| Harry S. Truman | |
 | |
| In office April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 | |
| Vice President | None (1945–1949), Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) |
| Preceded by | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Succeeded by | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| In office January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945 | |
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Henry A. Wallace |
| Succeeded by | Alben W. Barkley |
| In office January 3, 1935 – January 17, 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Roscoe C. Patterson |
| Succeeded by | Frank P. Briggs |
| Born | May 8, 1884 Lamar, Missouri |
| Died | December 26, 1972 (aged 88) Kansas City, Missouri |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Bess Wallace Truman |
| Occupation | Small businessman (haberdasher), farmer |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army Missouri National Guard |
| Years of service | 1905-1920 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
Harry S. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821. Class 1 Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar For the US Senator from New York whom this person was named after see Roscoe Conkling. Frank Parks Briggs ( February 25, 1894 - September 23, 1992) was a United States Senator from Missouri. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lamar is a city in Barton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4425 at the 2000 census Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13 1885 – October 18 1982 widely known as Bess Truman, was the wife of Harry S A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone A haberdasher is a person who sells small articles for Sewing, such as buttons ribbons and zippers A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Missouri National Guard consists of the Missouri Army National Guard Missouri Air National Guard See also Colonel In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel The 35th Infantry Division has been a unit of the National Guard since World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953). Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by As vice president, he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died less than three months after he began his fourth term. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death
During World War I Truman served as an artillery officer. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All After the war he became part of the political machine of Tom Pendergast and was elected a county judge in Missouri and eventually a United States Senator. A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on Patronage, the Spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control and longstanding Thomas Joseph Pendergast ( July 22, 1873 &ndash January 26, 1945) controlled Kansas City and Jackson County Missouri Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives After he gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944. Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of A running mate is a Person running for a Subordinate position on a joint ticket during an Election.
As president, Truman faced challenge after challenge in domestic affairs. The disorderly reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act over his veto. The Economy of the United States is the largest national economy in the world A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. He confounded all predictions to win re-election in 1948, largely due to his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most Historians as the greatest election Upset in American history. A whistlestop or whistlestop tour is a style of Political campaigning where the Politician makes a series of brief appearances or speeches at a number of After his re-election he was able to pass only one of the proposals in his Fair Deal program. In United States history the Fair Deal was US President Harry S He used executive orders to begin desegregation of the U.S. armed forces and to launch a system of loyalty checks to remove thousands of communist sympathizers from government office, even though he strongly opposed mandatory loyalty oaths for governmental employees, a stance that led to charges that his administration was soft on communism. Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A loyalty oath is an Oath of Loyalty to an Organization, Institution, or State of which an individual is a member Truman's presidency was also eventful in foreign affairs, with the end of World War II and his decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan, the founding of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the beginning of the Cold War, the creation of NATO, and the Korean War. The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger The Truman Doctrine was a proclamation by US President Harry S Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The North Atlantic Treaty The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Corruption in Truman's administration reached the cabinet and senior White House staff. The United States Cabinet (usually simplified as "the Cabinet" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the Executive branch of the Federal government See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Republicans made corruption a central issue in the 1952 campaign. The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense
Truman, whose demeanor was very different from that of the patrician Roosevelt, was a folksy, unassuming president. He popularized such phrases as "The buck stops here" and "If you can't stand the heat, you better get out of the kitchen. "The buck stops here" is a phrase that was popularized by U "[1] He overcame the low expectations of many political observers who compared him unfavorably with his highly regarded predecessor. At one point in his second term, near the end of the Korean War, Truman's public opinion ratings reached the lowest of any United States president. Despite negative public opinion during his term in office, popular and scholarly assessments of his presidency became more positive after his retirement from politics and the publication of his memoirs. He died in 1972. Many U. S. scholars today rank him among the top ten presidents. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served Truman's legendary upset victory in 1948 over Thomas E. Dewey is routinely invoked by underdog presidential candidates. The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most Historians as the greatest election Upset in American history. Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican
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Personal life
Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri, the second child of John Anderson Truman (1851-1914) and Martha Ellen Young Truman (1852-1947). Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lamar is a city in Barton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4425 at the 2000 census Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee His parents chose the name Harry after his mother's brother, Harrison Young (1846-1916), Harry's uncle. [2] His parents chose "S" as his middle name, in attempt to please both of Harry's grandfathers, Anderson Shippe Truman and Solomon Young; the initial did not actually stand for anything, as was a common practice among Scots-Irish. [3][4] A brother, John Vivian (1886–1965), soon followed, along with sister Mary Jane Truman (1889–1978).
John Truman was a farmer and livestock dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old. They then moved to a farm near Harrisonville, then to Belton, and in 1887 to his grandparents' 600 acre (240 ha) farm in Grandview. Harrisonville is a city in Cass County, Missouri, United States. Belton is a city in Cass County Missouri, near Kansas City. As of the 2000 census the city had a population of 21730 Grandview is a city in Jackson County, Missouri, United States. [5] When Truman was six, his parents moved the family to Independence, so he could attend the Presbyterian Church Sunday School. Independence is a city in Jackson County in the US state of Missouri, and the fourth largest city in the state Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Truman did not attend a traditional school until he was eight.
