Citizendia

This article is about the history before 1946 of the area governed by Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, since its amalgamation in 2001. For other aspects of the city, see Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton (ˈhæməltən ( 2006 population 504559 UA population 647634 CMA population
For its five other constituent municipalities prior to amalgamation in 2001, see Stoney Creek, Ontario; Dundas, Ontario; Flamborough, Ontario; Ancaster, Ontario; Glanbrook, Ontario. See also Stoney Creek (electoral district Stoney Creek is a community (formerly a municipality which is now part of Hamilton after amalgamation This article refers to Dundas, a constituent community of Hamilton Ontario since 2001 in south central Ontario. Flamborough (sometimes both officially and informally spelled Flamboro) is a former town near and current community in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Ancaster is a suburban community in the southwest of Hamilton Ontario, Canada with which it amalgamated in 2001 Glanbrook was formerly a rural township of about ten thousand inhabitants south of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, with which it was amalgamated in
See also: Historical Timeline of events in Hamilton, Ontario and Economic History of Hamilton, Ontario
See also: List of Royal visits to Hamilton, Ontario and People from Hamilton, Ontario
YearPopulation
1816
668
1833
1,000
1841
3,000
1846
6,832
1850
10,248
1861
19,096
1871
26,716
1880
35,009
1890
44,643
1900
51,561
1910
70,221
1914
100,808
1920
108,143
1929
134,566
1939
155,276
1945
175,364
1950
192,125
1960
258,576
1970
296,826
1980
306,640
1990
307,160
2002
490,268
2006
504,559
[1][2][3]
†2002=Post-Amalgamation. See also History of Hamilton Ontario, List of Royal visits to Hamilton Ontario Below is a timeline of events in Hamilton Ontario Canada. See also Economy of Hamilton Ontario This article describes the Economic History of Hamilton Ontario. See also Historical timeline of events in Hamilton Ontario, History of Hamilton Ontario Below is a listing of Royal visitors to Hamilton Ontario The following people were born in residents of or are otherwise closely connected to the city of Hamilton Ontario.

From the beginning, what is now Hamilton has benefited from its geographical proximity to major land and water transportation routes along the Niagara Peninsula and Lake Ontario. The Niagara Peninsula is the portion of Ontario, Canada lying on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Its strategic importance has created, by Canadian standards, a rich military history which the city preserves. Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity

And also from the beginning, the tension between maximizing economic growth and minimizing environmental damage was evident. The area between Burlington Bay (also known as Hamilton Harbour) and the Niagara Escarpment has been greatly altered for residential, industrial and recreational purposes. Burlington Bay, also known as Hamilton Harbour is a branch of Lake Ontario bounded on the northwest by the City of Burlington, on the south by the City of The Niagara Escarpment is a long Escarpment, or Cuesta, in the United States and Canada that runs westward from New York State, through Cootes Paradise in Dundas also known as the Dundas Marsh, was a very rich wetland with plenty of fish, birds and other game. See also Geography of Hamilton Ontario Cootes Paradise is a large Wetland at the western end of Hamilton Harbour, bordering the cities of Hamilton This article refers to Dundas, a constituent community of Hamilton Ontario since 2001 in south central Ontario. Cootes Paradise was named after Captain Thomas Coote, a British army officer of Irish extraction who was stationed in the area at the time of the American revolutionary war in the 18th Century. The richness of the valley led to population, and to degradation of the marsh, although its legal protection, starting in the 1880s, and the efforts of civic officials and others, have led to it still being of great environmental importance in the 21st Century.

For about a century after achieving its status as a city in 1846, Hamilton has rightly seen itself in terms of industrial production. It adopted or acquired such nicknames as the Ambitious City, Steel City and the Birmingham of Canada. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um However, after this period, other sectors of the economy took over and Hamilton became a post-industrial economy but failed to change its image and self-image to match. Here then follows the growth of the Hamilton until the end of the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Even in its early days when inhabited by Indians, Hamilton's residents have had diverse ethnic, racial, national, religious and linguistic backgrounds. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Since then, successive waves of immigration have crashed on Hamilton's shores, usually leaving some permanent evidence of their arrival in the names, buildings or institutions of the city.

