- This article should include material from Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko). Name For the purpose of distinguishing the two Orthodox Churches the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is often referred to in public as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC is one of the three major Orthodox Churches in Ukraine History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the The material from this article should be included in Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate and History of Christianity in Ukraine.
The History of Christianity in the lands of modern-day Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the apostolic church. Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. The Christianization of Bulgaria was the process of converting 9th-century medieval Bulgaria to Christianity. The Christianization of Kievan Rus' took place in several stages The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the See also Christianity in Asia Judging from the New Testament account of the rise and expansion of the early church during the first few centuries of Christianity the Coptic history is part of History of Egypt that begins with the introduction of Christianity in Egypt in the 1st century AD during the The Eastern Orthodox Churches trace their roots back to the Apostles and Jesus Christ. Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church is an Oriental Orthodox church. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The Sign of the Cross, or Signum crucis in Latin is a ritual hand motion made by members of many but not all branches of Christianity. The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic liturgical tradition the omophorion ( Greek:; Slavonic: омофоръ omofor) Hesychasm ( Greek hesychasmos, from hesychia, "stillness rest quiet silence" is an Eremitic tradition of Prayer in An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. Negative theology - also known as the Via Negativa ( Latin for "Negative Way" and Apophatic theology - is a Theology that Filioque, a Latin phrase meaning "and (from the Son" In Western Christianity, it was added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed Miaphysitism (sometimes called henophysitism) is the Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one alone' and physis meaning 'nature' or Monophysiticism is the Christological position that Nestorius Nestorius (c 386 &ndashc 451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern In Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholic theology theosis (written also theiosis, theopoiesis, theōsis Theoria (Greek) is Greek for Contemplation or 'the perception of Beauty regarded as a Moral faculty' ( OED) Phronema is a Greek term that is used in Eastern Orthodox Theology to refer to mindset or outlook; it is the Orthodox mind. The Philokalia ( Gk φιλοκαλείν "Love of the Beautiful" is a collection of texts by masters of the Eastern Orthodox, hesychast Praxis is the customary use of knowledge or skills distinct from theoretical knowledge Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, Ousia () is the Ancient Greek noun formed on the feminine present participle of ( to be) it is analogous to the English participle Historical context The Energies of God are a central principle of Theology in the Eastern Orthodox Church, understood by the orthodox Fathers Metousiosis is a Greek term () that means literally a change of (essence inner reality Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e It has remained the dominant religion in the area since its acceptance in 988 by Vladimir the Great, who instated it as the state religion of Kievan Rus', a medieval East Slavic state. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Events By Place Africa Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great ( Old Russian: Володимеръ Святославичь, c A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages.
Although separated into various denominations, most Ukrainian Christians share a common faith, a unique blend of Byzantine practices and Slavic mythology. Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Christianity, Faith, like in other Abrahamic faiths, centers on a belief in God, a belief in the reality of a transcendent domain The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Slavic mythology is the Mythological aspect of the Religion that was practised by the ancient Slavs. These Eastern Christian traditions, in the form of both Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, have been at various historic times closely aligned with Ukrainian national self-identity. Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Self-concept or self identity refers to the global understanding a sentient being has of him or herself
Currently, three major Ukrainian Orthodox Churches coexist, and often compete, in the country: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate, and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Name For the purpose of distinguishing the two Orthodox Churches the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is often referred to in public as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC is one of the three major Orthodox Churches in Ukraine Additionally, a significant body of Christians belong to the Eastern Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and a smaller number in the Ruthenian Catholic Church. This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the The Ruthenian Catholic Church is a Sui iuris (ie self-governing Catholic Church (see Particular Church) which uses the Divine Liturgy of While Western Christian traditions such as Roman Catholicism and Protestantism have had a limited presence on the territory of Ukraine since at least the sixteenth century, worshipers of these traditions remain a relatively small minority in today's Ukraine. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
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Early history
Christianity was most likely first introduced into the lands of present-day Ukraine by the Goths, who established the Chernyakhov culture in the 2nd century. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Although not a Christian people as a whole, the incoming Ostrogoths certainly had relations with Christian centres such as Rome and had come across missionaries in the lands they had previously inhabited; it is therefore believed that some of the Gothic inhabitants of Oium were Christian, as they had established churches in other lands occupied by the Goths. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Oium or Aujum was a name for an area in Scythia, where the Goths under their king Filimer settled after leaving Gothiscandza, according However, the Gothic control over the area proved to be short-lived, as the Hunnic Empire swept into the area in the 4th century, making any lasting impression by the Goths unlikely. Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century
Metropolitan Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko) and other scholars have suggested that earlier Trypillian and Scythian religious practices, and hierarchical pantheism, influenced Christianity's later development in Ukraine. Metropolitan Ilarion (secular name Ivan Ohienko) (Іван Іванович Огієнко January 2 (January 15 1882 Brusyliv, near Kiev – March The Cucuteni culture, better known in the countries of the former Soviet Union as Trypillian culture or Tripolie culture, is a late Neolithic Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All [1]
Saint Andrew
Saint Andrew the apostle is believed to have traveled up the western shores of the Black Sea, to the area of present-day southern Ukraine, while preaching in the lands of Scythia. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th Legend has it that he traveled further still, up the Dnieper River, until he came to the location of present-day Kiev in 55 AD, where he erected a cross and prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city. For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half Belief in the missionary visit of St. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Andrew became widespread by the Middle Ages, and by 1621, a Kiev synod had declared him the "Rus'-apostle". [1] Saint Titus, a disciple of St. In the Christian New Testament, Saint Titus, (a common Roman first name) was a companion of Paul of Tarsus, mentioned in several of Andrew's, is also venerated in Ukrainian churches, as are three "Scythian" disciples, Saints Ina, Pina and Rima, who accompanied him to the Kiev. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic [2] Both the eighteenth century Church of St Andrew and an earlier structure from 1086 it replaced were purportedly built on the very location of the apostle's cross, planted on a hill overlooking the city of Kiev. The Saint Andrew's Church or sometimes the Cathedral of Saint Andrew (Андрiївська церква Андреевская церковь is a major Baroque
Although the Primary Chronicle refers to the apostle continuing his journey as far north as Novgorod, St. The Primary Chronicle (ѣѣтъ Пóвесть временны́х лет Povest' vremennykh let; Пóвість врéм'яних літ Povist' vremjanykh Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Andrew's visit to any of these lands has not been proven, and in fact may have been a later invention designed to boost the autocephalic aspirations in the territories where the upper clergy continued to be dominated by Greeks for several centuries. Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose [3]
Crimean roots