As a young boy, Truman had three main interests: music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother. He was very close to his mother for as long as she lived, and as president solicited political as well as personal advice from her. [6] He got up at five every morning to practice the piano, and went to a local music teacher twice a week until he was fifteen. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers [7] Truman also read a great deal of popular history. He was a page at the 1900 Democratic National Convention at Convention Hall in Kansas City. The 1900 Democratic National Convention was a United States presidential nominating convention that took place the week of July 4, 1900 at Convention Convention Hall was a Convention center in Kansas City Missouri that hosted the 1900 Democratic National Convention and 1928 Republican National Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages [8]
After graduating from Independence High School (now William Chrisman High School) in 1901, Truman worked as a timekeeper on the Santa Fe Railroad, sleeping in "hobo camps" near the rail lines;[9] he then worked at a series of clerical jobs. William Chrisman High School is a High School located in Independence Missouri. The Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Hobo is a term that refers to a Subculture of wandering Homeless people particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains. He returned to the Grandview farm in 1906 and stayed there until 1917 when he went into military service.
The physically demanding work he put in on the Grandview farm was a formative experience. During this period he courted Bess Wallace and even proposed to her in 1911. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13 1885 – October 18 1982 widely known as Bess Truman, was the wife of Harry S She turned him down, and Truman said he wanted to make more money than a farmer before he proposed again. He did propose again in 1918, after coming back as a Captain from World War I, and she accepted.
Truman was the only president who served after 1897 not to earn a college degree: poor eyesight prevented him from applying to West Point, his childhood dream, and financial constraints prevented him from securing a degree elsewhere. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, [6] He did, however, study for two years toward a law degree at the Kansas City Law School (now the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law) in the early 1920s. The University of Missouri–Kansas City (often referred to as UMKC) is an institution of higher learning located in Kansas City, Missouri, USA
World War I
Truman enlisted in the Missouri National Guard in 1905, and served in it until 1911. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. With the onset of American participation in World War I, he rejoined the Guard. At his physical in 1905, his eyesight had been an unacceptable 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left. Eye examination Visual acuity (VA is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision which is dependent on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the [10] Reportedly he passed by secretly memorizing the eye chart. [11]
Before going to France, he was sent to Camp Doniphan, adjacent to Fort Sill, near Lawton, Oklahoma for training. Camp Doniphan was a Military base adjacent to Fort Sill, just outside of Lawton, in Comanche County, Oklahoma, that was activated Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Lawton is a city in and the County seat of Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States. He ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson, who had experience in a Kansas City clothing store as a clerk. Edward Jacobson ( 17 June 1891, New York City – 25 October 1955, Kansas City Missouri) was an American-Jewish At Ft. Sill he also met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, the nephew of Thomas Joseph (T.J.) Pendergast, a Kansas City politician. Thomas Joseph Pendergast ( July 22, 1873 &ndash January 26, 1945) controlled Kansas City and Jackson County Missouri Both men would have profound influences on later events in Truman's life. [12][13][14][15]
Truman was chosen to be an officer, and then battery commander in an artillery regiment in France. In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield His unit was Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division, known for its discipline problems. The 35th Infantry Division has been a unit of the National Guard since World War I. [16] During a sudden attack by the Germans in the Vosges Mountains, the battery started to disperse; Truman ordered them back into position using profanities that he had "learned while working on the Santa Fe railroad. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Vosges (voːʒ or Vosges Mountains are a Mountain range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley "[16] Shocked by the outburst, his men reassembled and followed him to safety. Under Captain Truman's command in France, the battery did not lose a single man. [16] The war was a transformative experience that brought out Truman's leadership qualities; he later rose to the rank of Colonel in the National Guard, and his war record made possible his later political career in Missouri. [16]
Marriage and early business career
At the war's conclusion, Truman returned to Independence and married his longtime love interest, Bess Wallace, on June 28, 1919. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The couple had one child, Mary Margaret (born February 17, 1924 - January 29, 2008). Mary Margaret Truman Daniel, widely known throughout her life as Margaret Truman, ( February 17 1924 — January 29 2008) was an Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
A month before the wedding, banking on their success at Fort Sill and overseas, Truman and Jacobson opened a haberdashery of the same name at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City. A haberdasher is a person who sells small articles for Sewing, such as buttons ribbons and zippers After a few successful years, the store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921, which greatly affected the farm economy. The post-World War I recession was an Economic Recession that hit much of the world after World War I. [6] Truman blamed the fall in farm prices on the policies of the Republicans; he worked to pay off the debts until 1934, just as he was going into the U. S. Senate, when banker William T. Kemper retrieved the note during the sale of a bankrupt bank and allowed Truman to pay it off for $1,000. William Thornton Kemper Sr. (November 3 1866 - January 19 1938 (also known as William T (At the same time Kemper made a $1,000 contribution to Truman's campaign. )
Former comrades in arms and former business partners, Jacobson and Truman remained close friends for life. Decades later, Jacobson's advice to Truman on Zionism would play a critical role in the US government's decision to recognize Israel. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [17]
Politics
Jackson County judge
In 1925, with the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine led by boss Tom Pendergast, Truman was elected as a judge of the County Court of the eastern district of Jackson County[6]—an administrative, not judicial, position similar to county commissioners elsewhere. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on Patronage, the Spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control and longstanding A boss, in politics, is a person who wields De facto power over a particular political region or Constituency. Thomas Joseph Pendergast ( July 22, 1873 &ndash January 26, 1945) controlled Kansas City and Jackson County Missouri Jackson County is a County located in the US state of Missouri.
