Catholic to ever be President. The Kennedy's brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence During his time in office, the Cold War reached its height with the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Meanwhile, the American people completed their great migration from the farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion. At the same time, institutionalized racism across the United States, but especially in the American South, was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights movement and African American leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. During the 1960s, the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between Whites and Blacks came to an end. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965
Cold War (1964–1980)
The Cold War continued through the 1960s and 1970s, and the United States entered the Vietnam War, whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements, including those among women, minorities and young people. The history of the United States from 1964 through 1980 includes the continuation of the African American Civil Rights Movement; the Vietnam War and protests against Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society social programs and the judicial activism of the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s. The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. The Warren Court (1953-1969 represents a period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States that was marked by one of the starkest and most dramatic Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces, and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties, dividing the already hostile environment but also bringing forth more liberated social views. The Counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s refers to a period between 1960 and 1973 that began in the United States as a reaction against
In the early 1970s, Johnson's successor, President Richard Nixon was forced by Congress to bring the Vietnam War to a close, and the American-backed South Vietnamese government subsequently collapsed. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops and millions of Vietnamese. The OPEC oil embargo and slowing economic growth led to a period of stagflation. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of Stagflation is an economic situation in which Inflation and Economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time Nixon's own administration was brought to an ignominious close with the political scandal of Watergate. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's
End of the Cold War (1980–1991)
Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslides. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President In 1980, the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democratic losses in most social-economic groups. The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major Political realignment with his landslide in
"Reagan Democrats" were those who usually voted Democratic, but were attracted by Reagan's policies, personality and leadership, notably his social conservatism and hawkish foreign policy. Reagan Democrat is an American political term used by political analysts to denote traditionally Democratic voters especially white working-class
In foreign affairs, bipartisanship was not in evidence. The Democrats doggedly opposed the president's efforts to support the Contras of Nicaragua. The Contras is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua 's FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional Sandinista Junta of National Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America He took a hard line against the Soviet Union, alarming Democrats who wanted a nuclear freeze, but he succeeded in growing the military budget and launching a costly and complicated missile defense system (dubbed "Star Wars") hoping to intimidate the Soviets. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect Though it was never fully developed or deployed, the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today. When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow, many conservative Republicans were dubious of the friendship between him and Reagan. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Gorbachev tried to save Communism in Russia first by ending the expensive arms race with America, then in 1989 by shedding the East European empire. Communism finally collapsed in Russia in 1991, ending the US-Soviet Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
1991–present
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States emerged as the world's sole remaining superpower and continued to involve itself in military action overseas, including the 1991 Gulf War. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Following his election in 1992, President Bill Clinton oversaw the longest economic expansion in American history, a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet (see Internet bubble). The United States presidential elections of 1992 featured a battle between incumbent President, Republican George H William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States This article presents a Timeline of events in the history of Computing from 1950 to 1979 The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The " dot-com bubble " (or sometimes the " IT bubble " was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 (with a climax on March 10
In 1993, Ramzi Yousef, a Kuwaiti national, planted explosives in the underground garage of One World Trade Center and detonated them, killing six people and injuring thousands, in what would become the beginning of an age of terrorism. Ramzi Ahmed Yousef or Ramzi Mohammed Yousef (also transliterated as Ramzi Yusuf, Ramzi Youssef) (رمزي يوسف birth name possibly Abdul Basit The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Two years later in 1995, Timothy McVeigh spearheaded a terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Timothy James McVeigh ( April 23, 1968 &ndash June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and security guard who bombed The Alfred P Murrah Federal Building was a United States Federal Government complex located at 200 N Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. The bombing killed 168 people and injured over 800.
The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush (R) and Al Gore (D) was one of the closest in the U. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former S. history, and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come.
At the beginning of the new millennium, the United States found itself attacked by Islamic terrorism, with the September 11, 2001 attacks in which extremists hijacked four transcontinental airliners and intentionally crashed two of them into the twin towers at the World Trade Center and one into the Pentagon. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The passengers on the fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, revolted causing the plane to crash into a field in Somerset County, PA. United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport Somerset County is a County located in the state of Pennsylvania. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, that plane was intended to hit the US Capitol Building in Washington. 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to The twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsed, destroying the entire complex. The United States soon found large amounts of evidence that suggested that a terrorist group, al-Qaeda, spearheaded by Osama bin Laden, was responsible for the attacks. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March
In response to the attacks, under the administration of President George W. Bush, the United States (with the military support of NATO and the political support of some of the international community) invaded Afghanistan and overthrew the Taliban regime, which had supported and harbored bin Laden. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately More controversially, President Bush continued what he dubbed the War on Terrorism with the invasion of Iraq by overthrowing and capturing Saddam Hussein in 2003. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Reasons cited by the administration for the invasion ranged from the "spreading of democracy", the "elimination of weapons of mass destruction"[61] (later proven to be based on false or skewed evidence)[62] and the "liberation of the Iraqi people". [63] Ironically, the military name for the invasion was "Operation Iraqi Freedom". This second invasion proved to be unpopular in many parts of the world and helped fuel a global wave of anti-American sentiment.