According to a 9th-century tradition, Pope Clement I (ruled 88-98) was exiled to Chersonesos on the Crimean peninsula in 102, as was Pope Martin I in 655. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Saint For the processor see Intel 8088. Year 88 was a Leap year Year 98 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Chersonesos (Χερσόνησος Chersonesus Old East Slavic: Корсунь Korsun; Херсонес Khersones; also transliterated as Chersonese Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым "Martin I" redirects here For the Aragonese king see Martin I of Aragon. Events By Place Europe November 15 — Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the Furthermore, it has been definitively recorded that a representative from the Black Sea area, the "head of the Scythian bishopric," was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, as well as the First Council of Constantinople in 381; it has been surmised that this representative would have to have been Bishop Cadmus of the Bosporan Kingdom. The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine Events By Place Roman Empire Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire The Second Ecumenical Council the first held in Constantinople was called by Theodosius I in 381 which confirmed the Nicene Creed and dealt with other matters such Events By Place Roman Empire A deputation from the Roman Senate delivers to Gratianus the robe of the Pontifex Maximus The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Ostrogoths, who remained on present-day Ukrainian lands after the invasion of the Huns, established a metropolinate under the Bishop of Constantinople at Dorus in northern Crimea around the year 400. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Italy is first invaded by Alaric (probable date A bishop's seat had also existed since 868 across the Strait of Kerch, in the ancient city of Tmutarakan. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Events By Place Asia 11 May — The Diamond Sutra, the oldest dated book is printed Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. Tmutarakan (Тмутаракань is an ancient city that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. The Polans and the Antes cultures, located so close to the Crimea, surely became familiarized with Christianity by this time. The Polans (Поляни Polyany, Поляне Polyane) were a Tribe of Early East Slavs between the 6th and the 9th century
Saints Cyril and Methodius
The relics of Pope St. Martin were allegedly retrieved by the "Equal-to-apostles" brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius, who passed through present-day Ukraine on their way to preach to the Khazars. An equal-to-the-apostles ( Greek:, isapostolos; Latin: aequalis apostolis; întocmai cu Apostolii равноапостольный ravnoapostolni Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Sent from Constantinople at the request of the ruler of Great Moravia, these brothers would add to foundation of Christianity in Ukraine by creating the Glagolitic alphabet, a precursor to the eponymous "Cyrillic script", which enabled the local population to worship God in Old Church Slavonic, a language closer to the vernacular Old East Slavic language than the Greek used to worship in Constantinople, or Latin in the west. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
In response to local disputes with clerics of the Latin Church, Cyril and Methodius appealed in person to the Bishop of Rome in 867, bringing with them the relics of Pope St. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events By Place Byzantine Empire September — Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Martin from Chersonesos. Their labors and request were met with approval, and their continued efforts planted the Christian faith into Ukraine. By 906, they had founded a diocese in Peremyshl, now Przemyśl in present-day Poland, at the western edge of Ukraine. Events By Place Europe Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts to establish themselves as dukes Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Their efforts, and those of their apostles, led to the translation of Christian Scriptures and service (liturgies) from Greek to Slavonic, and the eventual development of the modern Cyrillic alphabet. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by
Early Rus' period
By the 9th century, it is known that the Slavic population of western Ukraine (likely the White Croats) had accepted Christianity while under the rule of Great Moravia. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. White Croats ( Byelohravati) is the designation for one group of Slavic (Croatian tribes which migrated to Dalmatia (the coastal part of today's Croatia Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century However, it was the East Slavs who came to dominate most of the territory of present-day Ukraine, beginning with the rule of the Rus', whose pantheon of gods had held a considerable following for over 600 years. The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. Rus’ (Русь rusʲ Русичи Русы are an ancient people whose name survives in the cognates Russians, Rusyns, and Ruthenians Slavic mythology is the Mythological aspect of the Religion that was practised by the ancient Slavs.
Following the 860 assault on Constantinople by Rus' forces under the command of Askold and Dir, the two princes were baptized in that holy city. Askold ( Haskuldr in Old East Norse and Höskuldr in Old West Norse) and Dir ( Dyri in both dialects of Old Norse Returning to Kiev, the two actively championed Christianity for a period of 20 years, until they were murdered by the pagan Prince Oleg in the inter-princely rivalry for the Kiev throne. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Oleg of Novgorod ( Slavic: Олег Old Norse: Helgi, Khazarian, possibly Helgu) was a Varangian prince (or konung Patriarch Photios purportedly provided a bishop and priests from Constantinople to help in the Christianization of the Slavs. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity [4] By 900, a church was already established in Kiev, St. Events By place Asia Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, Elijah's, modeled on a church of the same name in Constantinople. This gradual acceptance of Christianity is most notable in the Rus'-Byzantine Treaty of 945, which was signed by both "baptized" and unbaptized Rus'", according to the text included in the Primary Chronicle. The Rus'-Byzantine Treaty between Constantine VII of Byzantium and Igor I of Kiev was concluded either in 944 or 945 as a result of several naval expeditions Events By Place Asia The Buwayhid Dynasty takes control of Baghdad (it does not supplant the local caliphate) The Primary Chronicle (ѣѣтъ Пóвесть временны́х лет Povest' vremennykh let; Пóвість врéм'яних літ Povist' vremjanykh
Christianity acceptance among the Rus' nobility gained a vital proponent when Princess Olga, the ruler of Kiev, became baptized, taking the "Christian name" Helen. Saint Olga (Ольга also called Olga Prekrasa (Ольга Прекраса or Olga the Beauty, Old Norse: Helga; born c Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Her baptism in 955 (or 957) in either Kiev or Constantinople (accounts differ) was a turning point in religious life of Rus' but it was left to her grandson, Vladimir the Great, to make Kievan Rus' a Christian state. Events By Place Europe August 10 — Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting Events By Place Asia The Chandra Hindu Dynasty ends thus beginning a time of chaos in areas belonging to modern-day Mongolia. Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great ( Old Russian: Володимеръ Святославичь, c Both Vladimir and Olga are venerated as the Equal-to-apostles saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church. An equal-to-the-apostles ( Greek:, isapostolos; Latin: aequalis apostolis; întocmai cu Apostolii равноапостольный ravnoapostolni The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
Christianity became dominant in the territory with the mass Baptism of Kiev in the Dnieper River in 988 ordered by Vladimir. The Christianization of Kievan Rus' took place in several stages For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. Events By Place Africa Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world Following the Great Schism in 1054, the Kievan Rus' that incorporated most of modern Ukraine ended up on the Eastern Orthodox side of the divided Christian world. The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
Early on, the Orthodox Christian metropolitans had their seat in Pereyaslav, and later in Kiev. In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Переяслав-Хмельницький translit The people of Kiev lost their Metropolitan to Vladimir-Suzdal in 1299 (who retained the title), but gained a new Metropolitan in Halych in 1303. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The religious affairs were also ruled in part by a Metropolitan in Navahrudak, (present-day Belarus). Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east
After the Breakup of the Kievan Rus
In the 1400s, the primacy over the Ukrainian church was restored to Kiev, under the title "Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych". One clause of the Union of Krevo stipulated that Jagiello would disseminate Roman Catholicism among Orthodox subjects of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, of which Ukraine was a part. The Union of Krewo, also known as Krėva Act (other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The opposition from the Ostrohskis and other Orthodox magnates led to this policy being suspended in the early 16th century. Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man itself from Latin magnus 'great' designates a noble or other man in a high social position
Following the Union of Lublin, the Polonization of the Ukrainian church was accelerated. The Union of Lublin (Liublino unija Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія Polish: Unia Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition Unlike the Roman Catholic church, the Orthodox church in Ukraine was liable to various taxes and legal obligations. The building of new Orthodox churches was strongly discouraged. The Roman Catholics were strictly forbidden to convert to Orthodoxy, and the marriages between Catholics and Orthodox were frowned upon. Orthodox subjects had been increasingly barred from high offices of state. [5]
Union of Brest and its aftermath
Main article Union of Brest
In order to oppose such restrictions and to reverse cultural polonization of Orthodox bishops, the Ecumenical Patriarch encouraged the activity of the Orthodox urban communities called the "brotherhoods" (bratstvo). Union of Brest ( Belarusian: Берасьцейская унія, Ukrainian: Берестейська унія, Unia brzeska refers to the "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1589 Hedeon Balaban, the bishop of Lviv, asked the Pope to take him under his protection, because he was exasperated by the struggle with urban communities and the Ecumenical Patriarch. Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western He was followed by the bishops of Lutsk, Cholm, and Turov in 1590. Lutsk (Луцьк translit Luts’k, Łuck is a city located by the Styr River in north-western Ukraine. Chełm (Холм Kholm) is a city in eastern Poland with 72595 inhabitants (2005 Turaŭ or Turaw (Ту́раў Ту́ров ( Turov) Turava is a town in the Zhytkavichy district Zhytkavichy Raion of Homiel Province In the following years, the bishops of Volodymyr-Volynskyy and Przemysl and the Metropolitan of Kiev announced their secession from the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Volodymyr-Volynskyi or Vladimir-Volynsky (Володимир-Волинський translit Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the In 1595 some representatives of this group arrived to Rome and asked the Pope to take them under his jurisdiction. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2