In 1922, Truman gave a friend $10 for an initiation fee for the Ku Klux Klan but later asked to get his money back; he was never initiated, never attended a meeting, and never claimed membership. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are [18][19] Though Truman at times expressed anger towards Jews in his diaries, his business partner and close friend Edward Jacobson was Jewish. Edward Jacobson ( 17 June 1891, New York City – 25 October 1955, Kansas City Missouri) was an American-Jewish [20][21][22] Truman's attitudes toward blacks were typical of white Missourians of his era, and were expressed in his casual use of terms like "nigger. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal " Years later, another measure of his racial attitudes would come to the forefront: tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated Truman, and were a major factor in his decision to use Executive Order 9981 to back civil rights initiatives and desegregate the armed forces. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by U [23]
He was not reelected in 1924 but in 1926 was elected the presiding judge for the court and reelected in 1930.
In 1930 Truman coordinated the "Ten Year Plan," which transformed Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline with new public works projects, including an extensive series of roads, construction of a new Wight and Wight-designed County Court building, and the dedication of a series of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments honoring pioneer women. Wight and Wight was an architecture firm in Kansas City Missouri consisting of the brothers Thomas Wight (1874-1949 and William Wight (1882-1947 who designed several landmark Madonna of the Trail is a series of 12 monuments dedicated to the spirit of pioneer women in the United States. Much of the building was done with Pendergast Ready Mixed concrete.
In 1933 Truman was named Missouri's director for the Federal Re-Employment program (part of the Civil Works Administration)at the request of Postmaster General James Farley as payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote to Franklin D. The Civil Works Administration was established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to create jobs for millions of unemployed James Aloysius "Jim" Farley ( May 30, 1888 &ndash June 9, 1976) was an American Politician, business executive Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country The appointment confirmed Pendergast's control over federal patronage jobs in Missouri and marked the zenith of his power. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization It was also to create a relationship between Truman and Harry Hopkins and assure avid Truman support for the New Deal. This article is about the politician for the British tank named for him see Light Tank Mk VIII Harry Lloyd Hopkins ( August 17 1890 [24]
U. S. Senator
First term
After serving as judge Truman wanted to run for Governor or Congress but Pendergast told him no. In 1934, Tom Pendergast's aides suggested Harry Truman as a candidate for Senator but Pendergast did not think that Truman was made for the big leagues, but after three other men turned him down, Pendergast reluctantly picked Truman as the candidate in the 1934 U.S. Senate election for Missouri. The United States Senate elections of 1934 occurred in the middle of Democratic President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's first term During the Democratic primary, Truman defeated John J. Cochran and Tuck Milligan, the brother of federal prosecutor Maurice M. Milligan. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=C000565 Maurice Morton Milligan (1884 - 1959 a US District Attorney for Western Missouri is most famous for the successful 1939 prosecution of Kansas City boss Tom Pendergast Truman then defeated the incumbent Republican, Roscoe C. Patterson, by nearly 20 percent. For the US Senator from New York whom this person was named after see Roscoe Conkling.
On election day, four people were killed at the polls, prompting various investigations into Kansas City election practices.
Truman assumed office under a cloud as "the senator from Pendergast. " He gave patronage decisions to Pendergast but always maintained he voted his conscience. Truman always defended the patronage by saying that by offering a little, he saved a lot.
In his first term as a U. S. Senator, Truman spoke out bluntly against corporate greed, and warned about the dangers of Wall Street speculators and other moneyed special interests attaining too much influence in national affairs. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. [25] He was, however, largely ignored by President Roosevelt, who appeared not to have taken him seriously at this stage. Truman reportedly had difficulty getting White House secretaries to return his calls. [26]
The 1936 election of Pendergast-backed Governor Lloyd C. Stark revealed even bigger voter irregularities in Missouri than had been uncovered in 1934. Lloyd Crow Stark ( November 23, 1886 September 17, 1972) was a Governor of the U Milligan prosecuted 278 defendants in vote fraud cases; he convicted 259. Stark turned on Pendergast, urged prosecution, and was able to wrest federal patronage from the Pendergast machine. [27]
Ultimately Milligan discovered that Pendergast had not paid federal taxes between 1927 and 1937 and had conducted a fraudulent insurance scam. In 1939, Pendergast pled guilty and received a $10,000 fine and a 15-month sentence at Leavenworth Federal Prison. The United States Penitentiary (USP Leavenworth is located in Leavenworth, Kansas on 1583 acres (6 No charges were filed against Truman.
