 History of Japan |
|---|
|
| Glossary |
Japanese history includes alternating periods of long isolation and radical, often revolutionary influences from the outside world. The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. The is an era in the history of Japan from about 500 BC to 300 AD. The is an era in the History of Japan from around 250 to 538 The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun The was a period of Japanese history that occurred from 1333 to 1336. The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history The came at the end of the Warring States Period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place The Nanban trade ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易 nanban-bōeki, "Southern barbarian trade" or the Nanban trade period ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易時代 The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 are the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign Japan participated in from 1914 to 1917 as one of the major Entente Powers, played an important role in securing the sea lanes in South Pacific The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to refers to the Ideology in the Empire of Japan that Militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation and that the strength of the military is At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British Following the end of the Allied occupation in 1952 Japan emerged as a global Economic power is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito The economic history of Japan is one of the most studied for its spectacular growth after the Meiji Revolution to be the first non European Power and after the Second World War The history of Education in Japan dates back at least to the sixth century when Chinese learning was introduced at the Yamato court The military history of Japan is characterised by a long period of Feudal Wars, followed by domestic stability and then foreign conquest The naval history of Japan can be said to begin in early interactions with states on the Asian continent in the early centuries of the 1st millennium, reaching a pre-modern peak This is the glossary of Japanese history including the major terms titles and events the casual (or brand-new reader might find useful in understanding articles on the subject
The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts. The Twenty-Four Histories ( is a collection of Chinese Historical books covering a period of history from 3000 BC to the Ming Dynasty in the However, archaeological evidence indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the upper paleolithic period. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa [1] Following the last ice-age, around 12,000 BC, the rich ecosystem of the Japanese Archipelago fostered human development. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( The, which forms the Country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland washing upon the northwestern The earliest-known pottery belongs to the Jōmon period. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC.
Contents |
Japanese pre-history
Paleolithic
The Japanese Paleolithic (旧石器時代, kyū-sekki-jidai) covers a period starting from around 100,000 to 30,000 BC, when the earliest stone tool implements have been found, and ending around 12,000 BC, at the end of the last Ice-age, corresponding with the beginning of the Mesolithic Jōmon period. The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds A stone tool is in the most general sense any Tool made of stone. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. A start date of around 35,000 BC date is most generally accepted[2]. The Japanese archipelago was disconnected from the continent after the last ice age, around 11,000 BC. After the disclosure of the hoax by an amateur researcher, many of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites have been under thorough reinvestigation. The consisted of a number of lower and middle The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe,
Jōmon Period
The Jōmon period (縄文時代 Jōmon-jidai?) lasted from about 14,000 BC to 300 BC. Events By place Egypt Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus The first signs of civilization and stable living patterns appeared around 14,000 BC with the Jōmon culture, characterized by a mesolithic to neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer lifestyle of wood stilt house and pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Weaving was still unknown and clothes were often made of fur. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. The Jōmon people started to make clay vessels, decorated with patterns made by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks (Jōmon means "patterns of plaited cord"). Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world may be found in Japan, based on radio-carbon dating, along with daggers, jade, combs made of shells, and other household items dated to the 11th millennium BC[3], although the specific dating is disputed. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of Clay figures (dogu) were also excavated. Dogū (土偶 Dogū, "clay idol/figurine" are small humanoid and animal Figurines made during the late Jōmon period (14000 BC to 400 BC The household items suggest trade routes existed with places as far away as Okinawa. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū DNA analysis suggests that the Ainu, an indigenous people that lived in Hokkaidō and the northern part of Honshū are descended from the Jōmon and thus represent descendants of the first inhabitants of Japan. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of
Yayoi Period
The Yayoi period (弥生時代 Yayoi jidai?) lasted from about 400 or 300 BC to 250 AD. Events By place Persian Empire Artaxerxes II King of Persia appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Events By place Egypt Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus Events and Trends Crisis of the Third Century 259 — The Juthungi invade the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube It is named after Yayoi town, the subsection of Bunkyō, Tokyo where archaeological investigations uncovered its first recognized traces. is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. Situated in the middle of the ward area Bunkyō is a residential and educational center
The start of the Yayoi period marked the influx of new practices such as weaving, rice farming, shamanism and iron and bronze-making brought from Korea or China. The is an era in the history of Japan from about 500 BC to 300 AD. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [4] For example, some paleoethnobotany researches show that wet-rice cultivation began about 8000 BC in the Yangtze River Delta and spread to Japan about 1000 BC[5]. Paleoethnobotany, also known as archaeobotany in European (particularly British academic circles is the archaeological sub-field that studies Plant remains from Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The Yangtze River Delta or Yangtze Delta, also called Chang Jiang Delta, or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze ( Hanyu Pinyin:) generally
Japan first appeared in written records in AD 57 with the following mention in China's Book of Later Han[6]: Across the ocean from Luoyang are the people of Wa. The Book of the Later Han ( is one of the official Chinese Historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century, using Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the Formed from more than one hundred tribes, they come and pay tribute frequently. The Book of Wei written in the 3rd century noted the country was the unification of some 30 small tribes or states and ruled by a shaman queen named Himiko of Yamataikoku. The Book of Wei ( is a classic Chinese historical writing compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and serves as an important historical was an obscure Shaman queen of Yamataikoku in ancient Wa (Japan. was an ancient country in Wa (Japan during the late Yayoi period.
During the Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty, Chinese travelers to Kyūshū recorded its inhabitants and claimed that they were the descendants of the Grand Count (Tàibó) of the Wu. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Wu (吳 was a state during the Spring and Autumn Period in China. The inhabitants also show traits of the pre-sinicized Wu people with tattooing, teeth-pulling and baby-carrying. The Book of Wei records the physical descriptions which are similar to ones on Haniwa statues, such men with braided hair, tattooing and women wearing large, single-piece clothing. The Book of Wei ( is a classic Chinese historical writing compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and serves as an important historical The are Terra cotta clay figures which were made for ritual use and buried with the dead as funerary objects during the Kofun period (3rd to 6th century AD of the History
The Yoshinogari site is the most famous archaeological site in the Yayoi period and reveals a large, continuously inhabited settlement in Kyūshū for several hundreds of years. Yoshinogari (吉野ヶ里 遺跡 Yoshinogari iseki) is the name of a large and complex Yayoi Archaeological site in Yoshinogari and Kanzaki Excavation has shown the most ancient parts to be around 400 BC. Among the artifacts are iron and bronze objects, including those from China. It appears the inhabitants had frequent communication with the mainland and trade relations. Today some reconstructed buildings stand in the park on the archaeological site.
Ancient and Classical Japan
The Yamato polity was the main ruling power in Japan from the middle of the 3rd century until 710. The Kofun period (mid 3rd century – mid 6th century), is defined by a period in which many keyhole-shaped tumuli were constructed. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves At the beginning of the Asuka period (mid 6th century – 710), the capital was moved in Asuka, southernmost part of Nara Basin. was one of the Imperial Capitals of Japan during the Asuka period ( 538 A The main difference between the Yayoi period and the Kofun-Asuka periods is the development from a sedentary and agricultural culture to a more advanced and militaristic culture from China via the Korean peninsula. This was replaced by Tang Dynasty Chinese influences during the Nara period which introduced centralized imperial government, aesthetics and religion instead of military advances during the Kofun-Asuka eras. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by [7][8]
Kofun Period
The Kofun period (古墳時代?), beginning around AD 250, is named after the large burial mounds (kofun) that appeared at the time. The is an era in the History of Japan from around 250 to 538 The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date are megalithic Tombs or tumuli in Japan, constructed between early 3rd century and early 7th century. The Kofun period saw the establishment of strong military states centered around powerful clans, and the establishment of the dominant Yamato polity centered in the Yamato and Kawachi provinces, from the 3rd century to the 7th century, origin of the Japanese imperial lineage. was a province of Japan, located in Kinai, corresponding to present-day Nara Prefecture in Honshū. was a province of Japan in Kinai, classified as a greater province The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The polity, suppressing the clans and acquiring agricultural lands, maintained a strong influence in the western part of Japan. Japan started to send tributes to Imperial China in the 5th century. The following is a list of tributaries of Imperial China. Chronological list Many entities have paid Tribute to Imperial China In the Chinese history records, the polity was called Wa and its five kings were recorded. Japanese, is the oldest recorded name of Japan. Chinese Korean and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with the The five kings of Wa (倭の五王 are kings of ancient Japan who sent envoys to China during the 5th century to strengthen the legitimacy of Based upon the Chinese model, they developed a central administration and an imperial court system and its society was organized into occupation groups.