In the Union of Brest of 1596 (colloquially known as unia), a part of the Ukrainian Church was accepted under the jurisdiction of the Roman Pope, becoming a Byzantine Rite Catholic Church, a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, colloquially known as Uniate Church. Union of Brest ( Belarusian: Берасьцейская унія, Ukrainian: Берестейська унія, Unia brzeska refers to the History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the While the new church gained many faithful among the Ukrainians in Galicia, the majority of Ukrainians in the rest of the lands remained within Eastern Orthodoxy with the church affairs ruled by then from Kiev under the metropolitan Peter Mogila (Petro Mohyla). Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Peter Mogila (Петро Могила Romanian: Petru Movilă; December 21, 1596 &ndash December 22, 1646) was a The eastward spread of the Union of Brest led to violent clashes, for example, assassination of the Uniate archbishop Josaphat Kuncevych by the Orthodox mob in Polotsk in 1623. This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river
Khmelnytsky Uprising
As the unia continued its expansion into Ukraine, its unpopularity grew, particularly in the southern steppes where Dnieper Cossacks lived. The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The Zaporozhian Cossacks (Запорожці Zaporozhtsi,were Cossacks who lived in Zaporizhia, in Central Ukraine The Cossacks valued their traditions and culture saw the unia as a final step of Polonization. Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition As a result they reacted by becoming fierce proponents of Orthodoxy. Such feelings played a role in the mass uprising whose targets included all non-Orthodox religious proponents, the Catholic and Uniate clergy and Jews. The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or During this time metropolitan Mogila took full advantage of the moment to restore the Orthodox domination in Ukraine, including returning one of its sacred buildings, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Peter Mogila (Петро Могила Romanian: Petru Movilă; December 21, 1596 &ndash December 22, 1646) was a Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev ( Собор Святої Софії Sobor Sviatoyi Sofiyi or Софійський собор Sofiys’kyi sobor,
Rule of the Empires
Territories gained by Pereyaslav Rada
In 1686, 40 years after Mogila's death, the Ottomans, acting on the behalf of the regent of Russia Sophia Alekseyevna, pressured the Patriarch of Constantinople into transferring the Orthodox Church of Kiev and all Rus' from the jurisdiction of Constantinople to the Patriarch of Moscow, established a century prior to that. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Peter Mogila (Петро Могила Romanian: Petru Movilă; December 21, 1596 &ndash December 22, 1646) was a The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Sophia Alekseyevna ( Anglicization of Russian Царевна Софья Алексеевна Sofia Alekseyevna) ( September 17 (27 1657 &ndash "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant The legality of this step is occasionally questioned to this day along with the fact that the transfer was accompanied by graft and bribery, which in church affairs amounts to an ecclesiastical crime. The transfer itself, however, led to the significant Ukrainian domination of the Russian Orthodox Church, which continued well into the 18th century, Feofan Prokopovich, Epifany Slavinetsky, Stephen Yavorsky and Demetrius of Rostov being among the most notable representatives of this trend. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Feofan/Theophan Prokopovich ( June 18, 1681, Kiev &ndash September 19, 1736, St Epifany Slavinetsky (Епифаний Славинецкий (? - November 19, 1675, Moscow) was an ecclesiastical expert of the Russian Orthodox Stephen Yavorsky (1658-1722 was an Archbishop and statesman in the Russian Empire, of Ukrainian descent, one of the ablest coadjutors of Peter the Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by [6]
Territories gained from Crimean Khanate
In the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate (Vassal for Ottoman Empire) was conquered by Russia, and the latter annexed most of the southern steppes and Crimea. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Colonization of these lands was actively encouraged by Orthodox people, particularly Ukrainians, Russians and Serbs. As New Russia (Novorossiya, as it was then known) was settled, new Orthodox parishes were created. Novorossiya (Новоро́ссия literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, in southern Russia, in Bessarabia Construction of Cathedrals that demonstrate some of the finest examples of late 19th century Russian Architecture was undertaken in large cities such as Odessa and Sevastopol. Russian architecture follows a tradition whose roots were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula
Territories gained from partitions
In the late 17th century the Poland became less and less influential and internal corruption as well as the pressure from its powerful neighbors resulted in its partitions by neighbouring empires. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Russian Empire, in particular, gained most of ethnically Ukrainian land and all of the Belarusian lands. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also After nearely two centuries of polonization, the Uniate influence on the Ukrainian population was so great that hardly any remained Orthodox. Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition Although some, particularly in Podolia, chose to revert to Orthodoxy soon after, this in many cases was an exception rather than trend and in locations where the Unia already gave deep roots into the population all of the church property remained in the Catholic and Uniate authority. The region of Podolia (also spelled Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, Also significant was Empress Catherine II's decree "On the newly acquired territory", according to which most of the Polish magnates retained all their lands and property (thus a significant control over population) in the newly acquired lands. Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years
Nevertheless the first Russophile tendencies began to surface, and came in face of the Uniate Bishop Joseph Semashko. Russophilia is the love of Russia and/or Russians. The term is used in two basic contexts in International politics and in cultural context Believing that the Uniate Church's role as an interim bridge between Orthodoxy and their eventual path to Catholicism is over now that the ruler of the lands is no longer a Catholic, but an Orthodox Monarch, he began to push for an eventual reversion of all Uniates. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Although the idea was shared by most of the lower priests, the ruling Uniate synod, controlled by the strong Polish influence, rejected all Semashko's suggestions. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application In addition many of the Latin Catholic authorities responded to this by actively converting the Uniates into pure Latin Rite Catholicism. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church.
In 1831, the general discontent of the Poles with the Russian rule erupted into a revolt, now known as the November Uprising, which the Uniate Church officially supported. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland However, the uprising failed, and the Russian authority were quick to respond to its organisers and areas of strongest support. The outcome was that the Uniate synod's members were removed along with most of the Polish magnates privliges' and authority being taken away. With the Polish influence in the Ruthenian lands significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated, the Uniate Church began to disintegrate. In Volhynia the famous Pochayiv Lavra was returned to the Orthodoxy in 1833. Pochayiv Lavra of the Assumption of the Theotokos (Почаївська Свято-Успенська Лавра Свято-Успенская Почаевская Лавра has for Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The final blow came from the Uniate Synod of Polotsk in 1839 headed by Bishop Semashko, where it was agreed to terminate the accords of Union of Brest and all remaining Uniate property on the territory of the Russian Empire was reincorporated into the Russian Orthodox Church. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Union of Brest ( Belarusian: Берасьцейская унія, Ukrainian: Берестейська унія, Unia brzeska refers to the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
Austrian Galicia and World War I
Although the Partitions of Poland awarded most of the Ruthenian lands to the Russian Empire, this excluded the southwestern Kingdom Of Galicia (constituting the modern Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and parts of Ternopil oblasts), which fell under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Lviv Oblast (Львівська область translit L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna - Львівщина Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Івано-Франківська область translit Ternopil Oblast (Тернопільська область translit Similarly to the situation in the lands of the Russian Empire, the uniate Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry was largely under the Polish Latin Catholic domination. The Austrians granted equal legal privileges to the Uniate Church and removed Polish influence. As a result, within Austrian Galicia over the next century the Uniate Church ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the primary cultural force within the Ukrainian community. Most independent native Ukrainian cultural trends (such as Rusynophilia, Russophilia and later Ukrainophilia) emerged from within the ranks of the Uniate Church. Russophilia is the love of Russia and/or Russians. The term is used in two basic contexts in International politics and in cultural context For many people, the Austrians were seen as having saved the Ukrainians and their Church from the Poles.