1940 election
Truman's prospects for re-election to the Senate looked bleak. In 1940, both Stark and Maurice Milligan challenged him in the Democratic primary for the Senate. The United States Senate elections of 1940 coincided with the election of Franklin Roosevelt to his third term as President. Robert E. Hannegan, who controlled St. Louis Democratic politics, threw his support in the election behind Truman. Robert Emmet Hannegan ( June 30, 1903 &ndash October 6, 1949) was a St (Hannegan would go on to broker the 1944 deal that put Truman on the vice presidential ticket for Roosevelt. ) Truman campaigned tirelessly and combatively. In the end, Stark and Milligan split the anti-Pendergast vote in the Democratic primary, with Stark and Milligan having more combined votes than Truman. [28]
In September 1940, during the general election campaign, Truman was elected Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasonry. This article relates to mainstream 'Craft Freemasonry' sometimes known as 'Blue Lodge Freemasonry' Freemasonry|Regular Masonic jurisdictionsA Grand Lodge, or " Grand Orient " is the usual governing body of "Craft" or "Blue Lodge" Freemasonry [29] In November of that year, he defeated Kansas City State Senator Manvel H. Davis by over 40,000 votes and retained his Senate seat. Manvel Humphrey Davis (April 7 1891 – February 10 1959 was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives and Missouri State Senate. [30] Truman said later that the Masonic election assured his victory in the general election over State Senator Davis. [31]
The successful 1940 Senate campaign is regarded by many biographers as a personal triumph and vindication for Truman and as a precursor to the much more celebrated 1948 drive for the White House, another contest where he was underestimated. [32] It was the turning point of his political career.
Defense policy statements
On June 23, 1941, the day after Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, Senator Truman declared: "If we see that Germany is winning we ought to help Russia and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany, and that way let them kill as many as possible, although I don't want to see Hitler victorious under any circumstances. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Neither of them thinks anything of their pledged word. "[33] Although the sentiment was in line with what many Americans felt at the time, it was regarded by later biographers as both inappropriate and cynical. [34][35] The remark was the first in a long series of prominently inopportune off-the-cuff statements by Truman to members of the national press corps.
Truman Committee
Truman gained fame and respect when his preparedness committee (popularly known as the "Truman Committee") investigated the scandal of military wastefulness by exposing fraud and mismanagement. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ( PSI) is the oldest subcommittee of the U The Roosevelt administration had initially feared the Committee would hurt war morale, and Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson wrote to the president declaring it was "in the public interest" to suspend the committee. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch Robert Porter Patterson (Sr ( February 12, 1891 - January 22, 1952) was the United States Under Secretary of War under President Franklin Roosevelt Truman wrote a letter to FDR saying that the committee was "100 percent behind the administration" and that it had no intention of criticizing the military conduct of the war. [36] The committee was considered a success and is reported to have saved at least $15 billion. Truman's advocacy of common-sense cost-saving measures for the military attracted much attention. In 1943, his work as chairman earned Truman his first appearance on the cover of Time. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and He would eventually appear on nine Time covers and be named the magazine's Man of the Year for 1945 and 1948. Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles [37] After years as a marginal figure in the Senate, Truman was cast into the national spotlight after the success of the Truman Committee. [37]
Vice Presidency
Following months of uncertainty over the president's preference for a running mate, Truman was selected as Roosevelt's vice presidential candidate in 1944 as the result of a deal worked out by Hannegan, who was Democratic National Chairman that year. The United States presidential election of 1944 took place while the United States was preoccupied with fighting World War II.
Although his public image remained that of a robust, engaged world leader, Roosevelt's physical condition was in fact rapidly deteriorating in mid-1944. A handful of key FDR advisers, including outgoing Democratic National Committee Chairman Frank C. Walker, incoming Chairman Robert Hannegan, party treasurer Edwin W. Pauley, strategist Ed Flynn, and lobbyist George E. Frank Comerford Walker ( May 30, 1886 &ndash September 13, 1959) was a United States Political figure. Edwin Wendell Pauley Sr ( January 7, 1903 — July 28, 1981) was an American oilman and political appointee Edward Joseph Flynn ( September 22, 1891 The Bronx, then New York County, now Bronx County, New York City - August Allen closed ranks in the summer of 1944 to "keep Henry Wallace off the ticket. Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of "[38] They considered Wallace, the incumbent vice president, too liberal, and had grave concerns about the possibility of his ascension to the presidency. Modern liberalism in the United States, also referred to as American liberalism, is a political ideology that seeks to use the power of the state to effect change upon society Allen would later recall that each of these men "realized that the man nominated to run with Roosevelt would in all probability be the next President. . . "[39]
After meeting personally with the party leaders, FDR agreed to replace Wallace as vice president; however, Roosevelt chose to leave the final selection of a running mate unresolved until the later stages of the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. James F. Byrnes of South Carolina was initially favored, but labor leaders opposed him (Roosevelt also opposed Byrnes, but was reluctant to disappoint any candidate and did not want to tell them directly, and famously told Hannegan to "clear it [Byrnes's nomination] with Sidney", meaning labor leader Sidney Hillman, a few days before the convention). James Francis Byrnes ( May 2, 1879 April 9, 1972) was an American statesman from the state of South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Sidney Hillman ( March 23, 1887 - July 10, 1946) was an American labor leader [40] In addition, Byrnes's status as a segregationist gave him problems with Northern liberals,[41] and he was also considered vulnerable because of his conversion from Catholicism. [42][43] Reportedly, Roosevelt offered the position to Governor Henry F. Schricker of Indiana, but he declined. Henry Frederick Schricker ( 30 August 1883 28 December 1966) was Democratic governor of the American state of The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union [44] Before the convention began, Roosevelt wrote a note saying he would accept either Truman or Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas; state and city party leaders preferred Truman. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. William Orville Douglas ( October 16, 1898 – January 19, 1980) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. Truman himself did not campaign directly or indirectly that summer for the number two spot on the ticket, and always maintained that he had not wanted the job of vice president.