Contents

History to 1811: in the beginning

Niagara Escarpment (in red)
Niagara Escarpment (in red)

Like most of the Americas south of the tree line, the original inhabitants of the Hamilton area were Indians. The first European to visit what is now Hamilton was probably Étienne Brûlé in 1616. Étienne Brûlé ( c 1592 ( Champigny-sur-Marne, France) &ndash c Lasalle also visited the area, a fact commemorated at a park in nearby Burlington. Burlington ( 2006 population 164415 is a city located at the western end of Lake Ontario [4]

In pre-colonial times, the Neutral Indians occupied most of the land but were gradually driven out by the Five (later Six) Nations or ‘’’Iroquois’’’ who were allied with British against the French and their Indian allies the Huron. The Neutrals, also known as the Attawandaron, were an Iroquoian nation of North American native people who lived near the shores of Lake Ontario "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided both the route and name for Mohawk Road on Hamilton Mountain and the route for what would become King Street in the Lower City. Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America

Like British North America itself, the Six Nations confederacy was torn apart by the American Revolution. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Indians loyal to the Crown, under their leader Captain Joseph Brant, were settled in several nearby areas of what became Upper Canada in 1791 and ultimately Ontario in 1867. Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant ( c 1743 &ndash 24 November 1807) was a Mohawk leader and British military officer during The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec These included Brant’s Ford (now Brantford) on the Grand River in Brant County south of Hamilton, and Brant’s Block (now Burlington) in Halton County north of Hamilton. Brantford is a city located on the Grand River in south-western Ontario, Canada. For the defunct provincial electoral district known as "Brant County" see Brant (provincial electoral district. Burlington ( 2006 population 164415 is a city located at the western end of Lake Ontario [2]

Map of Upper Canada (orange)
Map of Upper Canada (orange)

White United Empire Loyalists moved into the Hamilton area during and after the American War of Independence as well, dramatically boosting the population and economic development of the region between the original Upper Canadian capital at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) and the new one at York (now Toronto). The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario [5] This was to prove crucial, for the fighting between the United States and Britain was not yet over.

Administratively, the whole area was part of the Nassau District, which was renamed the Home District in 1792. Additionally, parts of the area were separately incorporated into the West Riding of York County and First Riding of Lincoln County. York County is a historic county in Upper Canada, Canada West, and the Canadian province of Ontario. Lincoln County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. In 1798, most of the future Hamilton became part of Niagara District while remaining in Lincoln County. [6]

1812-1844: invasion and rebellion

The town of Hamilton was conceived by George Hamilton when he purchased the Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812. George Hamilton (1788-1836 was a Canadian merchant and politician who founded the city of Hamilton Ontario. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies [2] Nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. James Durand, the local Member of the British Legislative Assembly, was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. James Durand ( 1775 - March 22 1833) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly and a new Gore District was established of which the Hamilton town site was a member. The Gore District was a historic District in Upper Canada which existed until 1849 As such, Hamilton's future seemed to be shaped by a private collaboration of Hamilton, Hughson and Durand. [7]

Initially the Town of Hamilton was not the dominant center of the Gore District. The Gore District was a historic District in Upper Canada which existed until 1849 A permanent jail wasn't constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Prince's Square. [7] Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13 of 1833. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed [8]

After simmering treaty and border disputes finally erupted into the War of 1812, the Hamilton area again became a strategic area. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies In 1813, the British regulars and Canadian militia defeated invading American troops at the Battle of Stoney Creek which was fought in what is now a park in eastern Hamilton. The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought on June 6, 1813, during the War of 1812 near present day Stoney Creek Ontario. See also Stoney Creek (electoral district Stoney Creek is a community (formerly a municipality which is now part of Hamilton after amalgamation Burlington Heights, adjacent to the grounds of present-day Dundurn Park and Castle, was also a site commanding the entry to Burlington Bay. [9]

George Hamilton, a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion Barton Township after the war in 1815. George Hamilton (1788-1836 was a Canadian merchant and politician who founded the city of Hamilton Ontario. He kept several east-west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north-south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed James Street or King’s Highway No. See also List of streets in Hamilton Ontario James Street is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed King Street or King’s Highway No. 8. [2]

Gore Park, whose western boundary is King and James Streets, formed the public square for the new settlement and has remained the centre of the city ever since. The original plot of land set aside for the courthouse has had four different buildings erected on it. For the Arlington Virginia neighborhood see Courthouse Virginia A courthouse (sometimes spelled court house) is a building It was only supplanted as the court site by a move across the street in the 1990s as part of an architectural preservation project for the Post Office and Dominion Public Building.