Close relationships between the Three Kingdoms of Korea and Japan began during the middle of this period, around the end of the 4th century. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula According to the Gwanggaeto Stele, Japan actively participated with large armies on the Korean Peninsula during the late 4th and early 5th centuries. The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father According to the Book of Song, of the Liu Song Dynasty, the Liu-Song emperor formally awarded the king of Yamato, which he considered to be his vassal, the title of the military sovereignty over Silla and the Gaya confederacy. The Book of Song ( also called "The History of the Song" is a historical text of the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of The Song Dynasty (宋朝 Pinyin: Sòng cháo Wade-Giles: Sung ( 420 – 479) was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan [9] The Samguk Sagi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms) recorded Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to the Wa to ensure military support; King Asin of Baekje sent his son Jeonji in 397[10] and King Silseong of Silla sent his son in 402. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security Asin of Baekje (?-405 r 392-405 was the 17th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jeonji of Baekje (?-420 r 405-420 was the 18th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Silseong of Silla (d 417 r 402-417 whose name is also given as Silju or Silgeum, was the 18th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla [11]
Asuka period
The Asuka period (飛鳥時代?) is when the proto-Japanese Yamato polity gradually became a clearly centralized state, defining and applying a code of governing laws, such as the Taika Reform and Taihō Codes. The or "Tall Pine Tree Ancient Burial Mound" in Japanese is an ancient Tomb of circular shape located in Asuka village, Nara prefecture, This article is about the village of. For articles related to the capital sites and ruins of, see Asuka Yamato. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture in the Kinki region on Honshū Island, Japan The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The were a set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku in the year 646 [12] The introduction of Buddhism led to the discontinuing of the practice of large kofun.
Buddhism was introduced to Japan in 538 by Baekje, to which Japan provided military support, [13] and it was promoted by the ruling class. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Prince Shotoku devoted his efforts to the spread of Buddhism and Chinese culture in Japan. also known as, was a Regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history He is credited with bringing relative peace to Japan through the proclamation of the Jūshichijō kenpō (十七条憲法), often referred to in Japan as the Seventeen-article constitution, a Confucian style document that focused on the kinds of morals and virtues that were to be expected of government officials and the emperor's subjects. The Seventeen-article constitution (十七条憲法 Jūshichijō kenpō) is a document originating in 604 and said to be authored by Prince Shōtoku.
In a letter brought to the Emperor of China by an emissary from Japan in 607 stated that the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises (Japan) sends a letter to the Emperor of the land where Sun sets (China)[14], thereby implying an equal footing with China which angered the Chinese emperor. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of [15]
Starting with the Taika Reform Edicts of 645, Japanese intensified the adoption of Chinese cultural practices and reorganized the government and the penal code in accordance with the Chinese administrative structure (Ritsuryo) of the time. The were a set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku in the year 646 The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history is the historical Law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Japan. This paved the way for the influential Confucian philosophy in Japan until the 19th century. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B This period also saw the first uses of the word Nihon (日本) as a name for the emerging state.
Nara Period
The Nara period (奈良時代?) of the 8th century marked the first emergence of a strong Japanese state. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Following an Imperial rescript by Empress Genmei the move of the capital to Heijō-kyō, present-day Nara, took place in 710. (661 &ndash December 29 721 was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession in Nara, was the Imperial Palace of Japan (710-784 AD during most of the Nara Period. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. The city was modelled on the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, Chang'an (now Xi'an). The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the
During the Nara Period, political developments were quite limited, since members of the imperial family struggled for power with the Buddhist clergy as well as the regents, the Fujiwara clan. The Fujiwara clan (藤原氏 Fujiwara-shi) descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of Regents in Japan that monopolized the regent positions Japan did enjoy friendly relations with Silla as well as formal relationships with Tang China. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 784, the capital was moved again to Nagaoka to escape the Buddhist priests and then in 794 to Heian-kyo, present-day Kyoto. was the Capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyo Kyoto (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan.
Historical writing in Japan culminated in the early 8th century with the massive chronicles, the Kojiki (The Record of Ancient Matters, 712) and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720). The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. These chronicles give a legendary account of Japan's beginnings, today known as the Japanese mythology. Japanese mythology is a system of beliefs that embraces Shinto and Buddhist traditions as well as agriculture-based Folk religion. According to the myths contained in these 2 chronicles, Japan was founded in 660 BC by the ancestral Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the Shinto deity Amaterasu, or the Sun Goddess. also known as Kamuyamato Iwarebiko; given name Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto, born according to the legendary account in the Kojiki on is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. or is in Japanese mythology a sun goddess and perhaps the most important Shinto. The myths recorded that Jimmu started a line of emperors that remains to this day. Historians assume the myths partly describe historical facts but the first emperor who actually existed was Emperor Ōjin, though the date of his reign is uncertain. or rather Ōjin ōkimi was the 15th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession After the Nara period, actual political power has not been in the hands of the emperor, but in the hands of the court nobility, the shoguns, the military and, more recently, the prime minister. In Japan, Sesshō (摂政 was a title given to a Regent who was named to assist either a child emperor before his Coming of age, or an is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime
Heian Period
The Heian period (平安時代?), lasting from 794 to 1185, is the final period of classical Japanese history. Events By Place Asia Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period. It is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially in poetry and literature. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of When Japanese poets first encountered Chinese poetry, it was at its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written In the early 11th century, Lady Murasaki wrote the world's oldest surviving novel called The Tale of Genji. Murasaki Shikibu ( 紫[[wikt 式|式]] 部; c 973&ndashc 1014 or 1025 or Lady Murasaki as she is sometimes known in English was a Japanese is a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century around the peak of the Heian Period The Man'yōshū and Kokin Wakashū, the oldest existing collections of the Japanese poetry were compiled in the period. is the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime in the Nara or early Heian periods The anthology is one of the most revered of Japan's The, commonly abbreviated as, is an early Heian waka Imperial anthology, conceived by Emperor Uda (r When Japanese poets first encountered Chinese poetry, it was at its peak in the Tang Dynasty.