During the nineteenth century there was a struggle within the Uniate Church (and therefore within the general Galician society) between Russophiles who desired union with Russia and Ukrainophiles who saw the Galician Ruthenians as Ukrainians, not Russians. Russophiles (Ukrainian Pусофіли Rusofily) also referred to in some contexts as Moscophiles, were participants in a cultural and political movement in Western The former group were mostly represented by older and more conservative elements of the priesthood, while the latter ideology was more popular among the younger priests. The Russophilia of the Galician Ruthenians was particularly strong during the mid-19th century, although by the end of that century the Russophiles had declined in importance relative to the Ukrainophiles. Russophilia is the love of Russia and/or Russians. The term is used in two basic contexts in International politics and in cultural context The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used [7] The Austrian authorities during this time began to be more and more involved in the power-struggle with Russia for the rule of the Balkans, as the declining Ottoman Empire withdrew, and in so doing opposed the Russophiles. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Balkans themselves were largely Orthodox and crucial to the Russian Panslavism movement. Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been In this situation, the Galician Ruthenians found themselves in the pawn's position.
When the power struggle erupted into the First World War, the Russian Army initially quickly overran Galicia (see Eastern Front (World War I)). World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Russian Ground Forces (Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации tr The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and primarily Eastern Europe. Free of Polish domination, unlike in other areas of Ukraine the Uniate church had become closely linked to the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian national movement. For this reason, the population in general were quite loyal to the Austrian Habsburgs, earning the nickname "Tyroleans of the East",[8][7] and resisted reunion into the Orthodox Church. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor A minority of them, however, welcomed the Russians and reverted to Orthodoxy. After regaining the lost territories with the counterattack in late 1914, the Austrian authorities responded with repressions: several thousand Orthodox and Russophilic people died while being interred at a Talerhof concentration camp for those deemed disloyal to Austria. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Talerhof was a concentration camp created by the Austro-Hungarian authorities of Franz Joseph I of Austria in the first days of World War I, in a sandy Already a minority, the Russophiles were largely extinguished as a religious-cultural force in Galicia as a result of these actions.
Twentieth century
Soviet Union
After the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian Empire and transformed it into the Soviet Union. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Religion in the new socialist society was assigned little value by the state, but in particular Russian Orthodox Church was distrusted because of its active supportive of the White Movement. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard Massive arrests and repressions began immediately. In the Ukrainian SSR (one of the founding republics of the USSR) as early as in December 1918 the first execution of the head of the Ukrainian Exarchate Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych took place. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. This was only the start which culminated in mass closing and destruction of churches that (some standing since the days of the Kievan Rus) and executions of clergy and followers. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan
Ukraine was controlled by several short-lived yet independent governments which revived the Ukrainian national idea. Ukrainian territory was fought over by various factions after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War, which added the collapse of Austria-Hungary Ukraine declared its political independence from Russia in 1918 and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was established. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC is one of the three major Orthodox Churches in Ukraine
Following the Soviet regime's taking root in Ukraine and despite the ongoing Soviet-wide antireligious campaign, the Bolshevik authorities saw the national churches as a tool in their goal to suppress the Russian Orthodox Church always viewed with the great suspicion by the regime for its being the cornerstone of pre-revolutionary Russian Empire and the initially strong opposition the church took towards the regime change (the position of the patriarch Tikhon of Moscow was especially critical). See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Saint Tikhon of Moscow ( January 19, 1865 &ndash April 7, 1925) born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin (Василий Иванович
In 1921 the first formation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) was recognized. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Russian Orthodox Church strongly opposed the formation of the Ukrainian autocephaly and not a single ordained bishop was willing or able to ordain the hierarchy for a new Church. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Therefore, the clergy "ordained" its own hierarchy itself, a practice questionable under the canon law, in the "Alexandrian" manner - by laying on priests' hands on two senior candidates who became known as Metropolitan Vasyl (Lypkivsky) and Archbishop Nestor (Sharayivsky) (reportedly the relics of St. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Metropolitan Vasyl (Lypkivsky - ( 7 September 1864 - 27 November 1937) secular name Lypkivskiy Vasyl Kostantynovytch (Липківський Clement of Rome who died in Ukraine in the first century were also used). [9] Despite the canon law controversy, the new church was recognized in 1924 by the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory VII. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
In the wake of the Ukrainization policies carried out in Soviet Ukraine in the first decade of the Soviet rule many of the Orthodox clergy willfully joined the church thus avoiding the persecution suffered by many clergy members who remained inside the Russian Orthodox Church. Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation or Ukrainianization) is a policy of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language During the period in which the Soviet government tolerated the renewed Ukrainian national church the UAOC gained a wide following particularly among the Ukrainian peasantry. [10]
In the early-1930s the Soviet government abruptly reversed the policies in the national republics and mass arrests of UAOC's hierarchy and clergy culminated in the liquidation of the church in 1930. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Most of the property was officially transferred to the ROC, with some churches closed for good and destroyed. On the eve of the Second World War only 3% of the pre-revolutionary parishes on the territory of Ukraine remained open to the public, often hidden in deep rural areas. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Second Polish Republic
The 1921 Peace of Riga treaty that ended the Polish-Soviet War gave the significant areas of the ethnically Ukrainian (and Belarusian) territories to the reborn Polish state. The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga; (Ри́жский ми́рный договóр -- Romanisation Rízhsky Mírny dogovór --, Rīgas The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. This included Polesie and Volhynia, areas with almost exclusively Orthodox population amongst the rural peasants, as well as the former Austrian province of Galicia with its Uniate population. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See
The Greek Catholic church, which functions in communion with the Latin Rite Catholicism, could have hoped to receive a better treatment in Poland, whose leadership, especially the endecja party, saw the Catholicism as one of the main tools to unify the nation where non-Polish minority comprised over one third of the citizenry. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. Narodowa Demokracja (National Democracy also known from its initials ND as " Endecja," was a Polish Right-wing Nevertheless, the Poles saw the Greek Catholic Galicia Ukrainians as even less reliable and loyal as the Orthodox Volhynia Ukrainians. Also, despite the communion with Rome, the UGCC attained a strong Ukrainian national character of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and the Polish authorities sought to weaken it in various ways. In 1924, following a visit with the Ukrainian Catholic believers in North America and western Europe, the head of the UGCC was initially denied reentry to Lviv until after a considerable delay. Polish priests led by their bishops began to undertake missionary work among Eastern Rite faithful, and the administrative restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. [8]
With respect to the Orthodox Ukrainian population in eastern Poland, the Polish government initially issued a decree defending the rights of the Orthodox minorities. The politics of Poland take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister In practice, this often failed, as the Catholics, also eager to strengthen their position, had stronger representation in the Sejm and the courts. Any accusation was strong enough for a particular church to be confiscated and handed over to the Roman Catholic church. During the Polish rule, 190 Orthodox churches were destroyed (although some of them have already been abandoned[11]) and 150 were forcibly transformed into Roman Catholic (not Ukrainian Catholic) churches. [7] Such actions were condemned by the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, who claimed that these acts would "destroy in the souls of our non-united Orthodox brothers the very thought of any possibility of reunion. Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (Митрополит Андрей Шептицький July 29, 1865 &mdash November 1, 1944) was the Metropolitan "[8]
In addition to persecution from the new authorities, the Orthodox clergy found itself with no ecclesiastical link to submit to. Like most ex-Russian Orthodox communities that ended up outside the USSR, and thus with no possible contact with the persecuted mother church, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople agreed to take over Moscow Patriarchate's role and in 1923 the Polish Orthodox Church was formed out of the parishes that were on the territory of the Polish republic although 90% of its clergy and believers were non-Polish people. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History The establishment of the church was undertaken after the Treaty of Riga left large amount of territory previously under the Russian Empire, as part
Czechoslovakia
The redrawal of national boundaries following World War I also affected yet another ethnically Ruthenian territory. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1918, the country of Czechoslovakia was formed, the nation included several minorities. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the easternmost end of the country, Transcarpathia lived the Rusyn population. For most of their history they were ruled by the Hungarians, who unlike the Austrians ruling Galicia were quite active in opposing Ukrainophile sentiments. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Instead, the Hungarians supported a Rusyn identity (separate from either a pro-Ukrainian or pro-Russian orientation) through pro-Hungarian priests in an effort to separate the Ruthenian people under their rule from their brethren across the mountains. [7] Thus despite being Uniate at the time of the formation of Czechoslovakia, the population was about evenly divided between Rusynophile, Ukrainophile and Russophile orientation. The general Russophilic sentiment was very strong amongst them, and these cultural and political orientation impacted the local religious communities. Even before the first world war already quite a lot of distant mountain communities were de facto Orthodox, where priests simply ceased to follow the Uniate canons. However, much more significant changes took place in the interwar period.