Gore District of Upper Canada and Wentworth County were created in 1816, with Mr. The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario Wentworth County, area, is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. Hamilton’s settlement as the seat for both. The county’s original constituent townships included the following, the territory of which became part of the amalgamated Hamilton in 2001: Ancaster (later a town), Barton, Binbrook (later one half of Glanbrook), Glanford (later the other half of Glanbrook) and Saltfleet (later the town and city of Stoney Creek). Ancaster is a suburban community in the southwest of Hamilton Ontario, Canada with which it amalgamated in 2001 Glanbrook was formerly a rural township of about ten thousand inhabitants south of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, with which it was amalgamated in Seneca and Brant Townships were also original constituents of the county but later became part of Brant County. For the defunct provincial electoral district known as "Brant County" see Brant (provincial electoral district.

During the first half of the 19th century, Mr. Hamilton’s settlement in Barton Township steadily increased status at the expense of Dundas. This article refers to Dundas, a constituent community of Hamilton Ontario since 2001 in south central Ontario. Growth was aided in 1827 by a channel cut to link Burlington Bay directly with Lake Ontario, thus improving its marine transportation. Burlington Bay, also known as Hamilton Harbour is a branch of Lake Ontario bounded on the northwest by the City of Burlington, on the south by the City of Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. George Hamilton’s settlement was incorporated as a police village in 1833. In comparison, the Desjardins Canal to Dundas was at best an incomplete success. The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins was built to give Dundas Ontario, easier access to Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes system The physical structures, with living interpreters, of these pioneer days are preserved at Westfield Heritage Centre.

As railway fever raced across North America, Hamilton prematurely got in the act with the promotion of various paper lines in the 1830s. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. This included Allan Napier MacNab’s Hamilton and Port Dover Railway which, although chartered in 1835, did not actually lay any track until the mid-1850s under a different corporate name. Sir Allan Napier MacNab 1st Baronet (b Niagara, Ontario, 19 February 1798 &ndash d Norfolk County ˈnɔrfoʊk is a rural city-status single-tier municipal government on the north shore of Lake Erie in MacNab completed Dundurn Castle, his stately home, in 1835. See also List of attractions in Hamilton Ontario Dundurn Castle is an historic Chateau on Dundurn Street North in Hamilton Ontario, A boy soldier in the War of 1812, he led Gore militia to crush insurgents in the Rebellion of 1837 for which he was knighted the following year. The Upper Canada Rebellion was along with the Lower Canada Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the British colonial government in 1837 and 1838

1845-1866: Hamilton incorporated as a city

Official City status was achieved on June 9, 1846. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display [10]

As a result of municipal reorganization of Wentworth County, Caistor Township (earlier and later part of Haldimand County) was briefly added in 1845. Haldimand ( 2006 population 45212 is a single-tier municipality (but called a county on the Niagara Peninsula in Hamilton received its city charter in 1846. Seneca, Onondaga and Caistor Townships were removed from the administration of county and replaced with three others from Halton County: Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough (which were amalgamated as the Town of Flamborough 1974-2000). Halton County (area) is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. Flamborough (sometimes both officially and informally spelled Flamboro) is a former town near and current community in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Hamilton City Council was based on a board of control, which effectively meant an executive committee of at-large city councillors controlled the city government. Mayors were short-term figureheads who changed mostly on practically an annual basis. The same year Hamilton became a city, Robert Smiley and a partner began publishing ‘’The Hamilton Spectator and Journal of Commerce’’.

As MacNab completed his two years as the premier of the united Province of Canada, the newly renamed Great Western Railway became Hamilton’s first functioning railway in 1854. The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 This article is about a historic railway which operated in the British colony of Canada West later the Canadian province of Ontario Completion of this railway and the Niagara Suspension Bridge transforms Hamilton into a major centre and part of the American immigration route from New York or Boston to Chicago or Milwaukee. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [2] The GWR’s maintenance and marshalling yards were located in Hamilton, and the city got its first taste of the steel industry as it re-rolled rails imported from Britain. Unfortunately, in 1857, 57 passengers were killed when a train derailed near the Desjardins Canal. The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins was built to give Dundas Ontario, easier access to Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes system

Not content with this relatively minor operation, dozens of small workshops and craftsmen banded together to smelt steel rather than just mill steel. Easy access to limestone from the Niagara Escarpment, coal mined in Appalachia, iron ore mined from the Canadian Shield and export markets through the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system made Hamilton an important iron and steel producing city. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 The Niagara Escarpment is a long Escarpment, or Cuesta, in the United States and Canada that runs westward from New York State, through Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0

Other industrial ventures conducted in the Ambitious City (a phrase adopted by ‘’The Spectator’’ from detractors in Toronto) and Birmingham of Canada included manufactured tobacco, beer and other consumer products. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um It also became a centre for the textile industry, which did not die out completely until the 1950s.