Truman's candidacy was humorously dubbed the second "Missouri Compromise" at the 1944 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, as his appeal to the party center contrasted with the liberal Wallace and the conservative Byrnes. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving The 1944 Democratic National Convention was held at the Chicago Stadium in Chicago Illinois from July 19 - July 21, 1944 The nomination was well received, and the Roosevelt-Truman team went on to score a 432–99 electoral-vote victory in the 1944 presidential election, defeating Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Governor John Bricker of Ohio. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. The United States presidential election of 1944 took place while the United States was preoccupied with fighting World War II. Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous John William Bricker ( September 6, 1893 March 22, 1986) was a United States Senator and Governor of Ohio. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945, and served less than three months. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
Truman's vice-presidency was relatively uneventful, and Roosevelt rarely contacted him, even to inform him of major decisions. Truman shocked many when he attended his disgraced patron Pendergast's funeral a few days after being sworn in. Truman was reportedly the only elected official who attended the funeral. Truman brushed aside the criticism, saying simply, "He was always my friend and I have always been his. "[6]
On April 12, 1945, Truman was urgently called to the White House, where Eleanor Roosevelt informed him that the president had died after suffering a massive cerebral hemorrhage. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 A cerebral hemorrhage (or intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH) is a subtype of Intracranial hemorrhage that occurs within the Brain tissue itself Truman's first concern was for Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which she replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now. "[45]
Presidency 1945–1953
First term (1945–1949)
Assuming office
Truman had been vice president for only 82 days when President Roosevelt died. Greta Kempton ( March 22, 1901 - December 10, 1991) born Martha Greta Kempton He had had very little meaningful communication with Roosevelt about world affairs or domestic politics after being sworn in as vice president, and was completely uninformed about major initiatives relating to the successful prosecution of the war—notably the top secret Manhattan Project, which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb
Shortly after taking the oath of office, Truman said to reporters:
- "Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now. I don't know if you fellas ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me what happened yesterday, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me. "
A few days after his swearing in, he wrote to his wife, Bess: "It won't be long until I can sit back and study the whole picture and. . . there'll be no more to this job than there was to running Jackson County and not anymore worry. "[6] However, the simplicity he had predicted would prove elusive.
Upon assuming the presidency, Truman asked all the members of FDR's cabinet to remain in place, told them that he was open to their advice, and laid down a central principle of his administration: he would be the one making decisions, and they were to support him. [46] Just a few weeks after he assumed office, on his 61st birthday, the Allies achieved victory in Europe. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Victory in Europe Day ( V-E Day or VE Day) was May 7 and May 8, 1945, the dates when the World War II Allies
Atomic bomb use
- For more details on this topic, see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at
Truman was quickly briefed on the Manhattan Project and authorized use of atomic weapons against the Japanese in August 1945, after Japan rejected the Potsdam Declaration. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender was a statement issued on July 26, 1945 by President of the The atomic bombings that followed were the first, and so far the only, instance of nuclear warfare.
On the morning of August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's [47] Two days later, having heard nothing from the Japanese government, the U. S. military proceeded with its plans to drop a second atomic bomb. On August 9, Nagasaki was also devastated. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. [48] Truman received news of the bombing while aboard the heavy cruiser USS Augusta on his way back to the U. Beginnings The Augusta a "Treaty" cruiser of 10000 tons normal displacement was laid down on 2 July 1928 at Newport News Virginia, by S. after the Potsdam Conference. The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, The Japanese agreed to surrender on August 14. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures [49]
At the Potsdam Conference, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was aware of the U. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party S. government's possession of the atomic bomb. [50][51][52]
- For more details on this topic, see Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a subject of contention concerning the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which took place on 6 August
In the years since the bombings, however, questions about Truman's choice have become more pointed. The Targeting Committee at Los Alamos apparently had no doubts about using the bomb on civilians, but many others, including Dwight Eisenhower, publicly and privately expressed opposition to this tactic. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general
Supporters of Truman's decision to use the bomb argue that it saved hundreds of thousands of lives that would have been lost in an invasion of mainland Japan. Operation Downfall was the overall Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. Eleanor Roosevelt spoke in support of this view in 1954, saying that Truman had "made the only decision he could," and that the bomb's use was necessary "to avoid tremendous sacrifice of American lives. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 "[53] Others, including historian Gar Alperovitz, have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary and inherently immoral. Gar Alperovitz (born May 5 1936 is Lionel R Bauman Professor of Political Economy at the University of Maryland College Park Department of Government and Politics [54]
Strikes and economic upheaval
The end of World War II was followed in the United States by uneasy and contentious conversion back to a peacetime economy. "The buck stops here" is a phrase that was popularized by U The president was faced with a sudden renewal of labor-management conflicts that had lain dormant during the war years, severe shortages in housing and consumer products, and widespread dissatisfaction with inflation, which at one point hit six percent in a single month. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time [55] In this polarized environment, there was a wave of destabilizing strikes in major industries, and Truman's response to them was generally seen as ineffective. [55] In the spring of 1946, a national railway strike, unprecedented in the nation's history, brought virtually all passenger and freight lines to a standstill for over a month. This article is part of the History of rail transport by country series When the railway workers turned down a proposed settlement, Truman announced that he would seize control of the railways and even threatened to draft striking workers into the armed forces. [56] While delivering a speech before Congress requesting authority for this plan, Truman received word that the strike had been settled on his terms. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses [56] He announced this development to Congress on the spot and received a tumultuous ovation that was replayed for weeks on newsreels. Although the resolution of the crippling railway strike made for stirring political theater, it actually cost Truman politically: his proposed solution was seen by many as high-handed; and labor voters, already wary of Truman's handling of workers' issues, were deeply alienated. [55]
United Nations, Marshall Plan, and the Cold War
As a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and included former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the U. Wilsonianism or Wilsonian are words used to describe a certain type of ideological perspectives on Foreign policy. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. N. 's first General Assembly in order to meet the public desire for peace after the carnage of World War II. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Faced with communist abandonment of commitments to democracy made at the Potsdam Conference, and with communist advances in Greece (leading to the Greek Civil War) and in Turkey that suggested a hunger for global domination, Truman and his foreign policy advisors concluded that the interests of the Soviet Union were quickly becoming incompatible with those of the United States. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Truman administration articulated an increasingly hard line against the Soviets.