Strong differentiations from Asian mainland culture traits emerged (such as an indigenous writing system, the kana). Kana is a general term for the syllabic Japanese scripts Hiragana (ひらがな and Katakana (カタカナ as well as the old system Chinese influence had reached its peak, and then effectively ended with the last Imperial-sanctioned mission to Tang China in 838, due to the decline of the Tang Dynasty, although trade expeditions and Buddhist pilgrimages to China continued. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Events By Place Europe At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [16]
Political power in the Imperial court was in the hands of powerful aristocratic families, especially the Fujiwara clan who ruled under the titles Sessho and Kampaku (regents). The kuge (公家 was a Japanese Aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto until the rise of the The Fujiwara clan (藤原氏 Fujiwara-shi) descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of Regents in Japan that monopolized the regent positions In Japan, Sesshō (摂政 was a title given to a Regent who was named to assist either a child emperor before his Coming of age, or an
The end of the period saw the rise of various military clans. Four very important clans were the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan. was one of the honorary surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan of the Heian Period ( 794 – 1185 AD on those of their sons and grandsons who were not For other uses of the word Taira see Taira (disambiguation The was a major Japanese clan in historical Japan The Fujiwara clan (藤原氏 Fujiwara-shi) descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of Regents in Japan that monopolized the regent positions This article is about the Tachibana (橘 clan of court nobles Towards the end of the 12th century, conflicts between those clans turned into civil war, such as the Hōgen and Heiji Rebellions, followed by the Genpei war, from which emerged a society led by samurai clans, under the political rule of a shogun. The Hōgen Rebellion (保元の乱 was a Japanese Civil war fought in 1156 over Japanese imperial succession and control of the Fujiwara The was fought between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1159. The ( 1180 &ndash 1185) were a Conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans and in late- Heian period Japan. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander"
Feudal Japan
The "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from the 12th through the 19th centuries. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The Emperor remained but was mostly kept to a de jure figurehead ruling position. This time is usually divided into periods following the reigning family of the shogun.
Kamakura Period
The Kamakura period (鎌倉時代?), 1185 to 1333, is a period that marks the governance of the Kamakura Shogunate and the transition to the Japanese "medieval" era, a nearly 700-year period in which the Emperor (天皇 tennō), the court, and the traditional central government were left intact but were largely relegated to ceremonial functions. The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun The Kamakura shogunate ( Japanese: 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the Shoguns from Civil, military, and judicial matters were controlled by the bushi (samurai) class, the most powerful of whom was the de facto national ruler, the shogun. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" This period in Japan differed from the old shōen system in its pervasive military emphasis.
In 1185, Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the rival Taira clan. was the founder and the first Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan. For other uses of the word Taira see Taira (disambiguation The was a major Japanese clan in historical Japan And in 1192, Yoritomo was appointed Seii Tai-Shogun by the emperor, and has established a base of power in Kamakura. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, about 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo. Yoritomo ruled as the first in a line of Kamakura shoguns. The Kamakura shogunate ( Japanese: 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the Shoguns from However, after Yoritomo's death, another warrior clan, the Hōjō, came to rule as regents for the shoguns. See the Late Hōjō clan for the Hōjō clan of the Sengoku Period.
A traumatic event of the period was the Mongol invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281, in which massive Mongol forces with superior naval technology and weaponry attempted a full-scale invasion of the Japanese islands. The of 1274 and 1281 were major Military operations undertaken by Kublai Khan to invade the Japanese Islands after conquering Korea A famous typhoon referred to as kamikaze, translating as divine wind in Japanese, is credited with devastating both Mongol invasion forces, although some scholars assert that the defensive measures the Japanese built on the island of Kyūshū may have been adequate to repel the invaders. Kamikaze (神風 is a Japanese word usually translated as divine wind, believed to be a gift from the gods or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Although the Japanese were successful in stopping the Mongols, the invasion attempt had devastating domestic repercussions, leading to the extinction of the Kamakura shogunate.
The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short reestablishment of imperial rule (the Kemmu restoration) under the Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige. The was a period of Japanese history that occurred from 1333 to 1336. Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) ( November 26, 1288 &ndash September 19, 1339) was the 96th emperor was the founder and 1st Shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338 beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with (1301-1338 was the head of the Nitta family in the early fourteenth century and supported the Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the Nanboku-cho period Kusunoki Masashige (楠木 正成 b 1294-1336 was a 14th century Samurai who fought for Emperor Go-Daigo in his attempt to wrest rulership of Japan away The Kamakura period is also said to be the beginning of the "Japanese Middle Ages", which also includes the Muromachi period and lasted until the Meiji Restoration. The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure
Muromachi Period
The Muromachi period (室町時代 Muromachi-jidai?) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era The period marks the governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, also called Muromachi shogunate, which was officially established in 1336 by the first Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Takauji, who seized political power from Emperor Go-Daigo, ending the Kemmu restoration. was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the Shoguns of the Ashikaga family was the founder and 1st Shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338 beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) ( November 26, 1288 &ndash September 19, 1339) was the 96th emperor The was a period of Japanese history that occurred from 1333 to 1336. The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga. was the 15th Shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate in Japan who reigned from 1568 to 1573 ( June 23, 1534 &ndash June 21, 1582) was a major Daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history
The early years of 1336 to 1392 of the Muromachi period is also known as the Nanboku-chō or Northern and Southern Court period, as the Imperial court was split in two. The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history
The later years of 1467 to the end of the Muromachi period is also known as the Sengoku period, the "Warring States period", a time of intense internal warfare, and corresponds with the period of the first contacts with the West, with the arrival of Portuguese "Nanban" traders. The Nanban trade ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易 nanban-bōeki, "Southern barbarian trade" or the Nanban trade period ( Japanese: 南蛮貿易時代
- See also: Nanban trade period and Sengoku period
In 1543, a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, landed on Tanegashima Island Japan. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Tanegashima ( Japanese: 種子島 is an Island lying to the south of Kyūshū, south Japan, and is part of the Kagoshima Prefecture Firearms introduced by Portuguese would bring the major innovation to Sengoku period culminating in the Battle of Nagashino where reportedly 3,000 arquebuses (the actual number is believed to be around 2,000) cut down charging ranks of samurai. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion The took place in 1575 at Nagashino Castle in the Mikawa province of Japan. The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning "hook gun" is During the following years, traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain arrived, as did Jesuit, Dominican, and Franciscan missionaries. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic
- See also: Christianity in Japan
Azuchi-Momoyama Period
The Azuchi-Momoyama period (安土桃山時代 Azuchi-Momoyama-jidai?) runs from approximately 1568 to 1600. from Portuguese cristão, referred to Roman Catholic Christians in Japanese and is used as a historiographic term for Roman Catholics The came at the end of the Warring States Period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place The period marks the military reunification and stabilization of the country under a single political ruler, first by the campaigns of Oda Nobunaga who almost united Japan, achieved later by one of his generals, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. ( June 23, 1534 &ndash June 21, 1582) was a major Daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history The name Azuchi-Momoyama comes from the names of their respective castles, Azuchi castle and Momoyama castle. was one of the primary castles of Oda Nobunaga. It was built from 1576 to 1579, on the shores of Lake Biwa, in Ōmi Province. also known as Momoyama Castle (桃山城 Momoyama-jō) or Fushimi-Momoyama Castle, is a castle in Kyoto's Fushimi
After having united Japan, Hideyoshi invaded Korea in an attempt to conquer Korea, China, and even India. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 However, after two unsuccessful campaigns toward the allied forces of Korea and China and his death, his forces retreated from the Korean peninsula in 1598.