In the 1920s many Russian emigres, particularly Orthodox clergy, settled in Serbia. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Loyal to the Orthodox state, they became actively involved in missionary work in central Europe. A group, headed by Bishop Dosifei went to Transcarpathia. Because of the historical links between the local Greek Catholic clergy to the disliked Hungarian authorities, mass conversions to the Orthodox Church occurred. By the start of the Second World War, approximately one third of all of the Rusyn population reverted to Orthodoxy [5]. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The region's local Hungarian population, estimated at slightly less than 20% of the population, remained overwhelmingly Calvinist or Roman Catholic. (For the Ruthenian population left outside Ukraine in 1945 (Preshov territory in Slovakia) see Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church)
Second World War
On September 17, 1939, with Poland crumbling under the German attack that started the Second World War, the Red Army occupied Poland's eastern territories, assigning territories with an ethnic Ukrainian majority to Soviet Ukraine. The Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church ( Czechoslovak Orthodox Church up to 1993 in Czech Pravoslavná církev, in Slovak Pravoslávna cirkev Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939 the Soviet Union annexed The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Since the Ukrainians were by-and-large discontented with Polish rule most of the Orthodox clergy actually welcomed the Soviet troops.
The addition of the ethnic Ukrainian territory of Volhynia to the USSR created several issues. Having avoided the Bolshevik repression, the Orthodox church of this rural region outnumbered the rest of the Ukrainian SSR by nearly a thousand churches and clergy as well as many cloisters including the Pochayiv Lavra. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Pochayiv Lavra of the Assumption of the Theotokos (Почаївська Свято-Успенська Лавра Свято-Успенская Почаевская Лавра has for The ecclesiastical link with the Moscow Patriarchate was immediately restored. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Within months nearly a million Orthodox pilgrims, from all over the country, fearing that these reclaimed western parishes would share the fate of others in the USSR, took the chance to visit them. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 However, the Soviet authorities, although confiscating some of the public property, did not show the repressions of the post-revolutionary period that many expected and no executions or physical destruction took place.
On October 8, 1942 Archbishop Nikanor and Bishop Mstyslav (later a Patriarch) of the UAOC and Metropolitan Oleksiy (Hromadsky) of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church concluded an Act of Union, uniting the two national churches at the Pochayiv Lavra. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Patriarch Mstyslav, secular name Stepan Ivanovych Skrypnyk (10 April 1898 - 11 June 1993 was a prominent Ukrainian Orthodox Church Hierarch. Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family The Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church (Українська Автономна Православна Церква was a short-lived Ukrainian church that existed at the Pochayiv Lavra of the Assumption of the Theotokos (Почаївська Свято-Успенська Лавра Свято-Успенская Почаевская Лавра has for Later German occupation authorities and pro-Russian hierarchs of the Autonomous Church convinced Metropolitan Oleksiy to remove his signature. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Metropolitan Oleksiy was murdered in Volhynia on May 7, 1943 by the nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army which saw this as treason. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Українська Повстанська Армія U krayins’ka P ovstans’ka A rmiya, UPA
Post War Situations
The Russian Orthodox Church regained its general monopoly in the Ukrainian SSR after World War II following another shift in the official Soviet attitude towards Christian churches. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including As a result many started to accuse it of being a puppet of the Communist Party. A puppet is a representational figure manipulated by a Puppeteer. A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of After the suspicious death of Patriarch Tikhon, the UAOC and UGCC sought to avoid the transfer under the Moscow Patriarchate; something that Moscow tolerated until after World War II, for example the head of the Ukrainian Communist Party, Nikita Khruschev attended the funeral of the head of the Uniate Church in 1946. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless as the Uniate Church did in some cases support the Nazi regime, the overall Soviet attitude was negative. In 1948 a small group of priests started to proclaim a reunion with Orthodoxy. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Soviet state organized in 1948 a synod in Lviv, where the 1596 Union of Brest was annulled. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Union of Brest ( Belarusian: Берасьцейская унія, Ukrainian: Берестейська унія, Unia brzeska refers to the Thereby breaking the canonical ties with Rome and transferring under the Moscow Patriarchate. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic In Transcarpathia, the reigning Greek Catholic bishop was murdered[6] and the remaining priests were forced to return their Church to Orthodoxy. This move's acceptance was mixed. With many clergy members and lay believers turning to the ROC, some adamantly refused. As a result of this the Patriarchate of Moscow could now legally lay claim to any Orthodox church property that was within the territory of its uncontested jurisdiction, which it did. Some believers refused to accept liquidation of their churches and for nearly 40 years the UAOC and UGCC existed in Western Ukraine underground lead by the clergy members under the threat of prosecution by the Soviet state. Much of the UGCC and UAOC clergy not willing to serve in the ROC emigrated to Germany, the United States, or Canada. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Others were sent to Siberia and even chose to be martyred [7][8]. Officially the Moscow Patriarchate never recognised the canonical right of the synod as it lacked any bishops there.
