The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. The term South Asia usually refers to the political entities of the Sub- Himalayan region - namely Republic of India, Pakistan, This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The South Asian Stone Age covers the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the South Asia. Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: مﮩرگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE in and around the Punjab region which is located on the The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H culture also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition Mahajanapadas ( Sanskrit: महाजनपद Mahājanapadas) literally "Great Kingdoms" (from Maha, "great" and Janapada Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 2nd century BC since the decline of the Maurya Empire, and the corresponding The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE During the late Middle Ages, several Islamic Empires were established in South Asia. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826 called Kingdom of Assam in medieval times was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam that maintained its The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Maratha Empire ( Marathi: मराठा साम्राज्य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, History of Bengal Bangladesh became one of the last major nation states following its secession in 1971 from the nation of Pakistan which achieved its independence from the British Bhutan 's early history is steeped in Mythology and remains obscure The History of the Republic of India began on August 15, 1947 when India became an independent Dominion within the British Commonwealth The Maldives is a nation consisting of 26 natural Atolls, comprising 1192 islands Historical setting Since very ancient times the Maldives were ruled The History of Nepal (नेपालको इतिहास is characterized by its isolated position in the Himalayas and its two dominant neighbors India The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although Traditionally the recorded History of Sri Lanka boasts of 25 chronicled centuries The history of Assam is the history of a confluence of peoples from the east west and the north the confluence of the Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic and The Baloch people are an Iranian ethnic group that are mainly settled in the Balochistan areas of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. See also History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millennia The history of Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished Orissa formed in 1926 was known as Kalinga in ancient times Kalinga was a prosperous nation whose merchants traded with the lands of Java and Sumatra The former subdivisions of Pakistan are states provinces and territories which mainly existed between 1947 and 1975 when the current provinces The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah Suri (1580 which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan of Punjab" Tibetan history is characterized by a special dedication to the Buddhist religion both in the eyes of its own people as well as for the Mongol and Manchu Coinage of India, issued by Imperial dynasties and smaller Middle kingdoms of India began during the 1st millennium BCE, and consisted The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Lists of incumbents. Economic history of India, in the sense of the meaning of the term economic in its current sense is at least 5000 years old Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies Originating over 5000 years ago the linguistic history of India describes the evolution and transformation of early human communications techniques - from pictures pictorial scripts Indian literature is generally acknowledged as one of the oldest in the world Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when the inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiate trading with Mesopotamia. India has a long military history dating back several millennia This is a timeline of Indian history. It includes the history of South Asia ( Indian subcontinent) especially the history of the regions now known South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union The period of known history of the region begins with the ancient period during which the great king Ashoka ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi The dynasties of Satavahana, Chalukya, Pallava, Rashtrakuta, Chera, Chola, Pandya, Kakatiya and Hoysala were at their peak during various periods of history. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal History In early Tamil literature the great Chera rulers are referred to as Cheral Kuttuvan Irumporai Kollipurai and Athan Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga These kingdoms constantly fought amongst each other and against external forces when Muslim armies invaded south India. Vijayanagara empire rose in response to the Muslim intervention and covered the most of south India and acted as a bulwark against Mughal expansion into the south. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South When the European powers arrived during the 16th century CE, the southern kingdoms were not powerful enough to resist the new threat and eventually succumbed to British occupation. The British created the Madras Presidency which covered most of south India directly administered by the British Raj, and divided the rest into a number of dependent princely states. Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British After Indian independence South India was linguistically divided into the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India.
