- See also: Race relations of Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati was founded in 1788 by John Cleves Symmes and Colonel Robert Patterson. John Cleves Symmes (July 21st 1742&ndashFebruary 26 1814 was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey, and later a pioneer in the Northwest Colonel Robert Patterson (1753–1827 was a soldier and settler who helped found the cities of Lexington Kentucky, and Cincinnati Ohio. Surveyor John Filson (also the author of The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon (siq) Daniel Boone) named it "Losantiville"[1] from four terms, each of different language; meaning "The city opposite the mouth of the (Licking) River," "ville" is French for "city," "anti" is Greek for "opposite," "os" is Latin for "mouth," and "L" was all that was included of "Licking River. John Filson (c 1753-1788 was an American author historian of Kentucky, pioneer surveyor and one of the founders of Cincinnati Ohio. Daniel Boone ( &ndash September 26 1820 was an American pioneer and hunter whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes "
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Early history
Cincinnati began as three settlements between the Little Miami and Great Miami rivers on the north shore of the Ohio River. Columbia was on the Little Miami, North Bend on the Great Miami. Losantiville, the central settlement, was opposite the mouth of the Licking River.
In 1789 Fort Washington was built to protect the settlements in the Northwest Territory. Fort Washington was a fort in the early history of Cincinnati Ohio. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. The post was constructed under the direction of General Josiah Harmar and was named in honor of President George Washington. Josiah Harmar ( November 10, 1753 – August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Revolution George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the [2]
In 1790, Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed the name of the settlement to "Cincinnati" in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which he was president. Arthur St Clair (March 23 1736 August 31 1818 was the ninth President of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a general in the For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. The Society of the Cincinnati is a historic organization with branches in the United States and France founded in 1783 to preserve the ideals and fellowship of the The society gets its name from Cincinnatus, the Roman general and dictator, who saved the city of Rome from destruction and then quietly retired to his farm. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (519 BC &ndash 430 BC? was an ancient Roman political figure serving as Consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The society honored the ideal of return to civilian life by military officers following the Revolution rather than imposing military rule. To this day, Cincinnati in particular, and Ohio in general, is home to a disproportionately large number of descendants of Revolutionary War soldiers who were granted lands in the state. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The United States Military Lands were land grants given to Continental Army servicemen by the United States Congress for service in the American Revolutionary Cincinnati's connection with Rome still exists today through its nickname of "The City of Seven Hills" [3] (a phrase commonly associated with Rome) and the town twinning program of Sister Cities International. Sister Cities International is a Non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and fostering Town twinning, especially between cities in the United States
Civil War
During the Civil War, a series of six artillery batteries were built along the Ohio River to protect the city. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield Only one, Battery Hooper, now the James A. Ramage Civil War Museum in Fort Wright, Kentucky is open to the public. Hooper Battery was a hilltop earthworks fortification built for the Defense of Cincinnati during the American Civil War in Northern Kentucky by the The James A Ramage Civil War Museum seeks to tell the untold story of Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky's involvement in the American Civil War. Fort Wright is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States.
'Porkopolis' and other nicknames
In 1802, Cincinnati was chartered as a village, and in 1819, it was incorporated as a city. The introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio River in 1811 and the completion of the Miami and Erie Canal helped the city grow to 115,000 citizens by 1850. The nickname Porkopolis was coined around 1835, when Cincinnati was the country's chief hog packing center, and herds of pigs traveled the streets. Called the "Queen of the West" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (although this nickname was first used by a local newspaper in 1819), Cincinnati was an important stop on the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escape from the South. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States
Cincinnati also is known as the "City of Seven Hills. " The seven hills are fully described in the June, 1853 edition of the West American Review, "Article III--Cincinnati: Its Relations to the West and South. " The hills form a crescent from the east bank of the Ohio River to the west bank: Mount Adams, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, Vine Street Hill, Fairmount, Mount Harrison, and College Hill.