The short period of succession conflict to Hideyoshi was ended when Tokugawa Ieyasu, one of the regents for Hideyoshi's young heir, emerged victorious at the Battle of Sekigahara and seized political power. was the founder and first Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate Background and pretext Even though Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan and consolidated his power following the Siege of Odawara in 1590 his ill-fated
Edo Period
During the Edo Period (江戸時代?), the administration of the country was shared by over two hundred daimyo. The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings The Tokugawa clan, leader of the victorious eastern army in the Battle of Sekigahara, was the most powerful of them, and for fifteen generations monopolized the title of Sei-i Taishōgun (often shortened to shōgun). The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of Background and pretext Even though Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan and consolidated his power following the Siege of Odawara in 1590 his ill-fated With their headquarters at Edo (present-day Tokyo), the Tokugawa commanded the allegiance of the other daimyo, who in turn ruled their domains with a rather high degree of autonomy. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The, or domains, were the Fiefs of Feudal Lords of Japan that were created by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and existed until their
(1603 - 1876 A. D. )
The shogunate carried out a number of significant policies. They placed the samurai class above the commoners: the agriculturists, artisans, and merchants. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. They enacted sumptuary laws limiting hair style, dress, and accessories. They organized commoners into groups of five, and held all responsible for the acts of each individual. To prevent daimyo from rebelling, the shoguns required them to maintain lavish residences in Edo and live at these residences on a rotating schedule; carry out expensive processions to and from their domains; contribute to the upkeep of shrines, temples, and roads; and seek permission before repairing their castles.
Many artistic developments took place during the Edo Period. Most significant among them were the ukiyo-e form of wood-block print, and the kabuki and bunraku theaters. "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 Also, many of the most famous works for the koto and shakuhachi date from this time period. The koto ( 琴 or 箏) is a traditional Japanese stringed Musical instrument derived from the Chinese Zither ( Guzheng The is a Japanese end-blown Flute. Its name means "18 feet" referring to its size
Throughout the Edo Period, the development of commerce, the rise of the cities, and the pressure from foreign countries changed the environment in which the shoguns and daimyo ruled. In 1868, following the Boshin War, the shogunate collapsed, and a new government coalesced around the Emperor. The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the
Seclusion
During the early part of the 17th century, the shogunate suspected that the traders and missionaries were actually forerunners of a military conquest by European powers. Christianity spread in Japan, especially among peasants. The shogunate suspected the loyalty of Christian peasants towards their daimyos and severely persecuted them. This led to a revolt by persecuted peasants and Christians in 1637 known as the Shimabara Rebellion which saw 30,000 Christians, samurai, and peasants facing a massive samurai army of more than 100,000 sent from Edo. The was an uprising largely involving Japanese Peasants, most of them Christians, in 1637–1638 during the Edo period. The rebellion was crushed at a high cost to the shogun's army. After the eradication of the rebels at Shimabara, the shogunate placed foreigners under progressively tighter restrictions. It monopolized foreign policy, and expelled traders, missionaries, and foreigners, with the exception of the Dutch and the Chinese merchants restricted to the man-made island of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay and several small trading outposts outside the country. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. However, during this period of isolation (sakoku) that began in 1635, Japan was much less cut off from the rest of the world than is commonly assumed, and some acquisition of western knowledge occurred under the Rangaku system. Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of
Russian encroachments from the north led the shogunate to extend direct rule to Hokkaidō, Sakhalin and the Kuriles in 1807, but the policy of exclusion continued. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated The Kuril Islands (ˈkʊrɪl or /ˈkjuˈriˈl/ Кури́льские острова́ əstrʌˈva ru-Latn ''Kuril'skie ostrova'' or Kurile Islands in Russia Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
End of seclusion
The policy of isolation lasted for more than 200 years. In 1844, William II of Holland sent a message urging Japan to open her doors, which resulted in Tokugawa shogunate's rejection. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year William II of Holland, (February 1228 - 28 January 1256) was a Count of Holland and Zeeland (1235-1256 [17] On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships — the Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna — steamed into the bay at Edo, old Tokyo, and displayed the threatening power of his ships' cannon. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Matthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 &ndash March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U A warship is a Ship that is built and primarily intended for Combat. Built in Boston in 1844 Built by the Boston Navy Yard, she departed Boston Massachusetts, on 3 April 1844 for the Mediterranean See also USS Nightingale (1851 literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural He requested that Japan open to trade with the West. These ships became known as the kurofune, the Black Ships. The Black Ships (in Japanese, 黒船 kurofune) was the name given to Western vessels arriving in Japan between the 15th and 19th centuries
The following year, at the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, Perry returned with seven ships and requested that the Shogun sign the "Treaty of Peace and Amity," establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States. On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew Perry of the U Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Within five years Japan had signed similar treaties with other western countries. The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29, 1858. The between the United States and Japan was signed at the Ryōsen-ji in Shimoda on July 29, 1858. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common These treaties were widely regarded by Japanese intellectuals as unequal, having been forced on Japan through gunboat diplomacy, and as a sign of the West's desire to incorporate Japan into the imperialism that had been taking hold of the rest of the Asian continent. In International politics, gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of Foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of Military power&mdashimplying Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Among other measures, they gave the Western nations unequivocal control of tariffs on imports and the right of extraterritoriality to all their visiting nationals. Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations They would remain a sticking point in Japan's relations with the West up to the turn of the century.
Meiji Restoration
Renewed contact with the West precipitated profound alteration of Japanese society. Felice Beato (born 1833 or 1834 died c 1907 sometimes known as Felix Beato, was a Corfiote Photographer. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure The shogun resigned and soon after the Boshin War of 1868, the emperor was restored to power. The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The subsequent "Meiji Restoration" initiated many reforms. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure The feudal system was abolished, and numerous Western institutions were adopted, including a Western legal system and a quasi-parliamentary constitutional government, outlined in the Meiji Constitution. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 While many aspects of the Meiji Restoration were adopted directly from Western institutions, others, such as the dissolution of the feudal system and removal of the shogunate, were processes that had begun long before the arrival of Perry.
Russian pressure from the north appeared again after Muraviev had gained Outer Manchuria at Aigun (1858) and Peking (1860). Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov ( Михаил Николаевич Муравьёв in Russian) ( April 19, 1845 - June 21 Outer Manchuria (外滿洲 known in China as Outer Northeast ' (外東北 and Priamurye' ( Cyrillic: Приаму́рье in Russia is the territory The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian Chinese treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East and northern China. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting This led to heavy Russian pressure on Sakhalin which the Japanese eventually yielded in exchange for the Kuril islands (1875). Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated The Kuril Islands (ˈkʊrɪl or /ˈkjuˈriˈl/ Кури́льские острова́ əstrʌˈva ru-Latn ''Kuril'skie ostrova'' or Kurile Islands in Russia Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ryukyu Islands were similarly secured in 1879, establishing the borders within which Japan would "enter the World". The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1898, the last of the "unequal treaties" with Western powers was removed, signalling Japan's new status among the nations of the world. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late In a few decades, by reforming and modernizing social, educational, economic, military, political and industrial systems, the Emperor Meiji's "controlled revolution" had transformed a feudal and isolated state into a world power. The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February
Wars with China and Russia
Japanese intellectuals of the late-Meiji period espoused the concept of a "line of advantage," an idea that would help to justify Japanese foreign policy at the turn of the century. During the Meiji period, the new Japanese government also modernized Foreign policy, an important step in making Japan a full member of the international The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July According to this principle, embodied in the slogan fukoku kyōhei (富国強兵?), Japan would be vulnerable to aggressive Western imperialism unless it extended a line of advantage beyond its borders which would help to repel foreign incursions and strengthen the Japanese economy. Fukoku kyōhei ("Enrich the country strengthen the military" originally a phrase from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period, Fukoku kyōhei ("Enrich the country strengthen the military" originally a phrase from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period, Emphasis was especially placed on Japan's "preeminent interests" in the Korean Peninsula, once famously described as a "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan. " It was tensions over Korea and Manchuria, respectively, that led Japan to become involved in the first Sino-Japanese War with China in 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War with Russia in 1904-1905. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting
The war with China made Japan the world's first Eastern, modern imperial power, and the war with Russia proved that a Western power could be defeated by an Eastern state. The aftermath of these two wars left Japan the dominant power in the Far East, with a sphere of influence extending over southern Manchuria and Korea, which was formally annexed as part of the Japanese Empire in 1910 (see below). Japan had also gained half of Sakhalin Island from Russia.