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Ancient history
Evidence in the forms of documents and inscriptions are rare in the history of ancient South India. Although there are signs that the history dates back to several centuries BCE, we only have any authentic archeological evidence from the early centuries of the common era. The Kingdom of Pratipalapura (5th century BCE), identified with Bhattiprolu, in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh appears to be the earliest known kingdom in South India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Guntur ( Telugu: గుంటూరు Urdu: گنٹور, Hindi: गुंटूर We also have an inscriptional evidence to show that king Kubera was ruling over Bhattiprolu around 230 BC followed by Sala Kings. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh The script of Bhattiprolu inscriptions was the progentor of Brahmi Lipi that diversified later into modern Telugu and Tamil scripts. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. During the reign of Ashoka (304 BCE - 232 BCE) the three Tamil dynasties of Chola, Chera and Pandya were running in the south. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. History In early Tamil literature the great Chera rulers are referred to as Cheral Kuttuvan Irumporai Kollipurai and Athan Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation These kingdoms, while not part of Ashoka's empire, were in friendly terms with the Maurya Empire. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The area of these kingdoms was known as Tamilakam "Land of Tamils"
Satavahanas
Variously known as the Andhras, Andhrabhrityas, Satakarnis and Satavahanas, this dynasty ruled large portions of Central and South India spanning modern day Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. Tamiḻakam ( Tamil தமிழகம் is a Tamil word meaning the Tamil country or the Tamil home. Andhra was a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, ruled by non-Vedic kings The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen The Satavahanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan Empire, and declared independence soon after the death of Ashoka (232 BCE). The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi They were the first native Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a habit borrowed from the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries The Satavahana kings are also remarkable for their contributions to Buddhist art and architecture. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The great stupas in the Krishna River Valley were built by them, including the stupas at Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh. This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nagarjunakonda (meaning Nagarjuna Hill in Telugu) is a historical Buddhist town A great Buddhist university flourished at Nagarjunakonda where Acharya Nagarjuna taught. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nagarjunakonda (meaning Nagarjuna Hill in Telugu) is a historical Buddhist town Acharya Nāgārjuna ( Telugu: నాగార్జున (c 150 - 250 CE) was an Indian philosopher the founder of the Madhyamaka The Satavahana Empire used Prakrit as their official language. Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one The empire started to decline by the 3rd century CE and was supplanted by a number of dynasties including the Chutus, Ikshvakus and Pallavas in South India and Kadambas in Karnataka. The Chutus were feudatories of the Satavahanas in the Deccan region of South India. Ikshvaku dynasty was a dynasty founded by Ikshvaku, grandson of Vivasvan or Surya and son of Vaivasvata Manu. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present
Pandyas
Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation History In early Tamil literature the great Chera rulers are referred to as Cheral Kuttuvan Irumporai Kollipurai and Athan They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Madurai Pandyas are mentioned in Sangam Literature (c. Sangam literature refers to a body of classical Tamil literature created between the years 300 BCE and 600 CE 100 - 200 CE) as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
The early Pandyan dynasty of the Sangam literature went into obscurity during the invasion of the Kalabhras. Identification Kalabhras The identification of the Kalabhras is difficult The dynasty revived under Kadungon in the early 6th century, pushed the Kalabhras out of the Tamil country and ruled from Madurai. They again went into decline with the rise of the Cholas in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with them. Pandyas allied themselves with the Sinhalese and the Keralas in harassing the Chola empire until they found an opportunity for reviving their fortunes during the late 13th century. Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (c. 1251) expanded their empire in to the Telugu country and invaded Sri Lanka to conquer the northern half of the island. They also had extensive trade links with the Southeast Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. During their history Pandyas were repeatedly in conflict with the Pallavas, Cholas, Hoysalas and finally the Muslim invaders from the Delhi Sultanate. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Pandyan Kingdom finally became extinct after the establishment of the Madurai Sultanate in the 16th century. The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south Indian coast, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced one of the finest pearls known in the ancient world.
Cholas
The Cholas were one the three main dynasties to rule south India from ancient times. Karikala Chola was the famous king during the early centuries of the common era and managed to gain ascendency over the Pandyas and Cheras. Karikala Chola ( Tamil: கரிகால சோழன்) was the greatest among the early Chola kings of the Sangam age in South India Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation History In early Tamil literature the great Chera rulers are referred to as Cheral Kuttuvan Irumporai Kollipurai and Athan The Chola dynasty however went into a period of decline from c. fourth century C. E. This period coincided with the ascendency of Kalabhras who moved down from the Andhra country displacing the established kingdoms and ruled over most of south India for almost 300 years. Identification Kalabhras The identification of the Kalabhras is difficult
Vijayalaya Chola revived the Chola dynasty in 850 C. Vijayalaya was the Chola king of South India who captured Thanjavur during c Events By Place Asia Emperor Montoku succeeds Emperor Nimmyō as Emperor of Japan. E. by conquering Thanjavur and made it his capital. Thanjavur ( Tamil: தஞ்சாவூர் also known by its Anglicised name Tanjore, and it is the Eleventh largest city in Tamil Nadu (after His son Aditya I defeated the Pallava king Aparajita and extended the Chola territories to Tondaimandalam. Aditya I ( Tamil:முதலாம் ஆதித்த சோழன் (c The centers of the Chola Kingdom were at Kanchi (Kanchipuram) and Thanjavur. Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of One of the most powerful rulers of the Chola kingdom was Raja Raja Chola. Rajaraja Chola I (இராஜராஜ சோழன் is one of the greatest kings of the Chola Empire, who ruled between 985 and 1014 CE He ruled from 985 - 1014 C. Events By Place Europe Barcelona is sacked by Al-Mansur. Greenland is colonized by Icelandic E. His army conquered the Navy of the Cheras at Thiruvananthapuram, and annexed Anuradhapura and the northern province of Ceylon. Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Anuradhapura, (අනුරාධපුර in Sinhala, அனுராதபுரம் in Tamil) is one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, famous Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, invaded Bengal, and undertook a great naval campaign that occupied parts of Malaya, Burma, and Sumatra. "Rajendra Chola" redirects here For Rajendra Chola II see Rajendra Chola II. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Chola dynasty began declining by the 13th century and ended in 1279. Cholas were great builders and have left some of the most beautiful examples of early Dravidian temple architecture. Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is a fine example and has been listed as one of the United Nation's World Heritage sites. The Brihadishwara Temple ( Tamil: ta பெருவுடையார் கோவில் also known as Rajarajeswaram, at Thanjavur is a brilliant Thanjavur ( Tamil: தஞ்சாவூர் also known by its Anglicised name Tanjore, and it is the Eleventh largest city in Tamil Nadu (after The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
Cheras
The Chera dynasty were one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century C. E. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Namakkal, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Malabar (മലബാര് is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Coimbatore (கோயம்புத்தூர் also known as Kovai (கோவை is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Namakkal (நாமக்கல் is a city and a Municipality in Namakkal Karur ( Tamil: கரூர்) is a town and a Municipality in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu situated Salem District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. Throughout the reign of the Cheras, trade continued to bring prosperity to Kerala, with spices, ivory, timber, pearls and gems being exported to the Middle East and to southern Europe. Evidence of extensive foreign trade from ancient times can be seen throughout the Malabar coast, Karur and Coimabtore districts.