In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina flooded parts of the city of New Orleans and heavily damaged other areas of the gulf coast, including major damage to the Mississippi coast. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States The preparation and the response of the government were criticized as ineffective and slow.
By 2006, rising prices saw Americans become increasingly conscious of the nation's extreme dependence on steady supplies of inexpensive petroleum for energy, with President Bush admitting a U. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit S. "addiction to oil. " The possibility of serious economic disruption, should conflict overseas or declining production interrupt the flow, could not be ignored, given the instability in the Middle East and other oil-producing regions of the world. Many proposals and pilot projects for replacement energy sources, from ethanol to wind power and solar power, received more capital funding and were pursued more seriously in the 2000s than in previous decades. Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form such as electricity using Wind turbines At the end of 2007 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life
As of 2008, the political climate remains polarized as debates continue over partial birth abortion, gun control, same-sex marriage, immigration reform, and the ongoing war in Iraq. Intact dilation and extraction ( IDX or intact D&X) also known as intact dilation and evacuation ( intact D&E) dilation and extraction Gun politics is a set of legal issues surrounding the ownership use and regulation of firearms as well as safety issues related to firearms both through their direct use and through Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Immigration reform is the common term used in political discussions regarding changes to Immigration policy. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign In the area of foreign policy, the U. S. maintains ongoing talks with North Korea over its nuclear weapons program, as well as with Israel and the Palestinian Authority over a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, North Korea claims to possess Nuclear weapons and the CIA asserts that it has a substantial arsenal of Chemical weapons. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The "two-state solution" to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is the consensus solution that is currently under discussion by the key parties to the conflict The George W. Bush administration has also stepped up rhetoric implicating Iran and more recently Syria in the development of weapons of mass destruction. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "United States". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Wilford, John Noble. "Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America", The New York Times, 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ "Columbus, Christopher". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ a b "Ponce de Leon, Juan". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ "Cabot, John". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Athearn 1988, p. 19
- ^ a b c d e Chapter 3: The Road to Independence. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ a b Chapter 1: Early America. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ "Puerto Rico - History". Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (1998). How the Canyon Became Grand. Penguin Books, pp. 4-7. ISBN 0670881104.
- ^ "Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Spanish Explorers. Elizabethan Era. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Zinn 2003, p. 24
- ^ Henretta, James A. (2007). "History of Colonial America". Encarta Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies. American Historical Review 2. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (October 1896). Retrieved on 2007-06-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.
- ^ Tougias, Michael (1997). King Philip's War in New England. HistoryPlace. com.
- ^ Chapter 1: Early America. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ "Penal colony". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. (2008).
- ^ Lipset, The First New Nation (1979) p. 2
- ^ The First Constitution - The Articles of Confederation. The Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ About Samuel Huntington. The Huntington Homestead. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ a b Chapter 4: The Formation of a National Government. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Irons 2006, pp. 80-82
- ^ Irons 2006, pp. 85-87
- ^ Irons 2006, pp. 105-107
- ^ The Whiskey Rebellion. Archiving Early America (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ George Washington's Farwell Address. Archiving Early America. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ John Adams. The White House. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ "Louisiana Purchase". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ a b "War of 1812". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Zinn 2003, p. 172
- ^ Coleman, Aaron Nathaniel. Status Quo Ante Bellum: American Victory over English. University of the Cumberlands. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ James Madison and the War of 1812. SAT U. S. History. SparkNotes (2006). Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ "Monroe Doctrine". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Indian removal. Africans in America. PBS (1998). Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ "American Anti-Slavery Society". Ohio History Central. (2008).
- ^ Zinn 2003, p. 184
- ^ a b c Chapter 6: Sectional Conflict. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Mexican War Lithograph. Smithsonian Source. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ Pletcher, David M. (2006). Manifest Destiny. The U. S. -Mexican War. PBS. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ Kansas-Nebraska Act. The History Place (1996). Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ a b c d Chapter 7: The Civil War and Reconstruction. Outline of U. S. History. America. gov (November 2005). Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Zinn 2003, pp. 171-172
- ^ Zinn 2003, pp. 185-187
- ^ Zinn 2003, p. 175
- ^ "Civil War, in U.S. history". The Columbie Encyclopedia (6th). (2007).