Although he claimed no personal expertise on foreign matters, and although the opposition Republicans controlled Congress, Truman was able to win bipartisan support for both the Truman Doctrine, which formalized a policy of containment, and the Marshall Plan, which aimed to help rebuild postwar Europe. The Truman Doctrine was a proclamation by US President Harry S Containment refers to a Foreign policy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger To get Congress to spend the vast sums necessary to restart the moribund European economy, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing forcefully that communism flourishes in economically deprived areas. His goal was to "scare the hell out of Congress. "[57] As part of the U. S. Cold War strategy, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 and reorganized military forces by merging the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (later the Department of Defense) and creating the U.S. Air Force. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The National Security Act of 1947, Pub L No 235 80 Cong 61 Stat The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch The United States Department of the Navy was established by an Act of Congress on April 30 1798 to provide administrative and technical support and civilian leadership The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government The act also created the CIA and the National Security Council. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National
Fair Deal
After many years of Democratic majorities in Congress and two Democratic presidents, voter fatigue with the Democrats delivered a new Republican majority in the 1946 midterm elections, with the Republicans picking up 55 seats in the House of Representatives and several seats in the Senate. In Politics, voter fatigue is the apathy that the electorate can experience when they are required to vote too often The US House election 1946 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1946 which occurred in the middle of President Harry Truman The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate elections of 1946 were in the middle of Democratic President Harry Truman 's first term Although Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders on foreign policy, he fought them bitterly on domestic issues. He failed to prevent tax cuts or the removal of price controls. The power of the labor unions was significantly curtailed by the Taft-Hartley Act, which was enacted by overriding Truman's veto. [58]
As he readied for the approaching 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating national health insurance,[59] the repeal of the anti-union Taft-Hartley Act, and an aggressive civil rights program. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D National health insurance is a form of health insurance that insures a population against meeting the costs associated with ill health Taken together, it all constituted a broad legislative agenda that came to be called the "Fair Deal. In United States history the Fair Deal was US President Harry S "
Truman's proposals made for potent campaign rhetoric but were not well received by Congress, even after Democratic gains in the 1948 election. The US House election 1948 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1948 which coincided with President Harry Truman 's Only one of the major Fair Deal bills, the Housing Act of 1949, was ever enacted. The American Housing Act of 1949 was a landmark sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing [60][61]
Recognition of Israel
- For more details on this topic, see Declaration of Independence (Israel). The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May
Truman was a key figure in the establishment of the Jewish state in the Palestine Mandate. The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement In shaping his policy toward Palestine, Truman experienced continuous pressures, especially from the Jewish community, virtually from the very moment he took office as president [62]. Truman writes, “Top Jewish leaders in the United States were putting all sorts of pressure on me to commit American power and forces on behalf of the Jewish aspirations in Palestine[63]. ” In 1946, an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry recommended the gradual establishment of two states in Palestine, with neither Jews nor Arabs dominating. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding However, there was little Zionist [64] support for the two-state proposal. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Britain’s empire was in rapid decline, and under pressure to withdraw from Palestine quickly because of attacks on British forces by armed Zionist groups and Arab militias. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. [65]
At the urging of the British, a special U. N. committee, UNSCOP, recommended the immediate partitioning of Palestine into two states, and with Truman's support, this initiative was approved by the General Assembly on November 29, 1947. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP was formed in the May 1947 in response to the British Governments announcement to terminate Mandate of Palestine. According to Truman, “The facts were that not only were there pressure movements around the United Nations unlike anything that had been seen there before, but that the White House, too, was subjected to a constant barrage. I do not think I ever had as much pressure and propaganda aimed at the White House as I had in this instance. The persistence of a few of the extreme Zionist leaders - actuated by a political motive and engaging in political threats - disturbed and annoyed me. ”[66] The president noted in a letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, “I regret this situation very much because my sympathy has always been on their [Zionist] side. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 ”[67]
The British announced on November 30, 1947 that they would leave Palestine by May 15, 1948. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A civil war broke out in Palestine and the Arab League Council nations began moving troops to Palestine's borders. The 1948 Palestine war refers to the events that happened in Palestine between the vote on the partition plan of Palestine on November 30, 1947 The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Zionist idea of a Jewish state in the Middle East was popular in the U. S. , particularly among urban Jewish voters, one of Truman's key constituencies. Truman additionally viewed a viable Jewish state as the best way to resettle the some 250,000 Jewish Holocaust refugees living in displaced person camps. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race A displaced persons camp is in principle any temporary facility for Displaced persons In recent times Displaced Persons Camps have existed in many parts of the world for many [68]