1867-1892: ambition is nurtured

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

When the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, Hamilton was an enthusiastic partner in the bold new political enterprise and preached the joys of the British Empire. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The city was represented in the House of Commons by one seat for the city proper and two for the remainder of the county (Wentworth South and Wentworth North). The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and

Growing commercial and industrial prosperity prompted large scale emigration from the British Isles. Many Irish immigrants created a Corktown in the general vicinity of John and Hunter Streets. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Corktown can refer to Corktown Toronto Corktown Detroit Corktown Ottawa See also List of streets in Hamilton Ontario John Street, is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. See also List of streets in Hamilton Ontario Hunter Street, is a Lower City collector road in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. Patriotic Britons and native born Canadians of British stock erected many public monuments downtown to honour John A. Macdonald, Queen Victoria and the United Empire Loyalists. Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other

More people meant more demand for services and information. In 1874, the Hamilton Street Railway (HSR) began offering horse-drawn public transportation. [11][12] Robert Smiley, the founding publisher of The Spectator, sold the newspaper to William Southam in 1877 as the first link in the Southam newspaper chain. William Southam ( August 23 1843 &ndash February 27 1932) was a Canadian Newspaper Publisher. Canwest News Service is a national news agency with correspondents in Canada Europe Asia and the United States and is part of the Canadian Newspaper chain owned A unified Hamilton Fire Department, staffed by professionals, replaced the numerous volunteer fire companies in 1879.

The Hamilton area was also intimately connected with the early history of the telephone. While staying at his parents’ Brantford home in neighbouring Brant County, Alexander Graham Bell conceived of the idea of the telephone in 1874 and make the first experimental long distance call to Paris, Ontario in 1876. Brantford is a city located on the Grand River in south-western Ontario, Canada. For the defunct provincial electoral district known as "Brant County" see Brant (provincial electoral district. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Paris (2006 Urban Area population 11177 is a community on the Grand River in Ontario, Canada. The following year, retired Baptist minister Thomas Peter Henderson become the first General Agent for the telephone business in Canada. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. A General Agent is an agent, ie representative of another who has a mandate of general nature In 1878, the first telephone exchange in the British Empire was opened in Hamilton by Hugh Cossart Baker, Jr.[13] In May 15, 1879 Hugh Cossart Baker Jr. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Hugh Cossart Baker Jr, (b 9 December 1846 in Hamilton Ontario Canada Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common makes Hamilton the site of the first commercial long distance telephone line in the British Empire. [13]

More workers and new immigrants encouraged a nascent trade union movement among skilled craftsmen. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Hamilton unionists and other working class people gave birth in 1872 the Nine Hour Movement, urging the government to limit working hours to nine per day. [14]

A more modest but still unstable railway boom marked the last part of the 19th century too. The Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway was incorporated in 1884, and by 1892 offered limited cargo service and ultimately passenger service. The Toronto Hamilton and Buffalo Railway ( TH&B; AAR Reporting mark THB) was a railway based in Hamilton that ran [15] Electrical railways which sporadically linked Hamilton with Grimsby, Beamsville, Brantford and Oakville were established the following decade. Grimsby ( Canada 2006 Census population 24240 is a Town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Lincoln is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Brantford is a city located on the Grand River in south-western Ontario, Canada. Oakville ( 2006 population 165613, was auctioned off to William Chisholm in 1827

1893-1905: ambition is realized

William Sherring
William Sherring

Modernization and business consolidation often went hand in hand with unionization. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The HSR converted to electrically powered vehicles in 1892. In keeping with the area’s reputation, the firefighters unionized in 1896. Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed As it was absorbed by Hamilton Electric Light and Power Company in 1899, HSR workers joined Division (now Local) 107 of the predecessor of the current Amalgamated Transit Union. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU is a labor union in the