For Japan and for the moment, it established the country's dominant interest in Korea, while giving it the Pescadores Islands, Formosa (now Taiwan), and the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, which was eventually retroceded in the "humiliating" Triple Intervention. The Pescadores ( from Portuguese, "fishermen" pron pɨʃ Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria The was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki Over the next decade, Japan would flaunt its growing prowess, including a very significant contribution to the Eight-Nation Alliance, formed to quell China's Boxer Rebellion. The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence Many Japanese, however, believed their new empire was still regarded as inferior by the Western powers, and they sought a means of cementing their international standing. This set the climate for growing tensions with Russia, who would continually intrude into Japan's "line of advantage" during this time.
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Taishō and Shōwa eras
In a manner perhaps reminiscent of its participation in quelling the Boxer Rebellion at the turn of the century, Japan entered World War I and declared war on the Central Powers. The first was signed in London at what is now the Lansdowne Club on January 30 1902, by Lord Lansdowne (British foreign secretary) and Marunouchi (丸の内 is a commercial district of Tokyo located in Chiyoda between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Though Japan's role in World War I was limited largely to attacking German colonial outposts in East Asia, it took advantage of the opportunity to expand its influence in Asia and its territorial holdings in the Pacific. Acting virtually independently of the civil government, the Japanese navy seized Germany's Micronesian colonies. It also attacked and occupied the German coaling port of Qingdao in the Chinese Shandong peninsula. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China.
The post-war era brought Japan unprecedented prosperity.
Japan went to the peace conference at Versailles in 1919 as one of the great military and industrial powers of the world and received official recognition as one of the "Big Five" of the new international order. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It joined the League of Nations and received a mandate over Pacific islands north of the Equator formerly held by Germany. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Japan was also involved in the post-war Allied intervention in Russia, occupying Russian (Outer) Manchuria and also north Sakhalin (with its rich oil reserves). Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions It was the last Allied power to withdraw from the interventions against Soviet Russia (doing so in 1925).
Militarism
During the 1920s, Japan progressed toward a democratic system of government in a movement known as 'Taishō Democracy'. Japanese Militarism-Socialism, sometimes also referred to as "Japanese right socialism", "Shōwa Nationalism" or Japanese fascism, refers to a The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign However, parliamentary government was not rooted deeply enough to withstand the economic and political pressures of the late 1920s and 1930s during the Depression era, and its state became increasingly militarized. This was due to the increasing powers of military leaders and was similar to the actions European nations and the U. S. were taking leading up to WW2. These shifts in power were made possible by the ambiguity and imprecision of the Meiji Constitution, particularly its measure that the legislative body was answerable to the Emperor and not the people. The Kodoha, a militarist faction, even attempted a coup d'état known as the February 26 Incident, which was crushed after three days by Emperor Shōwa. The, or "2-2-6 incident", was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 26 – 29 February 1936, launched by the radical also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death
Party politics came under increasing fire because it was believed they were divisive to the nation and promoted self-interest where unity was needed. As a result, the major parties voted to dissolve themselves and were absorbed into a single party, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association (IRAA), which also absorbed many prefectural organizations such as women's clubs and neighborhood associations. The was created by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on 12 October 1940 to promote the goals of his Shintaisei movement However, this umbrella organization did not have a cohesive political agenda and factional in-fighting persisted throughout its existence, meaning Japan did not devolve into a totalitarian state. The IRAA has been likened to a sponge, in that it can soak everything up, but there is little one could do with it afterwards. Its creation was precipitated by a series of domestic crises, including the advent of the Great Depression in the 1930s and the actions of extremists such as the members of the Cherry Blossom Society, who enacted the May 15 incident. was an Ultranationalist secret society established by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 with the goal of reorganizing the state The was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 15 May 1932, launched by radical elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy, aided
Second Sino-Japanese war and World War II
Under the pretext of the Manchurian Incident, Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara invaded Inner (Chinese) Manchuria in 1931, an action the Japanese government ratified with the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo under the last Chinese emperor, Pu Yi. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He and Seishirō Itagaki were the men primarily responsible for the Mukden Incident that took Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor As a result of international condemnation of the incident, Japan resigned from the League of Nations in 1933. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After several more similar incidents fueled by an expansionist military, the second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between
During the first part of the Showa era, according to the Meiji Constitution, the Emperor had the "supreme command of the Army and the Navy" (Article 11). The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 From 1937, Emperor Shōwa became supreme commander of the Imperial General Headquarters, by which the military decisions were made. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death The as part of the Supreme War Council was established in 1893 to coordinate efforts between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during wartime This ad-hoc body consisted of the chief and vice chief of the Army, the minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Navy, the minister of the Navy, the inspector general of military aviation, and the inspector general of military training.
Having joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936, Japan formed the Axis Pact with Germany and Italy on September 27, 1940. The Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries on November 25, 1936 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Many Japanese politicians, believed war with the Occident to be inevitable due to inherent cultural differences and Western imperialism. Japanese imperialism, was then justified by the revival of the traditional concept of hakko ichiu, the divine right of the emperor to unite and rule the world. The following locations represent the maximum extent of Japanese control of lands in the Pacific during the peak of its empire in World War II. was a Japanese Political slogan that became popular during the first part of the Showa era, and was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister of Japan
Tensions were mounting with the U. S. as a result of public outcry over Japanese aggression and reports of atrocities in China, such as the infamous Nanjing Massacre. In retaliation to the invasion of French Indochina the U. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit S. began an embargo on such goods as petroleum products and scrap iron. On July 25, 1941, all Japanese assets in the US were frozen. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Because Japan's military might, especially the Navy, was dependent on their dwindling oil reserves, this action had the contrary effect of increasing Japan's dependence on and hunger for new acquisitions.
Many civil leaders of Japan, including Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro, believed a war with America would end in defeat, but felt the concessions demanded by the U. Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 S. would almost certainly relegate Japan from the ranks of the World Powers, leaving it prey to Western collusion. Civil leaders offered political compromises in the form of the Amau Doctrine, dubbed the "Japanese Monroe Doctrine" that would have given the Japanese free rein with regards to war with China. Japanese Militarism-Socialism, sometimes also referred to as "Japanese right socialism", "Shōwa Nationalism" or Japanese fascism, refers to a The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with These offers were flatly rejected by U. S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull; the military leaders instead vied for quick military action. Cordell Hull ( October 2, 1871 &ndash July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U
Most military leaders such as Osami Nagano, Kotohito Kan'in, Hajime Sugiyama and Hideki Tojo believed that war with Occident was inevitable. Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 was the 6th head of a cadet branch the Japanese imperial family, and a career army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1931 to ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and They finally convinced Emperor Shōwa to sanction on November 1941 an attack plan against U. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death S. , Great Britain and Holland. However, there were dissenters in the ranks about the wisdom of that option, most notably Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku and Prince Takamatsu. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a Early life Prince Nobuhito was born at the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo to then-Crown Prince Yoshihito and Crown Princess Sadako They pointedly warned that at the beginning of hostilities with the US, the Empire would have the advantage for six months, after which Japan's defeat in a prolonged war would be almost certain.
The Americans were expecting an attack in the Philippines (and stationed troops appropriate to this conjecture), but on Yamamoto Isoroku's advice, Japan made the decision to attack Pearl Harbor where it would make the most damage in the least amount of time. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The United States believed that Japan would never be so bold as to attack so close to its home base (Hawaii had not yet gained statehood) and was taken completely by surprise.