- ^ Dugdale-Pointon, T. (2006-05-09). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of General Robert E. Lee (1807-70). HistoryofWar. org. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Casualties at Antietam. National Parks Service (2001-10-03). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ "Sherman's March to the Sea". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. (2002-09-05).
- ^ The Deadliest War
- ^ Zinn 2003, pp. 198-200
- ^ Irons 2006, p. 197
- ^ Zinn 2003, pp. 203-204
- ^ Mintz, Steven (2008-06-05). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Learn About the Gilded Age. Digitla History. University of Houston. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Woloch, Nancy (2008). "United States History". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ Mintz, Steven (2006). Learn About the Progressive Era. Digital History. University of Houston. The University of Houston (often referred to as " U of H," " UH," or " Houston " is a public doctoral/research Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Progressive Era. Eagleton Digital Archive of American Politics. Eagleton Institute of Politics (2004). The Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University was established in 1956 with an endowment from Florence Peshine Eagleton (1870-1953 and it focuses Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Bouhenguel, Lynnea. Black Hills Gold Rush. Black Hills Today. Territory Media. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Introduction. The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War. Library of Congress, Hispanic Division (2007-07-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ Zinn 2003, p. 382
- ^ "Blair and Bush 'to discuss Iraq action'", BBC News, 2002-02-24. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ "CIA’s final report: No WMD found in Iraq", MSNBC. com, Associated Press, 2005-04-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Galbraith, Peter W. . "Flashback For the Kurds", The New York Times, 2003-02-19. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
References
- The American Pageant: A History of the Republic (12th Ed. The American Pageant, written by the late Thomas A Bailey, is an American high school history textbook often used for AP United States History courses ), Bailey, Thomas A. , Cohen, Lizabeth, and David M. Kennedy. (2006) ISBN 0618479406
- America: the last best hope in 2 volumes / William Bennett (2007) ISBN 1595550550 and ISBN 1595550577
- Athearn, Robert G. William John Bennett (born July 3, 1943) is an American Neoconservative Pundit, Politician, and Political (1988), American Heritage Illustrated History of the United States, Volume 1: The New World (4th ed. ), Great Neck, New York, United States: Choice Publishing, Inc. Great Neck is a Village in Nassau County, New York, in the US , ISBN 0945260016
- John Mack Faragher. The American Heritage Encyclopedia of American History (1998) ISBN 0805044388
- John A. Garraty and Eric Foner, eds. The Reader's Companion to American History. (1991) ISBN 0395513723
- Steven M. Gillon and Cathy D. Matson. The American Experiment: A History of the United States, 2nd ed. (2006) ISBN 061859583X
- Irons, Peter (2006), A People's History of the Supreme Court (2nd ed. ), New York, New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 0143037382
- Johnson, Paul A History of the American People, (1999) ISBN 0-06-093034-9
- David C. Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic King. Children's Encyclopedia of American History (2003)
- Schweikart, Larry and Michael Allen. A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (2007) ISBN 1595230327
- George Tindall and David Shi. America: A Narrative History, Seventh Edition, (2006) ISBN 0393928209
- Steve Wiegand. U. S. History for Dummies (2001)
- Zinn, Howard (2003), A People's History of the United States (5th ed. ), New York, New York: HarperPerennial, ISBN 0060838655, <http://books.google.com/books?id=9-FtlblxbLgC&printsec=frontcover>
External links
Book-length histories of the United States
- History of the United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, 1921, from Project Gutenberg
- History of the United States by Charles Beard at PublicLiterature.org
- Outline of U.S. History by the U. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works S. Department of State
General sites
U. S. National Archives
- 100 Milestone Documents
- Selected Research Topics
- Eyewitness: slide show from the National Archives, recounting first-hand stories of various events
Other sites
- The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History: includes a searchable database of over 60,000 documents
- U.S. Chronology World History Database
- American Heritage: thousands of brief articles. List of archives A national archive is a central Archive maintained by a Nation.
- Encarta Encyclopedia: long article and over 200 multimedia files.
- The History Place
- Thayer's Gazetteer: 10 full-length books on diverse topics, journal articles, other material
- Political institutions History
Specialized topics
- Haldimand Collection: abstracts of over 22,000 letters and documents in relation with the birth of Canada and United States
- A New Nation Votes: election returns 1787‑1825
Other resources
- American Historical Association
- American History Forums
- WWW-VL: History: United States: link collection
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