Cincinnati was the site of many historical beginnings. In 1850 it was the first city in the United States to establish a Jewish Hospital. It is where America's first municipal fire department was established in 1853. Established in 1867, the Cincinnati Red Stockings (a. k. a. the Cincinnati Reds) became the world's first professional (all paid, no amateurs) baseball team in 1869. The Cincinnati Reds are a Major League Baseball team based in Cincinnati Ohio, USA In 1935, major league baseball's first night game was played at Crosley Field. Crosley Field was a Major League Baseball park located in Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati was the first to build and own a major railroad in 1880. The Cincinnati New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway ( CNO&TP) is a Railroad that runs from Cincinnati Ohio south to Chattanooga Tennessee In 1902, the world's first re-inforced concrete skyscraper was built, the Ingalls Building. The Ingalls Building, built in 1903 in Cincinnati Ohio, was the world's first Reinforced concrete Skyscraper. "The Sons of Daniel Boone", a forerunner to the Boy Scouts of America, began in Cincinnati in 1905. The Sons of Daniel Boone (sometimes called the Society of the Sons of Daniel Boone) was a youth program developed by Daniel Carter Beard in 1905 The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million Because of the city's rich German heritage, the pre-prohibition era allowed Cincinnati to become a national forerunner in the brewing industry. During experimentation for six years (until 1939), Cincinnati's AM radio station, WLW was the first to broadcast at 500,000 watts. WLW is a Clear channel radio station located in Cincinnati Ohio, run by Clear Channel Communications and broadcasting on 700 kHz AM. In 1943, King Records (and its subsidiary, Queen Records) was founded, and went on to record early music by artists who became highly successful and influential in Country, R&B, and Rock. King Records is an American Record label, started in 1943 by Syd Nathan and headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio. King Records is an American Record label, started in 1943 by Syd Nathan and headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio. Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African WCET-TV was the first licensed public television station, established in 1954. WCET is the PBS station serving Cincinnati Ohio. It broadcasts in analog on channel 48 and digitally on channel 34 [4] Cincinnati is home to radio's WEBN 102. WEBN (1027 FM) is an American Radio station in Cincinnati Ohio. 7 FM, the longest-running album-oriented rock station in the United States, first airing in 1967. In 1976, the Cincinnati Stock Exchange became the nation's first all-electronic trading market. The National Stock Exchange (NSX is an electronic Stock exchange located in Chicago, Illinois.
Comparisons
As a pioneer-era city, it compared with Pittsburgh and Nashville. As a "Riverboat" and canal-era city, it compared with Louisville, St. Louis, and New Orleans. A riverboat is Ship designed for Inland navigation. These vessels are usually less sturdy than ships built for the open seas with limited navigational and Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana As an immigrant, industrial city it compared with Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Chicago, and Detroit. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
Because of its river setting and extensive park system, many commentators have remarked on Cincinnati's beauty, including Winston Churchill, who called it "the most beautiful of America's inland cities. " The city's picturesque skyline was used as a backdrop for the fictional city of Monticello on the soap opera The Edge of Night, one of the many soap operas sponsored by Cincinnati soap-maker Procter & Gamble. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. The Edge of Night (or known informally as Edge or EON by fans was a long-running American television mystery series/ Soap opera produced by Procter Procter & Gamble Co ( P&G,) is a Fortune 500, American global corporation based in Cincinnati Ohio, that manufactures a wide In fact, Procter & Gamble created the genre of the "soap opera" when it helped launch the Ma Perkins radio program in 1933. Procter & Gamble Co ( P&G,) is a Fortune 500, American global corporation based in Cincinnati Ohio, that manufactures a wide Ma Perkins (sometimes called Oxydol's Own Ma Perkins) was a radio Soap opera which was heard on NBC from 1933 to 1949 and on Cincinnati was also featured in Rain Man and many icons of the city are identifiable in the movie including the Pompilio's restaurant that is still in business. Rain Man is a 1988 dramatic film written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass and directed by Barry Levinson.
In August 1966, Cincinnati rock-music fans had the privilege of seeing The Beatles perform at a large outdoor venue at Crosley Field. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Crosley Field was a Major League Baseball park located in Cincinnati, Ohio. This was during the British group's final concert tour of the United States and Canada.