But it was definitely not all work and no play for local residents. In 1894, Hamilton Herald newspaper and cigar store owner Billy Carroll established the Around the Bay Road Race. The route circumnavigates Burlington Bay and, although it is not a proper marathon, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America. Burlington Bay, also known as Hamilton Harbour is a branch of Lake Ontario bounded on the northwest by the City of Burlington, on the south by the City of The marathon is a long-distance foot race with an official distance of 42 It was won by such sporting greats as William “Billy” Sherring, Tom Longboat and Sam Mellor. William D "Billy" Sherring ( September 18, 1878 - September 5, 1964) was a Canadian athlete, winner of the Cogwagee (Thomas Longboat ( June 4, 1887 &ndash January 9, 1949) was an Onondaga distance runner from the

Adelaide Hoodless and other founded the first Women’s Institute in Saltfleet Township (Stoney Creek) in 1897 and began her educational campaign for home economics. Adelaide Hoodless née Hunter ( February 27, 1858 &ndash February 26, 1910) was a Canadian educational reformer Family and consumer sciences is an academic discipline that combines aspects of social and natural science A year after she died in 1910, one of Hamilton’s many new schools was named in her honour. [16]

Hamiltonians, like other residents of the colonies, discovered one of the darker sides of British Imperialism when the South African War broke out in 1899. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Men from Wentworth County and other Canadians volunteered to serve in the Canadian Mounted Rifles or North West Mounted Police contingents. Although they excelled at the bitter guerrilla war there against the Boers, its conclusion in 1902 served as an omen for the future. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans

Ernest D’Israeli Smith, after being frustrated by paying to have his fruit transported from the Stoney Creek area, had founded a company in 1882 to market directly to wholesalers and eliminate the middleman. E.D. Smith & Sons Ltd. continues operating today, and has since the early 1900s has sold manufactured preserves and jams. Its namesake founder served as the Conservative MP for Wentworth around the turn of the 20th century.

By the end of the century, symbolically marked by the death of Queen Victoria in the first days of the 20th century, Hamilton expanded to the approximate limits of the Mountain Brow to the south, Chedoke Creek to the west and Gage Avenue to the east. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Through natural increase and immigration, the urban Hamilton-rural Wentworth population balance shifted so much that in 1904 the federal ridings were redistributed. While the total number of MPs remained the same, two were now from the city proper (Hamilton East and Hamilton West) and one represented the rest of the county.

1906-1918: Dreams and Nightmares

The Honourable Sir Sam Hughes
The Honourable Sir Sam Hughes
International Harvester Company plant and waterfront in Hamilton circa 1907
International Harvester Company plant and waterfront in Hamilton circa 1907

Hamilton had a momentous year in 1906: local boy Billy Sherring won an Olympic gold medal at Athens for the marathon. William D "Billy" Sherring ( September 18, 1878 - September 5, 1964) was a Canadian athlete, winner of the The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The marathon is a long-distance foot race with an official distance of 42 [16] The Amalgamated Transit Union struck against the HSR in a bitter labour dispute. The working class voters of Hamilton East, sympathetic to the ATU, elected Allan Studholme as their Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. See also Politics of Ontario The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (also known as Ontario Legislative Assembly or OntLA) is the Legislature For years he stood as the lone labour representative in the legislature, championing the eight hour day, workmen's compensation, the minimum wage and women's suffrage. The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where Workers' compensation (colloquially known as workers' comp in North America or compo in Australia) a form of Insurance that provides A minimum wage is the lowest hourly daily or monthly Wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers

The steel industry continued to grow and finally consolidate through this period, some combining to form the Steel Company of Canada in 1910 and others Dominion Steel Casting Company in 1912. Stelco is a Steel company based in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. History Several existing smaller steelworks combined and were incorporated as the Dofasco is a Steel company based in Hamilton Ontario, Canada, which is also home to longtime Canadian rival Stelco. Stelco and Dofasco, as they became colloquially and then legally known, were located in the north end to take advantage of the transportation and cooling opportunities provided by access to the water. [14]

The infant science of aviation found early and enthusiastic supporters in Hamilton. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Jack Elliot established an airport in the north end near Stelco which in 1911 hosted the first Canadian Air Meet. Pioneering aviator J.A.D. McCurdy won that contest, sponsored in part by the newly minted Hamilton Automobile Club (now CAA South-Central Ontario). John Alexander Douglas McCurdy ( August 2, 1886 &ndash June 25, 1961) was a Canadian aviation pioneer and Lieutenant-Governor

Emigration continued from Britain and the United States (chiefly blacks) during this period as local museums show, but also began from other countries such as Italy and Austria-Hungary. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Remarkably, thousands of Italian Hamiltonians are descendants of emigrants in this period from a single Sicilian town, commemorated by the dual naming of Murray Street as Corso Raculmuto. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.