The relatively permissive post-war government attitude towards the Orthodox Church came to an end with Nikita Khruschev's "Thaw" programme, which included closing the recently opened Kiev's Caves Lavra. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following However, in the west-Ukrainian dioceses, which were the largest in the USSR, the Soviet attitude was "softest". In fact in the western city of Lviv, only one church was closed. The Moscow Patriarchate also relaxed its canons on the clergy, especially those from the former-uniate territories, allowing them, for example to shave beards (a very uncommon Orthodox practice) and conduct eulogy in Ukrainian instead of Church Slavonic. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox
Late Soviet period
In 1988 with the millennium anniversary of the baptism of Rus, there was yet another shift in the Soviet attitude towards religion, coinciding with the Perestroika and Glasnost programmes. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" The Soviet Government publicly apologized for oppression of religion and promised to return all property to the rightful owners. As a result thousands of closed religious buildings in all areas of the USSR were returned to their original owners. In Ukraine this was the then ROC's Ukrainian Exarchate, which took place in the central, eastern and southern Ukraine. In the former-uniate areas of western Ukraine things were more turbulent. As UGCC survived in diaspora and in the underground they took their chance and were immediately revived in Ukraine, where in the wake of general liberalization of the Soviet policies in the late-1980s also prompted the activization of Ukrainian national political movements. The Russian Orthodox Church became viewed by some as an attribute of Soviet domination, and bitter, often violent clashes over church buildings followed with the ROC slowly losing its parishes to the UGCC. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
The UAOC also followed suit. Sometimes possessors of Church buildings changed several times within days. Although the Soviet law-enforcement did attempt to pacify the almost-warring parties, these were often unsuccessful, as many of the local branches in the ever-crumbling Soviet authority, sympathised with the national sentiments in their areas. Violence grew especially after the UGCC's demand that all property that was held prior to 1939 would be returned. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
It is now believed that the only real event which helped to contain the growing schism in the former-uniate territories was the ROC's reaction of raising its Ukrainian Exarchate to the status of an autonomous church, which took place in 1990, and up until the break up of the USSR in late 1991 there was an uneasy peace in western Ukraine. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. After the nation became independent, the question of an independent and an autocephalous Orthodox Church arose once again. Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose
Post-Soviet period
What historians now see as the reason for the following events was the decision of the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine Filaret to achieve total autocephaly (independence) of his metropolitan see with or without the approval of the mother church required by the canon law. The material from this article should be included in Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate and History of Christianity in Ukraine. Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or In Christianity, the term mother church or Mother Church may have one of five meanings The first Mission church in an area or a Pioneer Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches These events followed Filaret's own unsuccessful attempt to gain a seat of the Moscow Patriarch to himself (1990) and the Ukrainian independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union in August, 1991. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 In November 1991, Metropolitan Filaret requested the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church to grant the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autocephalous status. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The skeptical hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church called for a full Synodical council (Sobor) where this issue would have been discussed at length. Filaret, using his support from the old friendship ties with the then newly elected President of Ukraine (Leonid Kravchuk), convinced him that a new independent government should have its own independent church. The President of Ukraine (Президент України is the head of the state of Ukraine and acts in its name For hockey player see Igor Kravchuk Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (Леонід Макарович Кравчук born 10 January 1934) is a Despite the UAOC lacked any significant following outside Galicia, Filaret was able to organise a covert communion with the UAOC in case Moscow Patriarchate refused. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
At the synod in March-April of 1992, however, most of the clergy of the UOC who initially supported Filaret, openly criticised this move, and put most of the other bishops against him. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Questions of his unpopular disregard to monastic vows (having a common-law wife) as well as the allegations of improper financial dealings with the church finances made the council vote for Filaret to retire from his position which was confirmed by a sworn oath. Religious vows are the public Vows made by the members of the religious life – cenobitic and eremitic – of the Roman Catholic, Common-law marriage (or Common law marriage) sometimes called de facto marriage, informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute
Upon returning to Kiev Filaret carried out his reserve option revealing that the retirement swore was given under pressure and that he is not resigning. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk gave Filaret his support as did the nationalist Paramilitaries, in retaining his rank. For hockey player see Igor Kravchuk Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (Леонід Макарович Кравчук born 10 January 1934) is a The UNA-UNSO ( Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self Defence) (УНА УНСО Українська Національна Асамблея – In a crisis moment the Hierarchical Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, agreed to another synod which met in May 1992. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application The council was conducted in the eastern city of Kharkiv where the majority of the bishops voted to suspend Filaret from his clerical functioning. Kharkiv or Kharkov (Харків Харьков is the second largest city in Ukraine. Simultaneously they elected a new leader Metropolitan Volodymyr (Viktor Sabodan), native of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast and a former Patriarchal Exarch to Western Europe. Metropolitan Volodymyr (also known as Vladimir (secular name Viktor Sabodan, born November 23, 1935) is the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Khmelnytskyi Oblast (Хмельницька область translit Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe '
With only three bishops remaining at his support Filaret initiated the unification with the UAOC, and in June 1992 creating a new Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP) with 94-year-old Patriarch Mstyslav as a leader. Patriarch Mstyslav, secular name Stepan Ivanovych Skrypnyk (10 April 1898 - 11 June 1993 was a prominent Ukrainian Orthodox Church Hierarch. While chosen as his assistant, Filaret was de-facto ruling the Church. A few of the Autocephalous bishops and clergy who opposed such situation refused to join the new Church and following the death of Mstyslav a year later. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The church was once again ripped apart by a schism and most of the UAOC parishes were regained when the churches re-separated in July 1993. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
Most of the fate of control of church buildings was decided by the church parishes, but as most refused to follow Filaret, paramilitaries, especially in Volyn and Rivne Oblasts where there was strong nationalist sympathy amongst the new regional authorities, carried out raids bringing property under their control. Volyn Oblast (Волинська область translit Volyns’ka oblast’; also referred to as Volyn’) is an oblast (province in north-western Rivne Oblast (Рівненська область translit Rivnens’ka oblast’; also referred to as Rivnenshchyna - Рівненщина The lack of parishes in eastern and southern Ukraine prompted President Kravchuk to intervene and force the still closed buildings since the Communist times to re-open under the UOC-KP's ownership. Upon the 1995 election of Leonid Kuchma, most of the violence was promptly stopped, and the presidency adopted a de-facto neutrality regime to all the four major church groups. Leonid Danylovych Kuchma (Леонід Данилович Кýчма born August 9, 1938) was the second President of Ukraine from July
Modern Times
The recent events of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and the Orange Revolution affected the religious affairs in the nation as well. The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of Protests and political events that took place in Ukraine The UOC (MP) actively supported the former Prime minister Viktor Yanukovych while members of the UOC-KP, UAOC, and UGCC supported the opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko, who was running against him. Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych ( Ukrainian: Viktor Fedorovyč Janukovyč; Виктор Фёдорович Янукович (born on July 9, 1950 Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko ( Ukrainian: Viktor Andrijovyč Juščenko) (born February 23 1954) is the third and current President of After Yushchenko's victory, the UOC (MP) criticised him for what they see as support of the "uncanonical organisations", such as his celebrating Orthodox Christmas in St. Volodymyr's Cathedral (owned by UOC-KP). St Volodymyr's Cathedral (Патріарший кафедральний собор св Yushchenko himself has publicly pledged to distance himself from Orthodox politics during his presidential campaign. Nonetheless, he claims that his intention is to achieve a unity of the nation's Eastern Orthodox Church affairs. Questions still arise on what will be the ecclestical status of the Church and who will head it, and as of February 2007 no public dialogue has began.
To date the issue between rivalries of different churches remains politicised and sensitive and also controversial. In a recent survey only 33. 3% of the people felt satisfied with the current condition of several Orthodox Churches. At the same time up to 42. 1% felt it would be important for a single united church, with 30. 7% favoring the UOC-KP and 11. 4% the UOC (MP). On the question of who shall head the church the political polarisation of the country surfaced with 56. 1% of voters of Our Ukraine and 40. 7% of voters from the Bloc Yulia Timoshenko endorsed wanting one Orthodox Church under the Kiev Patriarchate[12]
In any case the main religious groups are presented below:
Ukrainian Orthodox Church
The Ukrainian Orthodox Church or UOC, sometimes abbreveated as UOC(MP), operates as an autonomous church under the Moscow Patriarchate and is also the only Orthodox denomination canonically recognised within the Eastern Orthodox Communion. Name For the purpose of distinguishing the two Orthodox Churches the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is often referred to in public as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure This article covers the organization of the Eastern Orthodox Churches rather than the doctrines traditions practices or other aspects of Eastern Orthodoxy. The head of the church is Metropolitan Volodymyr (Sabodan) who was enthroned in spring 1992 as the "Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine". Metropolitan Volodymyr (also known as Vladimir (secular name Viktor Sabodan, born November 23, 1935) is the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The UOC(MP) is currently the largest religious body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parishes churches and communities counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10 thousand. The church also claims to have up to 75% of the Ukrainian population[13] although independent survey results vary widely both from this figure, as well as from survey to survey as many Orthodox Ukrainians do not clearly self-identify with a particular denomination and, sometimes, are even unaware of the affiliation of the church they attend as well as of the controversy itself, which indicates the impossibility to use the survey numbers as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Also, the geographical factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than in the UOC (MP)'s heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine.
The number of parishes statistics seems to be much more reliable and consistent even though it may not necessarily directly translate into the numbers of adherents. By number of parishes and quantity of church buildings, the UOC(MP)'s strong base is central and northernwestern Ukraine. However, percentage wise (with respect to rival Orthodox Churches) its share of parishes there varies from 60 to 70 percent. At the same time, by percentage alone (with respect to rival Orthodox Churches) the urban russophone southern and eastern Ukrainian provinces peak with up to 90% of church buildings. The same can be said about Transcarpathia, although there the UOC's main rival is the Greek Catholic Church and thus in all its share is only 40%. The capital Kiev is where the greatest Orthodox rivalry takes place, there the UOC(MP) has only half of the Orthodox communities. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The only place where the UOC(MP) is a true minority, in both quantity, percentage and support are the former Galician provinces of Western Ukraine. There the total share of parishes does not exceed more than five percent. The UOC(MP) does not have any parishes abroad, as its followers identify themselves under the same umbrella as those of the Russian Orthodox Church. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate
Abbreveated as the UOC-KP, the church was created in 1992, and aims at becoming a Ukrainian national Orthodox Church. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) However, it is canonicaly unrecognised amongst other Eastern Orthodox churches. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches This article covers the organization of the Eastern Orthodox Churches rather than the doctrines traditions practices or other aspects of Eastern Orthodoxy.