On May 28, 1977, a suburban nightclub in Southgate, Kentucky burned, taking the lives of 165 persons. Southgate is a city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The Beverly Hills Supper Club fire remains the third-deadliest fire at a nightclub in American history. The Beverly Hills Supper Club fire in Southgate Kentucky is the third deadliest Nightclub fire in U
On December 3, 1979, eleven people were killed in a rush for "festival seating" before a concert by The Who at Riverfront Coliseum (now U.S. Bank Arena). Reserved and free seating Seating arrangements Reserved seating: each seat is reserved for a specific ticket holder The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend US Bank Arena (known originally as the Riverfront Coliseum, and known later as The Crown and the Firstar Center) is an indoor arena located As a result, "festival seating" was banned for a time in many concert venues around the US, and at city venues until 2004.
Firsts
Cincinnati has been a pioneer city in many respects, including:
- 1796 - First city in the Northwest Territory to print a book, engraved by William Maxwell
- 1835 - First bag of airmail, which was lifted by a hot air balloon[5]
- 1849 - First city in the U. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. William Maxwell (c 1766 &ndash September 10, 1809) was the first Engraver to publish a Newspaper in Cincinnati Ohio. S. to hold a municipal song festival named Saengerfest[6]
- 1850 - First city in the U. S. to establish a Jewish hospital[7]
- 1850 - First city in the U. S. to publish greeting cards with the Gibson Greeting Card Company[[8]
- 1853 - First practical steam fire engine. First city to establish a municipal fire department and first fire pole. [9]
- 1868 - First city west of New York City to have a company that used a steam powered printing press (Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co.). The City of New York A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Ehrgott Forbriger & Co was a Manufacturer of American Civil War Lithography Portraits and other documents such as Diplomas and
- 1869 - First weather bureau. The National Weather Service ( NWS) once known as the Weather Bureau is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- 1869 - First professional baseball team - the Cincinnati Red Stockings. The Cincinnati Reds are a Major League Baseball team based in Cincinnati Ohio, USA
- 1870 - First municipal university - the University of Cincinnati. The University of Cincinnati is a Coeducational public Research university in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- 1870 - First city to hold annual industrial expositions. [10]
- 1875 - First city to establish a Jewish theological college, Hebrew Union College. The Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC, HUC-JIR, and The College-Institute) is the oldest Jewish [11]
- 1880 - First city in which a woman, Maria Longworth Nichols Storer, began and operated a large manufacturing operation, Rookwood Pottery. Maria Longworth Nichols Storer ( March 20, 1849 &ndash April 30, 1932) was the founder of Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati Rookwood pottery is American made pottery from the Cincinnati neighborhood of Mount Adams. [12]
- 1880 - First and only city to build and own a major railroad. [13]
- 1902 - First reinforced concrete skyscraper - the Ingalls Building. Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The Ingalls Building, built in 1903 in Cincinnati Ohio, was the world's first Reinforced concrete Skyscraper. [14]
- 1905 - Daniel Carter Beard founded the Sons of Daniel Boone, later known as the Boy Scouts of America. Daniel Carter "Uncle Dan" Beard ( June 21, 1850 – June 11, 1941) was an American illustrator author and social reformer The Sons of Daniel Boone (sometimes called the Society of the Sons of Daniel Boone) was a youth program developed by Daniel Carter Beard in 1905 The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million [15]
- 1906 - First university to offer cooperative education, University of Cincinnati. The University of Cincinnati is a Coeducational public Research university in Cincinnati, Ohio. [16]
- 1935 - First Major League Baseball night game. [17]
- 1952 - First heart-lung machine- makes open heart surgery possible. Developed at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center is a Hospital located in Cincinnati, Ohio. [18]
- 1954 - First licensed public television station - WCET. Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public [19]
See also
References
- Cincinnati Firsts. During the American Civil War, the State of '''Ohio''' played a key role in providing troops military officers and supplies to the Union army. The Allen Temple AME Church in Cincinnati Ohio, USA, is the mother church of the Ohio Chapter of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau.
- Evolution of the National Weather Service. 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
External links
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