Increased population and prosperity prompted a building boom. As a publicity stunt and raffle, workers and contractors built a house in a day in 1913 which was later featured in a Ripley’s Believe It or Not cartoon. Ripley's Believe It or Not! is a franchise founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so The same year, the Hamilton Public Library opened its new building funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist (The site was renovated and now houses the Family Court. )

Hamiltonians participated in the First World War as combatants, but due to Col. Sir Sam Hughes' mobilization plans for the Canadian Expeditionary Force, there were no major battles associated purely with Hamiltonians. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This article is about the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the group of Canadian military units formed for service overseas in the First World War. The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry later perpetuated the battle honours of four of these consecutively numbered Overseas Battalions of the CEF. The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment is a Primary Reserve unit of the Canadian Forces based at John W

Heavy industry boomed as the Canadian and British governments' war driven demands for steel, arms, munitions and textiles increased. Unfortunately, in their quest to expand, the twin steel giants damaged the land by infilling Hamilton Harbour and burying or diverting many creeks which formerly flowed into the bay. War profiteering by manufacturers dampened some of the mood, but generally Hamiltonians pulled together.

1919-1938: Between the Wars

William McMaster
William McMaster

The Great War was a somber affair, but post-war dream seemed secure in the Roaring Twenties. See William H McMaster for the former governor of South Dakota Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to describe the 1920s principally in North America, that emphasizes the period's social artistic and cultural dynamism The United Farmers of Ontario won the most seats in the 1919 provincial election, but chose not to govern. The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO were a Political party in Ontario, Canada. Instead, a Liberal minority government was propped up by independent and progressive members. Walter Rollo, Member of the Legislative Assembly for Hamilton West, became the first Ontario Minister of Labour in this government.

The Hamilton Board of Education resumed its ambitious building program for schools. Their names often honoured the memory of war veterans: Memorial School, Allenby School and Earl Kitchener School. A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby GCB GCMG GCVO ( April 23 1861 - May 14 1936 Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM The educational building boom was coupled with a residential housing boom in which hundreds of low-rise apartment buildings, of three to four stories and six to ten units, grew up across the city, especially in the east end.

Higher education -- disregarding its normal school or teachers college -- arrived in Hamilton in 1930. normal school was a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers McMaster University was founded in Toronto as a Baptist institution of higher learning. McMaster redirects here for others see McMaster (disambiguation. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Funded by a bequest of Senator William McMaster in 1887, it was in danger of becoming absorbed by the University of Toronto. See William H McMaster for the former governor of South Dakota This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus Hamilton’s municipal government, civic boosters and ordinary residents lured the university to the city with grants of land and money in 1930. [17] Not only did McMaster preserve its independence, but it began publishing The Silhouette student newspaper, now an award-winning weekly broadsheet.

Local boosters also ensured that Hamilton hosted the inaugural Empire Games, now known as the Commonwealth Games in 1930. The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Amateur athletes from around the British Empire and Commonwealth gathered to compete at Hamilton Civic Stadium, the current site of Ivor Wynne Stadium as a result of the efforts of Melville Marks Robinson. See also Sports venues in Hamilton Ontario Ivor Wynne Stadium (originally Civic Stadium) is a Canadian football Stadium located at the Melville Marks (Bobby Robinson (born in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada on April 8, 1888) founded the British Empire Games, now known [18]

The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Hamilton hard. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The simultaneous and prolonged decline in domestic consumption and international trade in finished industrial goods and building supplies put a stop to residential and institutional construction for a decade. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. It was in this context of privation that Dr. Elizabeth Bagshaw started her illegal birth control clinic in 1931. Elizabeth Catherine Bagshaw, CM (October 1881 &ndash January 5, 1982) was one of Canada 's first female doctors and the medical director of [17]

Emotional relief from the Depression was found in The Washingtons, local brothers who performed as a blues quartet throughout Ontario. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression In Music, a quartet (quatuor Quartett quartetto cuarteto is a method of instrumentation (or a medium used to perform a musical composition and consisting of four parts Practical relief was found in government works projects designed to prime the economy and which added to the long-term attractiveness of Hamilton.