The State Department, however, disagreed with the decision. Secretary of State George Marshall and most of the foreign service experts strongly opposed the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of [69][70] Thus, when Truman agreed to meet with Chaim Weizmann, at the request of Edward Jacobson he found himself overruling his own Secretary of State. Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist Edward Jacobson ( 17 June 1891, New York City – 25 October 1955, Kansas City Missouri) was an American-Jewish In the end, Marshall did not publicly dispute the president's decision, as Truman feared he might. Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, was perhaps most vocal on the issue of Palestine and spoke repeatedly about the perils of arousing Arab hostility, which might result in denial of access to petroleum resources in the area [71] and about “the impact of this question on the security of the United States. James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United ”[72] Truman recognized the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after it declared itself a nation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [73][74]
Lenczowski ([1]) writes[75] “Whatever misgivings Truman might have had about the Zionist program, he eventually not only embraced it but added impetus to it by ordering the US delegation at the United Nations to vote for partition. It is not easy to give an evaluation of his motives in choosing this option. Initially, he was merely interested in relieving human misery by urging admission of displaced Jews to British-ruled Palestine. In that early stage, he appeared to be quite firm in rejecting “a political structure imposed on the Middle East that would result in conflict. ”[76] He was also aware, as we have seen, of the gains likely to accrue to the Soviets if Arabs were to be antagonized. Yet he ultimately chose a policy that did lead to conflict and opened the gates to Soviet penetration in the Arab world, as the examples of Nasser’s, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and other states showed. Was this policy based on his genuine conversion to the idea that the thus generated conflict in the Middle East was of secondary importance and that the Soviet factor could be safely disregarded? This alternative does not quite square with his determination to stop Soviet advances in the northern tier of Iran, Turkey, and Greece. Furthermore, as his arms embargo indicated, he did not identify US interest with Israel’s victory and never went on record claiming that Israel was America’s ally or strategic asset. This leaves us with the other possible alternative - that despite his resentment of the political pressures at home he chose to give them priority over other considerations. Certain observers who stood close to the decision-making process of that era were convinced that domestic politics constituted a major motivation in Truman’s behavior. [77] In the often quoted statement addressed to four American envoys from the middle east who, at a meeting in the White House on November 10, 1945, warned him of adverse effects of a pro-Zionist policy, he declared: “I am sorry, gentlemen, but I have to answer to hundreds of thousands who are anxious for the success of Zionism: I do not have hundreds of thousands of Arabs among my constituents. ””[78]
Berlin Airlift
- For more details on this topic, see Berlin Blockade. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war.
On June 24, 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Berlin is the capital city of reunited Germany. Berlin is a young city by European standards founded in the 13th century Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The Allies had never negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed sending a large armored column driving peacefully, as a moral right, down the autobahn across the Soviet zone to West Berlin, with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. General Lucius Dubignon Clay ( April 23 1897 &ndash April 16 1978) was an American general and military governor best known for his (German ˈaʊtoːbaːn plural Autobahnen; English /ˈɔːtəʊbɑːn/ is the German word for a major high- Speed Road restricted to motor West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Truman, however, following the consensus in Washington, believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved a plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military airplanes on a massive scale. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. Nothing remotely like it had ever been attempted before. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes as president; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. [79]
Defense cutbacks
Truman, Congress, and the Pentagon followed a strategy of rapid demobilization after World War II, mothballing ships and sending the veterans home. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The reasons for this strategy, which persisted through Truman's first term and well into his second, were largely financial. In order to fund domestic spending requirements, Truman had advocated a policy of defense program cuts for the U. S. armed forces at the end of the war. The Republican majority in Congress, anxious to enact numerous tax cuts, approved of Truman's plan to "hold the line" on defense spending. [80] In addition, Truman's experience in the Senate left him with lingering suspicions that large sums were being wasted in the Pentagon. [81] In 1949, Truman appointed Louis A. Johnson as Secretary of Defense. Louis Arthur Johnson ( January 10, 1891 - April 24, 1966) was the second United States Secretary of Defense, serving in Impressed by U. S. advances in atomic bomb development, Truman and Johnson initially believed that the atomic bomb rendered conventional forces largely irrelevant to the modern battlefield. This assumption eventually had to be revisited, however, as the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic weapon in the same year. The RDS-1 (РДС-1 also Joe-1, was the USSR's first Nuclear weapon test, named in reference to Joseph Stalin.