Pallavas
The Pallavas were a great south Indian dynasty who ruled between the third century CE until their final decline in the ninth century CE. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery Their capital was Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Their origins are not clearly known. Tamil Origin The word Pallava means branch or twig in Sanskrit. However, it is surmised that they were of Aryan (Pahlava / Kambhoja) origin and they probably were feudatories of Satavahanas. The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Brhatsamhita The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Pallavas started their rule from Krishna river valley, known today as Palnadu, and subsequently spread to southern Andhra Pradesh and north Tamil Nadu. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Mahendravarman I was a prominent Pallava king who began work on the rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram. Mahendravarman I ( Tamil: மகேந்திரவர்மன் (600 - 630 CE was a Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of what forms present-day WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mahabalipuram (மகாபலிபுரம் also known as Mamallapuram (மாமல்லபுரம் His son Narasimhavarman I came to throne in 630 CE. Narasimhavarman I ( Tamil: முதலாம் நரசிம்மவர்மன் was one of the most famous Pallava kings who ruled South India He defeated the Chalukya king Pulakesi II in 632 CE and burned the Chalukyan capital Vatapi. Pulakesi II (ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಪುಲಿಕೇಶಿ (610 - 642 CE is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Pallavas and Pandyas dominmated the souther regions of South India between the sixth and the ninth centuries CE. Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation .
Kadambas of Banavasi
Kadambas ruled during 345-525 CE. The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present Their kingdom spanned the presnet day Karnataka state. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Banavasi was their capital. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Banavasi (ಬನವಾಸಿ is an ancient temple town on the border of Uttara Kannada District They expanded their territories to cover Goa, Hanagal. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Hangal is a town in Haveri district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The dynasty was founded by Mayura Sharma c. 345 CE. They built fine temples in Banavasi, Belgaum, Halsi and Goa. Belgaum ( Halasi is a town in the Belgaum district of Karnataka state in India. Kadambas were the first rulers to use Kannada as an administrative language as proven by the Halmidi inscription (450 CE) and Banavasi copper coin. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Halmidi inscription is the oldest known Kannada language inscription in the Kannada script, dating to the 5th or 6th century A With the rise of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami, the Kadambas ruled as their feudatory from 525 CE for another five hundred years. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central
Ganga Dynasty of Talkad
The Ganga dynasty ruled southern Karnataka region during 350 - 550 CE. Kambadahalli is a village in Mandya district of Karnataka state in southwestern India. Mandya District ( Kannada ಮಂಡ್ಯ) is an administrative District located in Karnataka, India. The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka They continued to rule until the 10th century as feudatories of Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central They rose from the region after the fall of the Satavahana empire and created a kingdom for themselves in Gangavadi (south Karnataka) while the Kadambas, their contemporaries, did the same in north Karnataka. The area they controlled was called Gangavadi which included the present day districts of Mysore, Chamrajanagar, Tumkur, Kolar, Mandya and Bangalore. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India Chamarajanagara ಚಾಮರಾಜನಗರ is the southern-most district in the state of Karnataka, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Tumakuru ( Kannada:ತುಮಕೂರು formerly Tumkur is a city in Karnataka state of southern WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kolara ( Kannada:ಕೋಲಾರ is a city in South Indian state of Karnataka WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mandya ( Kannada: ಮಂಡ್ಯis a city in Mandya District in Karnataka Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. They continued to rule until the 10th century as feudatories of Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Gangas initially had their capital at Kolar, before moving it to Talakad near Mysore. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kolara ( Kannada:ಕೋಲಾರ is a city in South Indian state of Karnataka Talakad (also known as Talakadu) ( Kannada:ತಲಕಾಡು is a town on the left bank of the Kaveri river at a spot where the river makes a sharp They made a significant contribution to Kannada literature with such noted writers as King Durvinita, King Shivamara II and Chavundaraya. Durvinita (529-579 CE is seen as the most successful ruler of the Western Ganga Dynasty. Shivamara II was the son of Sripurusha and ruled the Western Ganga Dynasty from 788 - 816 C Chavundraya (ಚಾಮುಂಡರಾಯ ಚಾವುಂಡರಾಯ (or Chamundaraya, 940&ndash989 was a military commander poet and a minister in the court The famous Jain monuments at Shravanabelagola were built by them. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Chalukyas of Badami