The attack on Pearl Harbor, sanctioned by Emperor Shōwa on December 1 1941, occurred on December 7 (December 8 in Japan) and the Japanese were successful in their surprise attack. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Although the Japanese won the battle, the attack proved a long-term strategic disaster that actually did relatively little lasting damage to the U. S. military and provoked the United States to retaliate with full commitment against Japan and its allies. At the same time as the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese army attacked colonial Hong Kong and occupied it for nearly four years. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December
While Nazi Germany was in the middle of its Blitzkrieg through Europe, Japan was following suit in Asia. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial In addition to already having colonized Taiwan and Manchuria, the Japanese Army invaded and captured most of the coastal Chinese cities such as Shanghai, and had conquered French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), British Malaya (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore) as well as the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) while Thailand got in a loose alliance with Japan. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj They had also conquered Burma (Myanmar) and reached the borders of India and Australia, conducting air raids on the port of Darwin, Australia. Japan had soon established an empire stretching over much of the Pacific.
However the Japanese Navy's offensive ability was crippled on its defeat in the Battle of Midway at the hands of the American Navy which turned the tide against them. The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. After almost four years of war resulting in the loss of three million Japanese lives, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the daily air raids on Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, the destruction of all other major cities (except Kyoto, Nara, and Kamakura, for their historical importance), and finally the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan the day before the second atomic bomb was dropped, Japan signed an instrument of surrender on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Harbor on September 2, 1945. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan. is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, about 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo. The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that established the Armistice ending the Pacific War and with it World War II. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Symbolically, the deck of the Missouri was furnished bare except for two American flags. One had flown on the mast of Commodore Perry's ship when he had sailed into that same bay nearly a century earlier to urge the opening of Japan's ports to foreign trade. The other U. S. flag came off the battleship while anchored in Tokyo Bay, it had not flown over the White House or the Capitol Building on 7 December 1941, it was ". . . just a plain ordinary GI flag. "[18]
As a result of its defeat at the end of World War II, Japan lost all of its overseas possessions and retained only the home islands. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Manchukuo was dissolved, and Inner Manchuria was returned to the Republic of China; Japan renounced all claims to Formosa; Korea was taken under the control of the UN; southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles were occupied by the U. S. S. R. ; and the United States became the sole administering authority of the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcano Islands. The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, an international war crimes tribunal, sentenced seven Japanese military and government officials to death on November 12, 1948, including General Hideki Tōjō, for their roles in the war. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
The 1972 reversion of Okinawa completed the United States' return of control of these islands to Japan. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū Japan continues to protest for the corresponding return of the Kuril Islands (Northern territory or 'Hoppou Ryoudo') from Russia. The Kuril Islands (ˈkʊrɪl or /ˈkjuˈriˈl/ Кури́льские острова́ əstrʌˈva ru-Latn ''Kuril'skie ostrova'' or Kurile Islands in Russia
Defeat came for a number of reasons. The most important is probably Japan's underestimation of the industro-military capabilities of the U. S. The U. S. recovered from its initial setback at Pearl Harbor much quicker than the Japanese expected, and their sudden counterattack came as a blow to Japanese morale. U. S. output of military products also skyrocketed past Japanese counterparts over the course of the war. Another reason was factional in-fighting between the Army and Navy, which led to poor intelligence and cooperation. This was compounded as the Japanese forces found they had overextended themselves, leaving Japan itself vulnerable to attack. Another important factor is Japan's underestimation of resistance in China, which Japan claimed would be conquered in three months. The prolonged war was both militarily and economically disastrous for Japan.
Occupied Japan
After the war, Japan was placed under international control of the American-led Allied powers in the Asia-Pacific region through General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II This was the first time since the unification of Japan that the island nation was successfully occupied by a foreign power. Some high officers of the Shōwa regime were prosecuted and convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. However, Emperor Shōwa, all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as prince Asaka, prince Chichibu, prince Takeda, prince Higashikuni, prince Hiroyasu Fushimi, as well as Shiro Ishii and all members of unit 731 were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by MacArthur. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Background and Family Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess The, were branches of the Japanese Imperial Family created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house was the 30th Prime Minister of Japan from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945 for a period of 54 days was a scion of the Japanese imperial family and was a career naval officer who served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1932 to 1941 was a Microbiologist and the Lieutenant general of Unit 731, a Biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during [19].
Entering the Cold War with the Korean War, Japan came to be seen as an important ally of the US government. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as an elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and expanded suffrage. The country's constitution took effect on May 3, 1947. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States and 45 other Allied nations signed the Treaty of Peace with Japan in September 1951. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Attending countries Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in March 20, 1952, and under the terms of the treaty, Japan regained full sovereignty on April 28, 1952. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Post-Occupation Japan 1952-1990
After a series of realignment of political parties, the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the leftist Social Democratic Party (SDP) were formed in 1955. Following the end of the Allied occupation in 1952 Japan emerged as a global Economic power The, frequently abbreviated to LDP or, is a Centre right, conservative, Political party and the largest party in Japan. The Social Democratic Party (社会民主党 Shakai Minshu-tō, often abbreviated to 社民党 Shamin-tō; also abbreviated as SDP in English The political map in Japan had been largely unaltered until early 1990s and LDP had been the largest political party in the national politics[20]. LDP politicians and government bureaucrats focused on economic policy. A bureaucrat is a member of a Bureaucracy, usually within an institution of the Government. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Japan experienced its rapid development into a major economic power, through a process often referred to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. Japanese post-war economic miracle is the name given to the historical phenomenon of Japan's record period of economic growth following World War II, spurred
Japan's biggest postwar political crisis took place in 1960 over the revision of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. The was signed between the United States and Japan in Washington DC on January 19, 1960. As the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was concluded, which renewed the United States role as military protector of Japan, massive street protests and political upheaval occurred, and the cabinet resigned a month after the Diet's ratification of the treaty. Thereafter, political turmoil subsided. Japanese views of the United States, after years of mass protests over nuclear armaments and the mutual defense pact, improved by 1972, with the reversion of United States-occupied Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty and the winding down of the Second Indochina War. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
Japan had reestablished relations with the Republic of China after World War II, and cordial relations were maintained with the nationalist government when it was exiled to Taiwan, a policy that won Japan the enmity of the People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES After the general warming of relations between China and Western countries, especially the United States, which shocked Japan with its sudden rapprochement with Beijing in 1971, Tokyo established relations with Beijing in 1972. Close cooperation in the economic sphere followed. Japan's relations with the Soviet Union continued to be problematic long after the war. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The main object of dispute was the Soviet occupation of what Japan calls its Northern Territories, the two most southerly islands in the Kurils (Etorofu and Kunashiri) and Shikotan and the Habomai Islands, which were seized by the Soviet Union in the closing days of World War II. Northern Territories may refer to several geographic locations Northern Territories a term used by the Japanese to refer to the territory disputed with Russia The Kuril Islands (ˈkʊrɪl or /ˈkjuˈriˈl/ Кури́льские острова́ əstrʌˈva ru-Latn ''Kuril'skie ostrova'' or Kurile Islands in Russia Iturup (Итуру́п Ainu エト・オロ・プ 択捉島 Etorofu) is the largest Island of the South Kuril Islands. Kunashir Island (Кунаши́р 国後島 Kunashiri) meaning Black Island in Ainu) is the southernmost island of the Kuril Islands Shikotan, both in Russian (Шикотан and Japanese (色丹島 and one of the bigger islands of the Kuril Islands, is located in the Sakhalin The Khabomai Rocks (Russian Хабомаи ( Khabomai) Japanese 歯舞群島 ( Habomai guntō) are a group of Islets in the southernmost Kuril
Throughout the postwar period, Japan's economy continued to boom, with results far outstripping expectations. Given a massive boost by the Korean War, in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force, Japan's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth, led by the manufacturing sectors. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres, including steel working, car manufacture and the manufacture of electronic goods. Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade, GNP, and general quality of life. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people These achievements were underscored by the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games and the Osaka International Exposition in 1970. The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan Expo '70 was a World's Fair held in Suita Osaka, Japan between March 15 and September 13, 1970. The high economic growth and political tranquility of the midto late 1960s were tempered by the quadrupling of oil prices by the OPEC in 1973. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II. Another serious problem was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights during Nakasone's first term. Nakasone is a Japanese family name People with the name include Yasuhiro Nakasone (born 1918 71st to 73rd Prime Minister of Japan Hirofumi The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States.