Thomas B. McQuesten, a Hamilton lawyer and MLA, served as minister of transportation and chairman Niagara Parks Commission starting in 1934. Thomas McQuesten ( June 30, 1882 - January 13, 1948) was an athlete militiaman lawyer politician and government appointee who lived in See also Politics of Ontario The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (also known as Ontario Legislative Assembly or OntLA) is the Legislature The Niagara Parks Commission, or Niagara Parks for short is an agency of government of Ontario which maintains the Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River He spearheaded the construction of the Queen Elizabeth Way, a controlled access highway which links Fort Erie with Toronto via Hamilton, and the Mountain access for Highway 20 in Stoney Creek. The Queen Elizabeth Way (commonly referred to as the QEW, Q, QE, or Queen-E) is a vital 400-Series Freeway in Ontario Fort Erie National Historic Site was the first British fort to be constructed as part of a network developed after the Seven Years' War (or in the United States Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario He also supported the construction of the Rock Gardens at the Royal Botanical Gardens. Whitehern, his downtown family home, now serves as a civic museum.

1939-1945: War Returns

As war clouds gathered over Europe, Britain decided to shore up its support in the Dominions by having a royal visit to Canada. When King George VI and his consort Queen Elizabeth visited Canada in May and June 1939, they stopped in Hamilton and also opened up the QEW. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George [19]

Hamiltonians like others in Canada and the world welcomed the spike of economic demand caused by the Second World War but not its source. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Heavy industry again began spewing out its pollutants, and by the end of the war the ecological cost of pollution had taken its toll on Hamilton: heavy metals made fish from the Hamilton Harbour inedible, air pollution made breathing difficult and industrial dumps contaminated land. Burlington Bay, also known as Hamilton Harbour is a branch of Lake Ontario bounded on the northwest by the City of Burlington, on the south by the City of

Unlike the First World War, in this war the Canadian Army mobilized its territorially recruited militia units as a body rather than soliciting individuals to serve in conglomerated units. Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. Men of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (colloquially known as the Rileys) and the rest of the 2nd Canadian Division were mobilized early, but sat on their hands in Britain for two years. The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment is a Primary Reserve unit of the Canadian Forces based at John W The 2nd Canadian Division was an infantry formation that saw service in the First World War The Hamilton area was also active in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF): the city proper sponsored 424 “Tiger” Squadron by buying bombers to equip it.

On the home front, the public not only eagerly followed the progress of the war, but they also got a chance to see airmen in action. In 1940, as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, the Royal Canadian Air Force established a station in Glanford Township. The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, also known as the Empire Air Training Scheme, Empire Air Training Plan, Commonwealth Air Training Plan Glanbrook was formerly a rural township of about ten thousand inhabitants south of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, with which it was amalgamated in Hundreds of Commonwealth pilots and other aircrew were trained at RCAF Station Mount Hope, and some unfortunate ones are still buried there.

The army’s enforced idleness -- disregarding their unsuccessful foray to France in May 1940 and disastrous defence of Hong Kong in December 1941 -- led to discontent in the army, the public and the government. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders In this atmosphere, the timing was ripe for Lord Mountbatten’s ill-advised and unauthorized raid-in-force. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe or Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the The Rileys lost hundreds of its young men on a single day in 1942, when they were effectively wiped out as a fighting force at Dieppe. The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe or Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the

When the war finally ended, Hamilton was a much different place. Women had permanently entered the paid workforce. The lean times of the Great Depression were over -- and veterans were going to make sure that happened.

Notable people from Hamilton prior to 1946

See also: Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario

People associated with Hamilton who became well-known prior to 1946 are listed below in the order of their birth year.

Colin Campbell Ferrie, Hamilton's first Mayor
Colin Campbell Ferrie, Hamilton's first Mayor
Thomas Bain, Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
Thomas Bain, Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
James McMillan was a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan from 1889-1902.
James McMillan was a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan from 1889-1902. James M(acMillan may be James McMillan (Senator (1838&ndash1902 a Senator and politician from Michigan USA James MacMillan (composer The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America.
Sir John Morison Gibson
Sir John Morison Gibson

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External links

Each of these links also appears in an appropriate part of the article above.

Current historical attractions

Some other sites contain minor historical displays or interpretation, but the websites and physical locations of the following bodies and organizations contain mainly these.

Historical documentation online

Many other websites contain some photographs and other documentation, but these sites contain primarily these.

Other links

George Washington Johnson may refer to George W Johnson, singer and early recording artist George W
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