One of the first kings of the Chalukyan dynasty was Pulakesi I. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Pulakesi I (543&ndash566 CE established the Chalukya dynasty in then western Deccan and his descendants ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of He ruled from Badami, the present day Bijapur, Karnataka, in Karnataka. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ formerly known as Vatapi, is a Taluk in the Bagalkot District Bijapur (ವಿಜಾಪುರ Vijapur is a district headquarters of the Bijapur District in the state of Karnataka. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India His son Pulakesi II became the king of the Chalukyan empire in 610 CE and ruled until 642 CE. Pulakesi II (ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಪುಲಿಕೇಶಿ (610 - 642 CE is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Pulakesi II is most remembered for the battle he fought and won against Emperor Harshavardhana in 637 AD. Harsha or Harshavardhana (हर्षवर्धन or "Harsha vardhan" ( 590 &ndash 647) was an Indian emperor who ruled Northern India He also defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman I. Mahendravarman I ( Tamil: மகேந்திரவர்மன் (600 - 630 CE was a Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of what forms present-day The Chalukya empire existed from 543 CE - 757 CE and an area stretching from Kaveri to Narmada rivers. The Chalukyas created the Chalukyan style of architecture. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Great monuments were built in Pattadakal, Aihole and Badami. Pattadakal ( Kannada - ಪಟ್ಟದಕಲ್ is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that are the culmination Aihole ( Kannada ಐಹೊಳೆ is a town in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ formerly known as Vatapi, is a Taluk in the Bagalkot District These temples exhibit evolution of the Vesara style of architecture. Vesara is a type of Indian architecture primarily used in temples
The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukyas, who were related to the Badami Chalukyas ruled along the east coast of South India around the present-day Vijayawada. The Vengi kingdom extended from the Godavari River in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just south of the banks of River Krishna in the Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the Vijayawada ( (విజయవాడ also known as Bezawada is the third largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India, located on the banks of the Krishna River The Eastern Chalukya dynasty was created by Kubja Vishnuvardhana, a brother of Pulakesi II. Kubja Vishnuvardhana ( 624 – 641 CE was the brother of Chalukya Pulakesi II. Pulakesi II (ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಪುಲಿಕೇಶಿ (610 - 642 CE is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. The Eastern Chalukyas continued to rule for over five hundred years and were in close alliance with the Cholas.
Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
The Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from Manyaketha in Gulbarga from 735 CE until 982 CE and reached its peak under Amoghavarsha I (814 - 878 CE), considered Ashoka of South India. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Kalburgi (formerly Gulbarga; Kannada:ಕಲಬುರ್ಗಿ is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. Amoghavarsha I (ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ನೃಪತುಂಗ (800–878 C The Rashtrakutas came to power at the decline of the Badami Chalukyas and were involved in a three-way power struggle for control of the Gangetic plains with the Prathihara of Gujarat and Palas of Bengal. Origin The Gurjar Pratiharas were one of the Agnikula clans of Rajputs according to a legend given in later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Glutinous rice ( Oryza sativa var glutinosa or Oryza glutinosa; also called sticky rice, sweet rice, waxy rice Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The Rashtrakutas were responsible for building some of the beautiful rock-cut temples of Ellora including the Kailasa temple. Ellora ( Marathi: Verul is an archaeological site 30 km (186 miles from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra Kannada language literature flourished during this period of Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna and Shivakotiacharya. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Pampa (ಪಂಪ born 902 CE also known as Adikavi Pampa (ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time Sri Ponna ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಪೊನ್ನ) was the royal poet in the court of Rashtrakuta King Krishna III. Shivakotiacharya authored Vaddaradhane in 900 CE during the rule of Rashtrakuta king Krishna II. King Amoghavarsha I wrote the earliest extant Kannada classic Kavirajamarga. Amoghavarsha I (ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ನೃಪತುಂಗ (800–878 C Extant literature refers to texts that have survived from the past to the present time Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ (850 CE is the earliest available writing on literary criticism poetics and grammar in the Kannada language
Chalukyas of Kalyani
The Western Chalukya Empire was created by the descendants of the Badami Chalukya clan and ruled from 973 - 1195 CE. The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South Their capital was Kalyani, present day Basava Kalyana in Karnataka. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Basavakalyan is a Town in Bidar District of the state of Karnataka, India Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India They came to power at the decline of the Rashtrakutas. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal They ruled from the Kaveri in the South to Gujarath in the north. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya VI. Vikramaditya VI (1076 – 1126 CE became the Western Chalukya King after deposing his elder brother Somesvara II. The Kalyani Chalukyas promoted the Gadag style of architecture, excellent examples of which are present in Gadag, Dharwad, Koppal and Haveri districts of Karnataka. Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Introduction Gadag-Betageri ( Kannada ಗದಗis a town and a City municipal council WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Introduction Gadag-Betageri ( Kannada ಗದಗis a town and a City municipal council Dharwad, also known as Dharwar, ( Kannada:ಧಾರವಾಡ is a city in India's Karnataka state Koppal is a town in Koppal district in the Indian state of Karnataka. For the village in Azerbaijan see Hovari. Haveri is a city in Karnataka, a state of southern India. They patronised great Kannada poets such as Ranna and Nagavarma II and is considered as a golden age of Kannada literature. Ranna (ರನ್ನ was one of the earliest poets of Kannada language. Nagavarma II was a 12th century Kannada scholar and grammarian in the Western Chalukya court in South India. Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the The Vachana Sahitya style of native Kannada poetry flourished during these times. Vachana sahitya ( Kannada: ವಚನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ) is a form of writing in Kannada (also see Kannada poetry) which evolved in the 12th Century
Hoysalas
Hoysalas began their rule as subordinates of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and gradually established their own empire. Somanathapura ಸೋಮನಾಥಪುರ (also known as Somnathpur) is a town located 30 km from Mysore city in Mysore district, Karnataka The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Nripa Kama Hoysala who ruled in the western region of Gangavadi, founded the Hoysala dynasty. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga His later successor Ballala I reigned from his capital at Belur. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Belur ( Kannada:ಬೇಲೂರು is a Panchayat town in Hassan district in the Vishnuvardhana Hoysala (1106 - 1152 CE) conquered the Nolamba region earning the title Nolambavadi Gonda. Vishnuvardhana ( Kannada: ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ (1108-1152 CE was a king of the Hoysala Empire in present day Indian state of Karnataka Some of the most magnificent specimens of South Indian temples are those attributed to the Hoysala dynasty of Karnataka. Vesara style reached its peak in their period. Vesara is a type of Indian architecture primarily used in temples Hoysalas period is remembered today as one of the brightest periods in the history of Karnataka. They ruled Karnataka for over three centuries from c. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India 1000 to 1342 CE. The most famous kings among the Hoysalas were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Vishnuvardhana ( Kannada: ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ (1108-1152 CE was a king of the Hoysala Empire in present day Indian state of Karnataka Veera Ballala II ( Kannada: ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ (1173 - 1220 CE was the greatest monarch of the Hoysala Empire. Veera Ballala III (1291-1343 CE was the last great king of the Hoysala Empire that ruled over what is now the South Indian state of Karnataka. Jainism flourished during the Hoysala period. Ramanuja the founder of Shri Vaishnavism, came to Hoysala kingdom to spread his religion. Hoysalas encouraged both Kannada and Sanskrit literature and earned a great name as builders of temples at Belur, Halebidu, Somanathapura, Belavadi and Amrithapura. Literature in Sanskrit begins with the Vedas, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India; the golden age of Classical WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Belur ( Kannada:ಬೇಲೂರು is a Panchayat town in Hassan district in the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Halebidu ( Kannada ಹಳೆಬೀಡು is located in Hassan District, Karnataka Somanathapura ಸೋಮನಾಥಪುರ (also known as Somnathpur) is a town located 30 km from Mysore city in Mysore district, Karnataka Such famous poets as Rudrabhatta, Janna, Raghavanka and Harihara wrote many classics in Kannada during this time. Rudrabhatta was an influential Kannada writer in the court of the Hoysala Empire whose patron was a minister of King Veera Ballala II in the late 12th century Janna ( Kannada: ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಜನ್ನ was one of the well-known Kannada poets of the early 13th century who also served in the capacity of a minister and a builder Raghavanka (Kannadaರಾಘವಾಂಕ was a noted Kannada writer and a poet in the Hoysala court which flourished in the late 12th to early 13th century Harihara (or Harisvara ( Kannada:ಹರಿಹರ) was a noted Kannada poet and writer in the 12th century
Kakatiya
The Kakatiya dynasty rose to prominence in the eleventh century with the decline of the Chalukyas. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central By the early 12th century, the Kakatiya Durjaya clan declared independence and began expanding their kingdom[1]. By the end of the century, their kingdom had reached the Bay of Bengal and it stretched between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism The empire reached its zenith under Ganapatideva who was its greatest ruler. At its largest, the empire included most of modern day Andhra Pradesh and parts of Orissa, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh and Karnataka. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Ganapatideva was succeeded by his daughter Rudramamba. The Kakatiya dynasty lasted for three centuries. Warangal was their capital. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a By the early 14th century, the Kakatiya dynasty attracted the attention of the Delhi Sultanate under Allauddin Khilji. It paid tribute to Delhi for a few years, but was eventually conquered by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323. Muhammad bin Tughluq (محمد بن تغلق (c1300&ndash 1351 also Prince Juna Khan was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351
Musunuri
After the downfall of Kakatiya empire, two cousins known as Musunuri Nayaks rebelled against Delhi Sultanate and recaptured Warangal and brought the whole of Telugu-speaking areas under their control. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE The Musunuri Nayaks were Kamma warrior chieftains in the Kakatiya army who regained Andhradesa in 1326 from the Delhi Sultanate in the aftermath The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a Although short lived (50 years), the Nayak rule is considered a watershed in the history of South India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Their rule inspired the establishment of Vijayanagar empire to defend Hindu dharma for the next five centuries. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical
Medieval history
Rise of Muslim kingdoms
The early medieval period saw the rise of Muslim power in South India. Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. The defeat of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए and the defeat of the Hoysalas in 1333 CE. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga heralded a new chapter in South Indian history. The grand struggle of the period was between the Bahmani Sultanate based in Gulbarga and the Vijayanagara Empire with its capital in Vijayanagara in modern Hampi. The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms Kalburgi (formerly Gulbarga; Kannada:ಕಲಬುರ್ಗಿ is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. By the early sixteenth century, the Bahmani empire fragmented into five different kingdoms based in Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur and Golconda, together called the Deccan Sultanates. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ahmednagar (Marathi/Hindi अहमदनगर Urdu عحمدناگار is a city of Ahmednagar District --> Bidar ( Kannada ಬೀದರ್) is a city and taluka in Karnataka state India. The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire, founded in the early 14th century with the purpose of stemming the tide of Muslim power overrunning South India, lasted for almost 200 years. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South It was visited and recorded by the Persian scholar Abdur Razzaq (traveller). layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Abdur Razzaq, also spelled Razzak, was an ambassador from Persia to Calicut, India, during the Vijayanagara empire in the 15th century The empire reached its zenith of its power and prosperity during the reign of Tuluva king, Krishnadevaraya. Sri Krishnadevaraya ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ (1509-1529 CE was the most famous Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of art, music, dance and literature and an accomplished poet himself in Telugu. The empire maintained active trade relations with the Portuguese. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Domingo Paes, the Portuguese trader who lived in the capital in the 1520s wrote of its prosperity, splendor and bazaars full of with precious stones. Vijayanagara was conquered by the combined forces of the Deccan sultanates in 1565 in the Battle of Tallikota. The Battle of Talikota Kannada ತಾಳಿಕೋಟೆ(or Tellikota) ( January 26, 1565) a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara The Hampi ruins are scattered today over an area of fourteen square miles. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Telugu literature peaked during this time. The Kannada Haridasa movement and Sahitya (literature) fostered strong Hindu traditions. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India.
With the fall of Vijayanagara and the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda and Hyderabad became the dominant power in the region. The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms The Qutb Shahi dynasty ( Urdu: سلطنت قطب شاهی) (whose members were also called the Qutub Shahis) was the ruling family of the kingdom Hyderābād and Berar (హైదరాబాదు حیدر آباد under the Nizams was the largest Princely state in the erstwhile Indian Empire Qutb Shahi dominance of the region continued until the middle of the 17th century, when the Mughals under Aurangzeb made determined inroads into the Deccan. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Golconda was conquered in 1687.