Political and Economic Reform since 1990s
1989 marked one of the most rapid economic growth spurts in Japanese history. With a strong yen and a favorable exchange rate with the dollar, the Bank of Japan kept interest rates low, sparking an investment boom that drove Tokyo property values up sixty percent within the year. is the Central bank of Japan. History Like most modern Japanese institutions the Bank of Japan was born after the Meiji Restoration. Shortly before New Year's Day, the Nikkei 225 reached its record high of 39,000. is a Stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE The Nikkei average is the most watched index of Asian stocks By 1991, it had fallen to 15,000, signifying the end of Japan's famed bubble economy[21]. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. An economic bubble (sometimes referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, or a speculative Unemployment ran reasonably high, but not at crisis levels. Rather than suffer large scale unemployment and layoffs, Japan's labor market suffered in more subtle, yet no less profound effects that were none-the-less difficult to gauge statistically. During the prosperous times, jobs were seen as long term even to the point of being life long. In contrast, Japan during the lost decade saw a marked increase in temporary and part time work which only promised employment for short periods and marginal benefits. This also created a generational gap, as those who had entered the labor market prior to the lost decade usually retained their employment and benefits, and were effectively insulated from the economic slowdown, whereas younger workers who entered the market a few years later suffered the brunt of its effects.
In a series of financial scandals of the LDP, a coalition of led by Morihiro Hosokawa took a power in 1993. Morihiro Hosokawa (細川 護煕 Hosokawa Morihiro, born January 14, 1938) is a Japanese Politician who was the 79th Prime Minister Hosokawa succeeded to legislate new plurality voting election law instead of the stalemated multi-member constituency election system[22]. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member The single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an Electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections However, the coalition collapsed the next year as parties had gathered to simply overthrow LDP and lacked a unified position on almost every social issue. The LDP returned to the government in 1996, when it helped to elect Social Democrat Tomiichi Murayama as prime minister. is a retired Japanese politician who served as the 81st Prime Minister of Japan from June 30, 1994 to January 11, 1996.
The Great Hanshin earthquake hit Kobe on January 17, 1995. The Great Hanshin Earthquake, or Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known outside of Japan, was an Earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1 6,000 people were killed and 44,000 were injured. 250,000 houses were destroyed or burned in a fire. The amount of damage totaled more than ten trillion yen[23]. In March of the same year the doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo attacked on the Tokyo subway system with sarin gas and killed 12 and hundreds were injured. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese new religious movement organization The Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, usually referred to in the Japanese media as the, was an act of Domestic terrorism perpetrated by members of Aum The Tokyo subway is an integral part of the world's most extensive Rapid transit system in a single metropolitan area Greater Tokyo. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Later the investigation revealed that the cult was responsible for dozens of murders that occurred prior to the gas attacks[24].
Junichiro Koizumi was elected president of the LDP and Prime Minister of Japan in April 2001. is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006 Koizumi Enjoyed high approval ratings and won some general elections. He pushed ahead with economic reforms and consolidation of the inefficient governmental organizations such as the national postal system. Koizumi also had an active involvement in the War on Terrorism, sending 1,000 soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to help in Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq War, the biggest overseas troop deployment since World War II. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The, or JSDF, are the military forces in Japan that were established after the end of the post- World War II American occupation of Japan The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign
Today
The current government is led by Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda. was the 91st Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008 The ruling coalition was formed by the conservative LDP and the New Komeito Party, a theocratic Buddhist political party based on the controversial Buddhist sect Soka Gakkai. The, New Komeito Party, or NKP is a Centre-right political party in Japan founded by members of the Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The opposition was formed by the liberal Democratic Party of Japan, the largest party in the upper house. The is a liberal Political party in Japan founded in 1998 by the merger of several smaller parties Other parties are the staunchly communist Japanese Communist Party, the leftist Social Democratic Party and the conservative People's New Party. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Japanese Communist Party ( JCP) ( Japanese " 日本共産党 Nihon Kyōsan-tō) is a Political party in Japan. The Social Democratic Party (社会民主党 Shakai Minshu-tō, often abbreviated to 社民党 Shamin-tō; also abbreviated as SDP in English The People's New Party (国民新党 Kokumin Shintō) is a Centre-right, Conservative, Japanese political party formed on August 17
Periodization
One commonly accepted periodization of Japanese history:
| Dates | Period | Period | Subperiod | Major Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30,000 BC – 10,000 BC | Japanese Paleolithic | tribal governments | ||
| 10,000 BC – 3000 BC | Ancient Japan | Jōmon | local clans | |
| 900 BC – 250 AD (overlaps) | Yayoi | local clans | ||
| c. Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide Time into discrete named blocks The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date The is an era in the history of Japan from about 500 BC to 300 AD. 250 – 538 AD | Yamato | Kofun | Yamato clans | |
| 538 – 710 AD | Classical Japan | Yamato | Asuka | |
| 710 – 794 | Nara | Imperial Court in Nara | ||
| 794 – 1185 | Heian | Imperial court in Heian | ||
| 1185 – 1333 | Feudal Japan | Kamakura | Kamakura shogunate | |
| 1333 – 1336 | Kemmu restoration | Emperor of Japan | ||
| 1336 – 1392 | Muromachi | Nanboku-cho | Ashikaga shogunate,Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, | |
| 1392 – 1573 | Sengoku period | |||
| 1573 – 1603 | Azuchi-Momoyama | |||
| 1600 – 1867 | Early Modern Japan | Edo | Tokugawa shogunate | |
| 1868 – 1912 | Modern Japan | Meiji | limited monarchy (Emperor Meiji) | |
| 1912 – 1926 | Taishō | Taisho democracy | limited monarchy (Emperor Taishō) | |
| 1926 – 1945 | Shōwa | Expansionism | limited monarchy (Emperor Shōwa) | |
| 1945 – 1952 | Occupied Japan | Supreme Commander Allied Powers | ||
| 1952 – 1989 | Post-occupation | parliamentary democracy; Emperor is symbol of state | ||
| 1989 – present | Heisei | |||
Japanese era names
Era Name (Nengō) in Japan (after Meiji)
- Nengō are commonly used in Japan as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar. Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date Events By Place Europe March 12 — Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome and retreats to This is summary of two more detailed articles Kofun period and Asuka period. The is an era in the History of Japan from around 250 to 538 The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era The are the dominant native Ethnic group of Japan. It is a term that came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the residents of the Mainland Events By Place Europe March 12 — Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome and retreats to For the area code see Area code 710. For the Los Angeles-area freeway see Interstate 710. The covers the period from around 100000 to 30000 BC when the earliest Stone tool implements have been found to around 14000 BC at the end of the last Ice-age, which corresponds This is summary of two more detailed articles Kofun period and Asuka period. The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. For the area code see Area code 710. For the Los Angeles-area freeway see Interstate 710. Events By Place Asia Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Events By Place Asia Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Imperial Court in Kyoto was the nominal ruling government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun The Kamakura shogunate ( Japanese: 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the Shoguns from The was a period of Japanese history that occurred from 1333 to 1336. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the Shoguns of the Ashikaga family ( June 23, 1534 &ndash June 21, 1582) was a major Daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history The came at the end of the Warring States Period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to refers to the Ideology in the Empire of Japan that Militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation and that the strength of the military is also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Following the end of the Allied occupation in 1952 Japan emerged as a global Economic power Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today
- For example, in censuses, birthdays are written using Nengō.