Since 1995 UOC-KP is headed by Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko) who until 1990 was a Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych (Galich) under the ROC, which defrocked him in 1992 and excommunicated in 1997 "for schismatic activities". Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The material from this article should be included in Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate and History of Christianity in Ukraine. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) To defrock, unfrock, or laicize a minister or Priest is to remove their right to exercise the functions of the priestly office Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
Geographically the church's main areas of support are the Volhynian districts (where it holds from 30 to 40% parishes) and the capital Kiev. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The church enjoys moderate support in the central and Galician provinces (ranging from 15 to 30 percent). The church also contains several parishes in the West (including eleven in the USA, 2 in Australia) and even in Russia, where it has agreed to incorporate some of the parishes that have been excommunicated by the ROC for infractions of canonic law. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
Abbreviated as the UAOC, the church was established and re-established several times in Ukraine. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC is one of the three major Orthodox Churches in Ukraine Originally formed in the 1920s, and initially supported by the Soviet regime, in early 1930s it was destroyed and forced into exile. The Church re-established itself in Ukraine during the Nazi occupation in World War II, and was again driven underground after the War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The church re-gained official recognition in the late 1980s, and was initially ruled from abroad by Patriarch Mstyslav. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Patriarch Mstyslav, secular name Stepan Ivanovych Skrypnyk (10 April 1898 - 11 June 1993 was a prominent Ukrainian Orthodox Church Hierarch. Following his death in 1993 it was re-organised into an independent church, after a brief union with the UOC-KP. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Since then the church has been more successful in dialogue with the UOC(MP). [14]
The church currently has 1015 parishes in 697 churches. Geographically the church operates almost exclusively in the western areas with minute support elsewhere. The UAOC had many parishes in the Ukrainian diaspora communities in Canada and in the United States. These have, however, formed two separate churches: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada and Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA. Early history Most ethnic Ukrainians moving to Canada from Galicia (Western Ukraine) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA ( UOC of USA) is a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the United States. In 1995 the Ecumenical Patriarch accepted the latter churches under his patronage citing the transfer controversy of the Kiev Metropolitan's see to Moscow Patriarchate in 1686 and, thus, fulfilling a necessary step for the achievement of the canonical standing by these diaspora Churches (still not universally recognised). "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure While this move, as well as the cited reason, soured relations between the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and the ROC (who refused to recognise it), the standing of the diaspora churches does not affect the status of the UAOC itself. History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Abbreviated as the UGCC, and originally formed from the Union of Brest in 1596. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the Union of Brest ( Belarusian: Берасьцейская унія, Ukrainian: Берестейська унія, Unia brzeska refers to the The Church was outlawed by the Soviet regime in 1948 but continued to exist in the Ukrainian underground and in the Western Ukrainian diaspora. It was officially re-established in Ukraine in 1989. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) In 1991, Cardinal Lubachivsky returned to Lviv from emigration. Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (Мирослав Іван Любачівський 24 June 1914, Dolyna, Austria-Hungary - 14 December Since 2001 UGCC is headed by Major Archbishop and Cardinal Lubomyr Husar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, major archbishop is a title for an hierarch to whose Archiepiscopal see is granted the same jurisdiction in his autonomous A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Lubomyr Husar MSU (Любомир Гузар (born 26 February 1933) is the Major archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Currently the Ukrainian Greek Catholic church has 3317 parishes which makes it the third largest denomination in Ukraine[15]. Geographically, the Church's parishes were previously confined to the Western provinces of Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk, where it has the most parishes of any Church and where its share of parishes ranges from 47% to 64%. Lviv Oblast (Львівська область translit L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna - Львівщина Ternopil Oblast (Тернопільська область translit Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Івано-Франківська область translit The UGCC is also found in the neighboring Lemko areas in Poland. Lemkos (Лeмки Lemko: Лeмкы translit Lemky; sing Лeмкo Lemko) one of several quantitatively and territorially small nationalities Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Numerous surveys conducted since the late 1990s consistently show that between 6% and 8% of Ukraine's population, or 9. 4% to 12. 6% of religious believers, identify themselves as belonging to this Church. [16] In addition, the church has mass parishes abroad in the North American continent, South America, and Australia.
In recent times parishes have been established in many Eastern Ukrainian cities [17] such as Kharkiv, Donetsk, in the south in Odessa and Yalta and also in Russia. [18] with parishes being set up in Moscow, Novosibirsk, Ufa, Cheliabinsk, Tomsk, and other cities. These parishes have been formed primarily by resettled Ukrainians from Western Ukraine.
One of the largest religious controversies in Ukraine recently involved having the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based UGCC move its administrative centre from Lviv to Kiev whilst its new cathedral's construction was sponsored by the first lady, Kateryna Yushchenko-Chumachenko. Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Kateryna Mykhaylivna Yushchenko (Катерина Михайлівна Ющенко (born Katherine Chumachenko on September 1, 1961 in Chicago Illinois This move was criticised not only by the UOC(MP), but also by the whole Eastern Orthodox Communion.
Other Christian groups in Ukraine
Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism is predominantly practiced by non-Ukrainian minorities, in particular Poles and Hungarians. The Catholic Church in Ukraine is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Originally holding a large amount of parishes, most of the churches remained empty after World War II which is attributed due to the fact that much of the Polish population (once a significant minority, especially in the west of modern-day Ukraine) was killed in the war and the interethnic violence that occurred during the war as well as were subject to forcible evacuations and deportations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Massacre of Poles in Volhynia (Rzeź wołyńska (lit Volhynian slaughter was a massive Ethnic cleansing operation in German-occupied Volhynia and Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified
After the restoration of Soviet power in Western Ukraine since 1944, many catholic churches and monasteries were compulsively closed and clergymen persecuted. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. [19]
In 1991, Pope John Paul II officially restored the activities of Roman Catholic Dioceses in Ukraine and appointed bishops. Pope [19] Currently the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Ukraine has 807 parishes in 713 churches [20].
Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Byzantine rite Catholic church in Transcarpathia emerged from the underground and was restored as a separate entity from the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church based in Galicia. The Ruthenian Catholic Church is a Sui iuris (ie self-governing Catholic Church (see Particular Church) which uses the Divine Liturgy of Zakarpattia Oblast (Закарпатська область translit Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, This was done despite the protests by a portion of the Church members led by the bishop of Khust who demanded to be integrated into the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the [21] Despite this revival, unlike its sister Church in Galicia, the Ruthenian Byzantine rite Catholic Church has not regained its pre-war position as the dominant Church in Transcarpathia. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the It currently has about 23% of Transcarpathia's parishes, slightly less than 60% of the Orthodox total there. [22] Its traditional base is the Rusyn (Ruthenian) ethnic minority in Transcarpathia. Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks
Old Believers
Traditionally the Ukrainian clergy, following the annexation of Kievan Metropolia, were one of the main sources of opposition to the Old Believer schism which took place at the time, under Patriarch Nikon. Introductory summary of origins In 1652 Nikon (1605 – 1681 Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658 introduced a number of ritual and textual Nikon ( Russian: Ни́кон, Old Russian Нїконъ) born Nikita Minin ( Никита Минин; May 7, 1605 None of the Ukrainian parishes followed the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church. The Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church (or Russian Orthodox Oldritualist Church, Russian Orthodox Old-Ritualist Church) (Русская Православная Although in 1905 the Tsar's decree on freedom of religion allowed the Old Believer church to reform, it gained little support in Ukraine. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Presentely, however the Old Believer community very much exploited the politicised schism in Ukrainian Orthodoxy and, as of 2004, number 53 communities scattered throughout Ukraine, with one of the biggest in Vylkove. Vylkove (Вилкове Вилково Vâlcov is a small City located in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, at utmost South-West of Ukraine [23]
Protestantism in Ukraine
In the 16th century small groups of Anabaptists appeared in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, but the influence of the Reformation in Ukraine remained marginal until the three centuries later. Protestants in Ukraine number about 600 to 700 thousand (2007 about 1% of the total population Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation Volodymyr-Volynskyi or Vladimir-Volynsky (Володимир-Волинський translit The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time
Protestantism arrived to Ukraine together with German immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. They were initially granted religious freedom by the Russian Imperial authorities, unlike the native population. While some were Roman Catholic, the majority were either Evangelical (in North America known as Lutheran) or Mennonite (Anabaptist). Of the 200,000 or so Germans in Volhynia c. 1900, some 90% or so were Lutheran. Lutheranism went into a major decline with the emigration of most of the Germans out of the region during the World Wars but there are still small remnants today (2006) in the Odessa and Kiev regions.
One of earliest Protestant groups in Ukraine were Stundists (the name originated from the German Stunde, "hour") German Evangelical sect that spread from German villages in Bessarabia and Ekaterinoslav province to the neighbouring Ukrainian population. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Дніпропетровська область Dnipropetrovs’ka oblast’ or Дніпропетровщина Dnipropetrovshchyna) Protestantism in Ukraine rapidly grew during the liberal reforms of Alexander II in the 1860s. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St However, towards the end of the century authorities started to restrict Protestant proselytism of the Orthodox Christians, especially by the Studistis, routinely preventing prayer meetings and other activities. Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and particularly another religion At the same time Baptists, another major Protestant group that was growing in Ukraine, were treated less harshly due to their powerful international connections. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination.
In the early 20th century, Volyn became the main centre of the spread of Protestantism in Ukraine. During the Soviet period Protestantism, together with Orthodox Christianity, was persecuted in Ukraine, but the 1980s marked the start of another major expansion of Protestant proselytism in Ukraine.
Today largest Protestant groups in Ukraine include Baptists (All-Ukrainian Union of the Association of Evangelical Baptists), Pentecostals (All-Ukrainian Union of Christians of the Evangelical Faith-Pentecostals) and Seventh-day Adventists (Ukrainian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists). Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism The Seventh-day Adventist (abbreviated " Adventist " Church is a Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance Of note is Hillsong Church in Kiev. Hillsong Church Kiev (formerly Kiev Christian Life Centre) is the Kiev -based offshoot of Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia. One of the most prominent Protestants in modern Ukraine is the practicing baptist pastor Oleksander Turchinov, after the Orange Revolution the head of the SBU, Ukraine's successor to the KGB. The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of Protests and political events that took place in Ukraine History The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Despite the rapid growth, today Protestants in Ukraine remain a small minority in a largely Orthodox Christian country.
See also
References
- Inline:
- ^ a b Andrew Wilson (historian)|Wilson, Andrew]] (2000). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09309-8; pages 33-37
- ^ List of All Kievan Saints at the Byzantine Catholic Church in America
- ^ (Ukrainian) Panas, Kost' (1992). History of the Ukrainian Church (Історія української церкви), Transintekh; p. 12.
- ^ Chirovsky, Nicholas (1981). Ancient and Kievan-Galician Ukraine-Rus, Philosophical Library; page 216.
- ^ (Russian) Nikolay Kostomarov, "Russian History in Biographies of its main figures", Chapter Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky" (Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski)
- ^ "As a result, the Kievans practically controlled the Russian church obtaining key posts there (and holding them to almost the end of the 18th century)"
Yuri Kagramanov, "The war of languages in Ukraine", Novy Mir, 2006, № 8 - ^ a b c d Subtelny, O. Mykola Ivanovich Kostomoarov (Микола Іванович Костомаров Николай Иванович Костомаров Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov) ( May See also Lithuanian nobility House of Ostrogski List of szlachta Grand Duchy of Lithuania See also Novy Mir (1916 magazine Novy Mir (Новый Мир "New World" is a Russian language Literary magazine (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b c Magoscy, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- ^ A Brief History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- ^ Robert Conquest (1986). The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. . Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 211-212. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.
- ^ The Impact of External Threat on States and Domestic Societie, Manus I. Midlarsky in Dissolving Boundaries, Blackwell Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-2134-3, Google Print, p.15
- ^ У Московського Патріархату - серйозні проблеми в Україні - Обозреватель
- ^ Pravoslvieye v Uraine Retrieved on 10 February 2007
- ^ Interview with Archbishop Ioan (Modzalevsky), «Я - відвертий та давній прихильник порозуміння між УАПЦ та УПЦ».
- ^ Ukrainian Catholic churches in Ukraine (in Ukrainian)
- ^ [1] [2] [3]
- ^ Eparchies in Ukraine (in Ukrainian)
- ^ Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Russia site (in Ukrainian)
- ^ a b Roman Catholicism in Ukraine, RISU Portal, in Ukrainian
- ^ Roman Catholic church in Ukraine statistics (in Ukrainian)
- ^ http://www.rusyn.org/?root=rusyns&rusyns=religion&article=94
- ^ [4]
- ^ На злобу дня
- General:
- (English)Yuriy Chernomorets. The Destiny of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church at the Beginning of the 21st Century
- (Russian)Yuriy Chernomorets. "Social base of the Ukrainian orthodoxy", March 2005, Yuriy Chernomorets. "Social base of the Ukrainian orthodoxy", March 2005
- (Russian)Orhodox Encyclopedia Published by the Russian Orthodox Church[9]
- (Russian) Vadim Petrushko Autocephaleous schisms in Ukraine in 1989-1997. [10]
- (Ukrainian) Ivan Ohienko, Essays on the history of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- (Ukrainian) Holly Filaret Vs. Blessed Volodymyr = Kiev Vs. Moscow
- Articles in Ukrainian weekly newspaper Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly):
- (English)(Ukrainian)/(Russian) Giants of churchbuilding, February 4-10, 2006
- (Ukrainian)/(Russian) "Ukrainian Mission and its Messiahs", July 2005, in Ukrainian and in Russian
- (Ukrainian)/(Russian)"You can't prohibit dreaming. Metropolitan Ilarion (secular name Ivan Ohienko) (Іван Іванович Огієнко January 2 (January 15 1882 Brusyliv, near Kiev – March Zerkalo Nedeli ( Зеркало недели; Дзеркало тижня Dzerkalo Tyzhnia) usually referred to in English as the Mirror But can you force it?", April, 2005, in Ukrainian and in Russian
- (Ukrainian)/(Russian)"A church is hostage", February 2004 in Ukrainian and in Russian
- (Ukrainian)/(Russian)"A chessboard of religious affairs", April 2003 in Ukrainian and in Russian
External links
- General:
- State Department of Ukraine on Religious Issues (Ukrainian) - official site
- Religious Information Service of Ukraine (English)/(Ukrainian)/(Russian) - a project of the Institute of Religion and Society of the Ukrainian Catholic University
- Orthodoxy Page (Moscow Patriarchate) (Ukrainian)/(Russian)
- Ukrainian Bible Society(Ukrainian)
- Saint Vladimir Institute in Toronto(English)
- Churches:
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (Ukrainian)/(Russian)
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate (Ukrainian)
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (English)/(Ukrainian)
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (English)/(Ukrainian)/(Russian)
- Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine(English)/(Ukrainian)
- Lutherans in Ukraine
- Lutheran Church records extraction 1835-1885
- Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada(English)/(French)
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Canada Official Page(English)
- Baptists in Ukraine(English)/(Russian)
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