Nayak kingdoms
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Vijayangara empire had established Military and administrative governors called Nayakas to rule in the various territories of the empire. Shivamogga District ( Kannada: ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ is a district in the Karnataka state of India. After the demise of the Vijayanagara empire, the local governors declared their independence and started their rule. The Nayak of Madurai, Thanjavur Nayak, Ginjee (Senji) Nayak, Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga, Nayakas of Chitradurga and Kingdom of Mysore were the most prominent of them. Prelude Decline of Pandya Rule Muslim Invasion and Vijayanagar Domination Early in the fourteenth century a dispute arose over the succession to the Pandya throne Origins of Nayak rule With the demise of the Chola dynasty in 1279 Thanjavur was ruled by various small chieftains until the Vijayanagara Empire conquered The Nayaka clan Chaudappa ( 1499 - 1530) from Keladi was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shivamogga Origin The earliest chieftens of the kingdom trace their origins as local chiefs ( Dandanayakas) of the Hoysalas during their rule over Karnataka The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 Raghunatha Nayak (1600-1645) was the greatest of the Tanjavur Nayaks. Raghunatha Nayak encouraged trade and permitted a Danish settlement in 1620 at Danesborg at Tarangambadi. This laid the foundation of future European involvement in the affairs of the country. The success of the Dutch inspired the English to seek trade with Thanjavur, which was to lead to far-reaching repercussions. Vijaya Raghava (1631-1675 CE) was the last of the Thanjavur Nayaks. Nayaks reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country and their contributions can be seen even today. Nayaks expanded the existing temples with large pillared halls, and tall gateway towers was a striking feature in the religious architecture of this period. Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar and Tipu Sultan from the Kingdom of Mysore, Madhukari Nayaka of Chitradurga Nayaka clan and Venkatappa Nayaka of Keladi dynasty are the most famous among the post Vijayanagar rulers from Kannada country. The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 This article is about the town of Chitradurga For article on Chitradurga district please see here. Keladi ( Kannada:ಕೆಳದಿ is a temple town in Shimoga district of the state of Karnataka in India.
In Madurai, Thirumalai Nayak was the most famous Nayak ruler. Thirumalai Nayak ruled Madurai between 1623 to 1659 CE He was the most notable of the thirteen Madurai Nayak rulers in the 17th century He patronised art and architecture creating new structures and expanding the existing landmarks in and around Madurai. His landmark buildings are the Meenakshi Temple Gopurams and Thirumalai Nayak Palace in Madurai. On Thirumalai Nayak's death in 1659 CE, other notable ruler was Rani Mangammal. Rani Mangammal (1689—1704 was a queen regent on behalf of her grandson in the Madurai Nayak kingdom in present day Tamil Nadu, India, towards the Shivaji Bhonsle, the great Maratha Ruler, invaded the south, as did Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore and other Muslim Rulers, resulting in chaos and instability and the Madurai Nayak Kingdom collapsed in 1736 following internal strife.
The Tanjavur Nayaks ruled till late 17th century until their dynasty was put to an end by Madurai Rulers, and the Marathas grabbing the opportunity to install their ruler. Origins of Nayak rule With the demise of the Chola dynasty in 1279 Thanjavur was ruled by various small chieftains until the Vijayanagara Empire conquered The Tanjavur Nayak kings were notable for their contribution to Arts and Telugu literature. Telugu literature is the Literature of the Telugu people, an ethnic group based in southern India.
Rise of the Marathas
The rise of Maratha military power under Shivaji and his heirs in the immediate north of what is today considered South India had a profound influence on the political situation of South India, with Maratha control quickly extending as far west as Ganjam and as far south as Thanjavur. The Marāthās ( Marathi: mr मराठा also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu Warriors hailing mostly from the present-day Shivaji Bhosle, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle ( Marathi: छत्रपती शिवाजीराजे भोसले (Born February WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ganjam is a town and a notified area committee in Ganjam District in the state of Orissa, Thanjavur ( Tamil: தஞ்சாவூர் also known by its Anglicised name Tanjore, and it is the Eleventh largest city in Tamil Nadu (after Following the death of Aurangzeb, Mughal power withered, and South Indian rulers gained autonomy from Delhi. The Wodeyar kingdom of Mysore, which was originally in tribute to Vijayanagara and gained in strength over the next few decades, subsequently emerging as the dominant power in the southern part of South India. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India The Asaf Jahis of Hyderabad controlled the territory north and east of Mysore, while the Marathas controlled portions of what is today Karnataka. Nizam ( Urdu: نظام) a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk ( Urdu: نظامالملک) meaning Administrator of the Realm, was Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India By the close of the "medieval" period, most of South India was either ruled directly from, or under tribute to Mysore, Hyderabad or Pune. Pune (ˈpuːneɪ Marathi: पुणे Hindi: पूना formerly Poona, is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra
In 1675, a column of Bijapur army came to Thanjavur to help the Nayak rular Vijayaraghava Nayak to retrieve Vallam from the Madurai Nayak. However, the same army subsequently killed Vijayaraghava Nayak and Ekoji managed to ascend the throne of Thanjavur kingdom. Thus began the Maratha rule of Thanjavur. After Ekoji, his three sons namely Shaji, Serfoji I, Thukkoji alias Thulaja I ruled Thanjavur. The greatest of the Maratha rulers of Thanjavur, was Serfoji II (1798-1832 CE). Serfoji II (Marathi सर्फोजी Tamilசரபோஜி( September 24, 1777 – March 7 1832) was the last ruler of the Serfoji devoted his life to the pursuit of culture and Thanjavur became renowned as a seat of learning. Serfoji's patronised art and literature and built the Saraswati Mahal Library at his palace.