- Dates of newspapers and official documents are also written using Nengō.
- Nengō are changed upon the enthronement of each new Emperor of Japan (Tennō). The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family.
- Meiji (1858 – 1912)
- Taishō (1912 – 1925)
- Showa (December 25, 1925 – January 6, 1989)
- Heisei (January 7, 1989 – present)
- For example :
- 1945 was the 20th year of Shōwa. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)
- 2005 was the 17th year of Heisei.
- 1989 was the 64th year of Shōwa through January 6, but on January 7, it became the 1st year(Gan-nen) of Heisei.
- Before World War II ended, Imperial era (Kōki) is also used in common that the year of enthronement of first emperor (Jimmu-Tennō) is defined as First Year. The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era (= 660 BC)[25][26][27]
See also
References
- ^ Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill, Todd Surovell et al. The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East History of religions Ancestor worship What we know today as the ancient Chinese culture were developed in the northern area of modern China , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005
- ^ Japanese Palaeolithic Period, Charles T. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United Keally
- ^ "The earliest known pottery comes from Japan, and is dated to about 10,600 BC. China and Indo-China follow shortly afterwards" ("Past Worlds" The Times Atlas of Archeology. p. 100, 1995). Alternatively, the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Timeline of Art History [1] notes "Carbon-14 testing of the earliest known shards has yielded a production date of about 10,500 BC, but because this date falls outside the known chronology of pottery development elsewhere in the world, such an early date is not generally accepted". The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, [2]. Calibrated radiocarbon measures of carbonized material from pottery artifacts: Fukui Cave 12500 +/-350 BP and 12500 +/-500 BP (Kamaki & Serizawa 1967), Kamikuroiwa rockshelter 12, 165 +/-350 years BP in Shikoku (Esaka et al. 1967), from "Prehistoric Japan", Keiji Imamura, p46.
- ^ "Yayoi Period History Summary," BookRags. com; Jared Diamond, "Japanese Roots," Discover 19:6 (June 1998); Thayer Watkins, "The Genetic Origins of the Japanese"; "Shinto — History to 1900," Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation, Dennis Normile, Science, 2003
- ^ 後漢書, 會稽海外有東鯷人 分爲二十餘國
- ^ "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," JapanGuide. com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor. com.
- ^ (1993) in Delmer M. Brown (ed. ): The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 140-149. ; George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2
- ^ Chinese History Record Book of Song : 宋書 列傳第五十七 夷蠻 : 詔除武使持節、都督倭新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭王。興死，弟武立，自稱使持節、都督倭百濟新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓七國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王 [3][4]
- ^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記 新羅本紀:元年 三月 與倭國通好 以奈勿王子未斯欣爲質 [5]
- ^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記 百済本紀 : 六年 夏五月 王與倭國結好 以太子腆支爲質 秋七月 大閱於漢水之南 [6]
- ^ Mason, R. The Book of Song ( also called "The History of the Song" is a historical text of the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and H. P and Caiger, J. G, A History of Japan, Revised Edition, Tuttle Publishing, 2004
- ^ See Nihon Shoki, volumes 19, Story of Kinmei. The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. [7]"Nihon Shoki
- ^ Book of Sui (隋書 東夷伝 第81巻列伝46): "日出处天子至书日没处天子无恙" [8]
- ^ general editors, John W. The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. The Book of Sui ( was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial Hall. . . [et al (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 182-183. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
- ^ "Heian Period," Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ "A 400 Year History of Dutch-Japanese Relations" The Consulate General of the Netherlands at Osaka-Kobe
- ^ Admiral Stuart S Murray’s oral history RE Surrender table 2 September 1945. Stuart S Murray. Retrieved on 2006-12-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
- ^ John Dower, Embracing defeat, W. W. Norton, 1999, pp. 323-325; Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, Perennial, 2001. pp. 583-585.
- ^ Parties and politicians jockey for power, Japan Times, August 13, 1997
- ^ The Bubble Economy of Japan, San José State University Department of Economics
- ^ Electoral Reform in Japan: How It was Enacted and Changes It May Bring, Raymond V. The Japan Times is one of the few independent English language Newspapers published in Japan: it mainly competes with English editions of Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar San José State University, commonly shortened to San José State and SJSU, is the founding campus of what became the California State University system Christensen, Asian Survey, Vol. Asian Survey (subtitled "A Bimonthly Review of Contemporary Asian Affairs" is an Asian studies journal published by University of California Press, in Berkeley 34, No. 7, 1994
- ^ 兵庫県の主な被害地震, Kobe Marine Observatory
- ^ Aum Shinrikyo (Japan, cultists), Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai Nihan Henshū Iin Kai (2001-2002). Nihon Kokugo Daijiten: Volume 5 (in Japanese). The, often abbreviated as the and sometimes known in English as Shogakukan 's Japanese Dictionary is the largest Japanese language Dictionary published Tōkyō: Shōgakukan. is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries, Literature, Manga, Non-fiction, DVDs and other media in Japan. ISBN 4-095-21005-2.
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (2006). Daijirin (Third Edition) (in Japanese). The is a comprehensive single-volume Japanese dictionary edited by, and first published by in 1988 Tōkyō: Sanseidō. is a Japanese Publishing company known for publishing dictionaries (such as Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten) and textbooks ISBN 4-385-13905-9.
- ^ CIA -- The World Factbook -- Japan. The World Factbook (2008-04-15). The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone — Japan
External links
- Japan Chronology World History Database
- Bibliography of Japanese History up to 1912, University of Cambridge.
- Samurai Archives Japanese History Page, a great amount of text about Japanese history
- The Japanese History Documentation Project by Christopher Spackman. This is published under the terms of the GFDL, so it should be usable as a resource for Wikipedia. The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software
- Outline Chronology of Japanese Cultural History
- National Museum of Japanese History
- SengokuDaimyo.com, the website of Samurai author and historian Anthony J. Bryant
- Japanese History through Edo Period Art
- Yamada Sho (2002). Politics and Personality: Japan's Worst Archaeology Scandal, Harvard Asia Quarterly Vol. Anthony J Bryant (born 1961 is the author of four books for Osprey Military Publishing on Samurai history VI, No. 3. In-depth commentary on the extensive fraud that took place in archeology in Japan over a 20-year period.
- 古事記~往古之追慕~(Big5 Chinese) Many online Japanese historical texts, e. g. the Rikkokushi, Dainihonshi and more. The are Japan's 6 national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries
- (Japanese)日本古代史料本文データ Downloadable lzh compressed files of Japanese historical texts.
- (Japanese)古代史獺祭 Many online historical texts from Japanese, Chinese, Korean related to history of Japan.
- (Japanese)J－Texts (日本文学電子図書館) Many Japan historical literature texts
- Historiographical Institute — The University of Tokyo (東京大学史料編纂所)
- English translation of the Wei Zhi
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic