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The family of the Hauteville (French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla) was a petty baronial Norman family from the Cotentin which rose to prominence in Europe, Asia, and Africa through its conquests in the Mediterranean, especially Southern Italy and Sicily. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a Peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. They also participated in the Norman Conquest of England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Contents

Origins

The familial origins had roots from the Norwegian Vikings (Norsemen)who had settled in Normandy in the 10th century. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language From just which village of Hauteville, which may simply mean "high town", the family drew its name is hard to identify with certainty, though modern scholarship favours Hauteville-la-Guichard. Hauteville-la-Guichard is a French commune in the area of Coutances of the département of La Manche, in the region of Basse-Normandie, famous

The first of the family well known to us is Tancred of Hauteville, the founder of the eponymous villa. Tancred of Hauteville was an eleventh-century Norman petty lord about whom little is known He remained until his death (c. 1041) a minor baron of Normandy, but he had twelve sons and at least two daughters by two wives, Muriel and Fressenda. His small patrimony was hardly enough to satisfy his sons desire for land and glory and so eight of the twelve went south to the Mezzogiorno to seek their fortunes there. Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel

Mezzogiorno

See also: Norman conquest of southern Italy

The eldest of the twelve sons, William and Drogo, were the first to arrive in the south sometime around 1035. The Norman conquest of Southern Italy spanned most of the eleventh century involving many battles and many independent players conquering territories of their own William Iron Arm (born before 1010 &ndash died 1046 was a Norman adventurer founder of the fortunes of the Hauteville family. Drogo of Hauteville (c1010 &ndash 10 August 1051) succeeded his brother William Iron Arm, with whom he arrived in southern Italy c They soon distinguished themselves against the Greeks that William was inaugurated as count of Apulia and Calabria and lord of Ascoli, Drogo as lord of Venosa. This is a list of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria in Southern Italy from the 11th century to the 12th century Venosa is a town and Comune in the Province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. In 1047, Drogo was confirmed by the Emperor Henry III as William's heir and a direct vassal of the imperial crown. Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Their next brother, Humphrey, succeeded Drogo and defeated Pope Leo IX at the Battle of Civitate, making the Hauteville power the highest in the region. Humphrey of Hauteville (c 1010 &ndash August 1057 surnamed Abagelard, was the Count of Apulia and Calabria from 1051 to his death Pope The Battle of Civitate (also known as Battle of Civitella del Fortore) was fought on 18 June 1053 in Southern Italy between the Normans He was in turn succeeded by a fourth brother, the first by Tancred's second wife, Robert Guiscard. Robert Guiscard (from Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily

It was Robert who began the conquest of Sicily which was to yield a kingdom seventy years later and he renewed the war against Byzantium with vigour. In 1059, he was created duke by the pope and invested with as yet unconquered Sicily, which he gave, in 1071, to the youngest of the brothers, Roger Bosso, with the title of count. Roger I (1031 &ndash June 22, 1101) called Bosso and the Great Count, was the Norman Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101 The Guiscard's heirs, Bohemond and Roger Borsa, fought over the inheritance and Roger of Sicily began to outshine the Apulian branch of the family. Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c 1058&ndash 3 March 1111) Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch Roger Borsa (1060/1061&ndash February 22, 1111) was the son and successor of Robert Guiscard, the Norman conqueror of Southern Italy Roger united the Greek, Lombard, Norman, and Saracen elements of Sicily under one rule and refused to allow religious differences to spoil his conquests. He bequeathed a powerful state to his young sons, Simon and Roger. Simon of Hauteville (1093 - 1105 called Simon de Hauteville in French and Simone D'Altavilla in Italian was the eldest son and successor of Roger the Great Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his It was this Roger who, upon inheriting all from Simon in 1105, began the quest to unite into one all the Hauteville domains: Apulia and Calabria (then under Borsa's son William II) and Taranto (which had been given to Bohemond as a consolation for being deprived of Apulia) with his own Sicily. William II (1095-July 1127 was the duke of Apulia and Calabria from 1111 to 1127 The Principality of Taranto was a Norman state created in 1088 for Bohemond I, eldest son of Robert Guiscard, as part of the peace between him

Kingdom of Sicily

On William's death in 1127, the union of the duchy and the county was effected and Roger's quest for a crown began. Believing kings to have ruled Palermo in antiquity, Roger threw his support behind the Antipope Anacletus II and was duly enthroned as king of Sicily on Christmas Day 1130. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, (died January 25 1138) was an Antipope who ruled from 1131 to his death in a schism against