Modern history
Colonial period
In the middle of the 18th century, the French and the British initiated a protracted struggle for military control of South India. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The period was marked by shifting alliances between the two European powers and the local powers, mercenary armies employed by all sides, and general anarchy in South India. Cities and forts changed hands many times, and soldiers were primarily remunerated through loot. The four Anglo-Mysore Wars and the three Anglo-Maratha Wars saw Mysore, the Marathas and Hyderabad aligning themselves in turns with either the British or the French. The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the eighteenth-century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British Eventually, British power in alliance with Hyderabad prevailed and Mysore was absorbed as a princely state within British India. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a The Nizam of Hyderabad sought to retain his autonomy through diplomacy rather than open war with the British. The Maratha Empire that stretched across large swathes of central and northern India was broken up, with most of it annexed by the British.
British South India
South India during the British colonial rule was divided into the Madras Presidency and Hyderabad, Mysore, Thiruvithamcoore (also known as Travancore), Cochin, Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St Hyderābād and Berar (హైదరాబాదు حیدر آباد under the Nizams was the largest Princely state in the erstwhile Indian Empire The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor ( Malayalam: തിരുവിതാങ്കൂര് "Thiru" (respectful prefix which suggests either royal or Vizia-nagaram (విజయనగరo sometimes spelt as Vijaya-nagaram is the main city of the Vizianagaram District of The Madras Presidency was ruled directly by the British, while the rulers of the princely states enjoyed considerable internal autonomy. British Residents were stationed in the capitals of the important states to supervise and report on the activities of the rulers. British troops were stationed in cantonments near the capitals to curb the potential of rebellion. The rulers of these states accepted the principle of paramountcy of the British Crown. The larger princely states issued their own currency and built their own railroads -- with non-standard gauges which would be incompatible with their neighbors. The cultivation of coffee and tea was introduced to the mountainous regions of South India during the British period, and both remain important cash crops. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market
After Independence
On August 15, 1947, the former British India achieved independence as the new dominions of India and Pakistan. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The rulers of India's princely states acceded to the government of India between 1947 and 1950, and South India was organized into a number of new states. Most of South India was included in Madras state, which included the territory of the former Madras Presidency together with the princely states of Banganapalle, Pudukkottai, and Sandur. The other states in South India were Coorg (the erstwhile Coorg province of British India), Mysore State (the former princely state of Mysore) and Travancore-Cochin, formed from the merger of the princely states of Travancore and Cochin. Travancore-Cochin or Thiru-Kochi is a former state of India. It was created on July 1 1949 by the merger of two former Princely The former princely state of Hyderabad became Hyderabad State, and erstwhile Bombay Presidency became Bombay State. The State of Bombay is a former state of India. During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the
In 1953, the Nehru government yielded to intense pressure from the northern Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State, and allowed them to vote to create India's first linguistic state. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Andhra State was created on October 1, 1953 from the northern districts of Madras State, with its capital in Kurnool. Andhra State was a state in India created on October 1 1953 from the Telugu -speaking northern districts of Madras Presidency. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kurnool is a city in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh state of southern India Increasing demands for reorganisation of the patchwork of India's states resulted in the formation of a national States Reorganisation Commission. Based on the commission's recommendations, Parliament of India enacted the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, which reorganized the boundaries of India's states along linguistic lines. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. Andhra State was renamed Andhra Pradesh, and enlarged by the addition of Telugu-speaking region of Telingana, formerly part of Hyderabad State. Telangana or Telingana ( Telugu: తెలంగాణ is a region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Mysore State was enlarged by the addition of Coorg and the Kannada-speaking districts of southwestern Hyderabad State and southern Bombay State. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The new Malayalam-speaking state of Kerala was created by the merger of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar and Kasargod districts of Madras State. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Malabar District was an administrative district of British India and independent India's Madras State. Kasaragod ( Malayalam:കാസര്ഗോഡ് ജില്ല is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Madras State, which after 1956 included the Tamil-majority regions of South India, changed its name to Tamil Nadu in 1968, and Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1972. Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Portuguese India, which included Goa, was annexed by India in 1961, and Goa became a state in 1987. Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The enclaves of French India were ceded to India in the 1950s, and the southern four were organised into the union territory of Pondicherry. French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Puducherry (formerly; புதுச்சேரி or பாண்டிச்சேரி పాండిచెర్రి പുതുശ്ശേരി Pondichéry is a
References
- ^ The History of Andhras, Durga Prasad (http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf
- Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (2000). A History of South India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. ; Srinivasachari (2000). Advanced History of India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Ltd.
- Chandra, Bipin (1999). The India after Independence. New Delhi: Penguin.
See also
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