Roger spent most of the decade beginning with his coronation and ending with his great Assizes of Ariano fending off one invader or other and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals: Grimoald of Bari, Robert of Capua, Ranulf of Alife, Sergius of Naples, etc. The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento in the Mezzogiorno, by Roger II of Sicily Grimoald Alferanites was the Prince of Bari from 1121 to 1132 Robert II (died 1156 was the count of Aversa and the Prince of Capua from 1127 until his death. Ranulf II (or Rainulf, Italian: Rainolfo d'Alife; died 30 April 1139) was the count of Alife and Caiazzo, and Sergius VII (died 30 October 1137) was the thirty-ninth and last duke (or Magister militum) of Naples. In 1139, by the Treaty of Mignano, Roger received the recognition of his kingship from the legitimate pope. The Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia It was through his admiral George of Antioch that Roger then proceeded to conquer the Mahdia in Africa, taking the unofficial title "king of Africa. George of Antioch (died 1151 or 1152 was the first true ammiratus ammiratorum, successor of the great Christodulus. For the town in Guyana see Mahdia Guyana. Mahdia, Arabic: المهدية (al-Mahdiya is a Tunisian "

Roger's son and successor was William the Bad, though his nickname derives primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts William crushed. William I ( 1131 - May 7 1166) called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second King of Sicily, ruling from his father's death His reign ended in peace (1166), but his son, William the Good, was a minor. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily During the boy regency until 1172, the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down, but eventually the realm settled down and the reign of the second William is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. For this more than anything, he is nicknamed "the Good. " His death without heirs in 1189 threw the realm into chaos, however.

Tancred of Lecce seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin Roger of Andria and the invasion of Henry VI of Germany on behalf of his wife, Constance, the daughter of Roger II. Tancred (died February 20, 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194 Roger, count of Andria and Great Chamberlain of Sicily was a claimant for the Sicilian throne after the death of William II in 1189 Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Constance of Sicily (1154 &ndash November 27, 1198) was the heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily and the wife of Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor Constance and Henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell in 1194 to the Hohenstaufen. Through Constance, however, the Hauteville blood was passed to the great Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title

Crusades

The aforementioned Bohemond received in 1088, as a consolation, the principality of Taranto distinct from the duchy of Apulia which fell as per their father's will to his brother Roger Borsa. Bohemond did not long remain to enjoy his new principality, for while besieging Amalfi with his uncle and brother, he joined a passing band of Crusaders on their way to Palestine. Amalfi is also a town in the Antioquia Departament in Colombia. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Among his army was a nephew of his, a young man named Tancred. Tancred ( 1072 - December 5 or December 12, 1112) was a Norman leader of the First Crusade who later became Prince

Bohemond was the natural leader of the crusading host but, through a trick, he took Antioch and did not continue on to Jerusalem with the rest of the army, instead remaining in the newly-conquered city to carve out a principality for himself there. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Tancred also left the main Crusade at Heraclea Cybistra to fight for territory in Cilicia. Heraclea Cybistra (near modern Ereğli in Konya Province, Turkey) under the name Cybistra, had some importance in Hellenistic times Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria A great state like the one his cousins were forging in Europe, however, was impossible for Bohemond. He was defeated badly at the Battle of Harran and forced later to sign the Treaty of Devol with Byzantium. The Battle of Harran took place on May 7, 1104 between the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa The Treaty of Devol was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the Nevertheless, his son Bohemond II inherited the Crusader state. Bohemond II (1108 &ndash 1131 was the Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch from 1111 He in turn gave it to his only daughter, Constance, who ruled it until 1163. Constance of Antioch (1127 &ndash 1163 was the Princess regnant of the Principality of Antioch (a Crusader state) from 1130 to her death

Tancred had great luck in carving out a principality around Galilee with the grants of Godfrey of Bouillon, but he relinquished this in 1101. The Principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin Godfrey of Bouillon (c 1060 Boulogne-sur-Mer &ndash 18 July 1100, Jerusalem) was a medieval knight who was a leader of the First

Genealogy

Tancred and his first wife Muriel (or Muriella) had the following issue:

Tancred and his second wife Fressenda (or Fedesenda) had the following issue:

Sources

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