Nevertheless, reductions continued, adversely affecting U. S. conventional defense readiness. [82][83] Both Truman and Johnson had a particular antipathy to Navy and Marine Corps budget requests. [83][84] Truman had a well-known dislike of the Marines dating back to his service in World War I, and famously said, "The Marine Corps is the Navy's police force, and as long as I am President that is what it will remain. They have a propaganda machine that is almost equal to Stalin's. "[83][84] Indeed, Truman had proposed disbanding the Marine Corps entirely as part of the 1948 defense reorganization plan, a plan that was abandoned only after a letter-writing campaign and the intervention of influential congressmen who were Marine veterans. [83][84]
Under Truman defense budgets through Fiscal Year 1950, many Navy ships were mothballed, sold to other countries, or scrapped. The U.S. Army, faced with high turnover of experienced personnel, cut back on training exercises, and eased recruitment standards. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Usable equipment was scrapped or sold off instead of stored, and even ammunition stockpiles were cut. [85][83] The Marine Corps, its budgets slashed, was reduced to hoarding surplus inventories of World War II-era weapons and equipment. [84][82][83] It was only after the invasion of South Korea by the North Koreans in 1950 that Truman sent significantly larger defense requests to Congress—and initiated what might be considered the modern period of defense spending in the United States. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia,
Civil rights
- Further information: President's Committee on Civil Rights
A 1947 report by the Truman administration titled To Secure These Rights presented a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reforms. The President's Committee on Civil Rights was established by U In February 1948, the president submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as voting rights and fair employment practices. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally Employment discrimination refers to discriminatory employment practices such as bias in hiring promotion job assignment termination and compensation and various types of This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the run up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise, saying: "My forebears were Confederates. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 . . . But my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States "[18]
Election of 1948
- For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1948. The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most Historians as the greatest election Upset in American history.
The 1948 presidential election is best remembered for Truman's stunning come-from-behind victory. The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most Historians as the greatest election Upset in American history. [86] In the spring of 1948, Truman's public approval rating stood at 36 percent,[87] and the president was nearly universally regarded as incapable of winning the general election. The "New Deal" operatives within the party—including FDR's son James—tried to swing the Democratic nomination to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, a wildly popular figure whose political views—and party affiliation—were totally unknown. James Roosevelt (December 23 1907 – August 13 1991 was the oldest son of President Franklin D Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Eisenhower emphatically refused to accept, and Truman outflanked opponents to his nomination.
At the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Truman attempted to calm turbulent domestic political waters by placing a tepid civil rights plank in the party platform; the aim was to assuage the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wings of his party. The 1948 Democratic National Convention was held at Convention Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 12 to Events overtook the president's efforts at compromise, however. A sharp address given by Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis—as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses—convinced the Convention to adopt a stronger civil rights plank, which Truman approved wholeheartedly. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving All of Alabama's delegates, and a portion of Mississippi's, walked out of the convention in protest. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. [88] Unfazed, Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress and promising to win the election and "make these Republicans like it. "[89]
Within two weeks, Truman issued Executive Order 9981, racially integrating the U. Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by U Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) S. Armed Services. [90][91][92] Truman took considerable political risk in backing civil rights, and many seasoned Democrats were concerned that the loss of Dixiecrat support might destroy the Democratic Party. The States' Rights Democratic Party (commonly known as the Dixiecrats) was a segregationist, socially conservative Political party The fear seemed well justified—Strom Thurmond declared his candidacy for the presidency and led a full-scale revolt of Southern "states' rights" proponents. James Strom Thurmond ( December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and States' rights refers to the idea in US politics and constitutional law, that U This revolt on the right was matched by a revolt on the left, led by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace on the Progressive Party ticket. Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of The United States Progressive Party of 1948 was a political party that ran former Vice President Henry A Immediately after its first post-FDR convention, the Democratic Party found itself disintegrating. Victory in November seemed a remote possibility indeed, with the party not simply split but divided three ways.
There followed a remarkable 21,928-mile (35,290 km) presidential odyssey,[93] an unprecedented personal appeal to the nation. Truman and his staff crisscrossed the United States in the presidential train; his "whistlestop" tactic of giving brief speeches from the rear platform of the observation car Ferdinand Magellan came to represent the entire campaign. A whistlestop or whistlestop tour is a style of Political campaigning where the Politician makes a series of brief appearances or speeches at a number of An observation car/carriage/coach (often abbreviated to simply observation) is a type of Railroad passenger car, generally operated in a passenger train The Ferdinand Magellan (also known as US Car No 1) is a former Pullman Company Observation car which served as Presidential His combative appearances, such as those at the town square of Harrisburg, Illinois, captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. Harrisburg is a city in Saline County, Illinois, United States. Six stops in Michigan drew a combined total of half a million people;[94] a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The City of New York [95]
The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman's depot events were an important sign of a critical change in momentum in the campaign—but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps, which continued reporting Republican Thomas Dewey's apparent impending victory as a certainty. Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican One reason for the press's inaccurate projection was polls conducted primarily by telephone in a time when many people, including much of Truman's populist base, did not own a telephone. [96] This skewed the data to indicate a stronger support base for Dewey than existed, resulting in an unintended and undetected projection error that may well have contributed to the perception of Truman's bleak chances. The three major polling organizations also stopped polling well before the November 2 election date—Roper in September, and Crossley and Gallup in October—thus failing to measure the very period when Truman appears to have surged past Dewey. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 [97][98]
In the end, Truman held his midwestern base of progressives, won most of the Southern states despite his civil rights plank, and squeaked through with narrow victories in a few critical "battleground" states, notably Ohio, California, and Illinois. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The final tally showed that the president had secured 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189, and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace got none. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune with a huge headline proclaiming "Dewey Defeats Truman. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Dewey Defeats Truman was a famously incorrect banner headline on the front page of the first edition of the Chicago Tribune on November 3, 1948 "[99]
Truman's no-holds-barred style of campaigning in the face of seemingly impossible odds became a campaign tactic that would be repeated by, and appealed to by, many presidential candidates in years to come, notably George H. W. Bush in 1992, another trailing incumbent who fought constantly with Congress. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The United States presidential elections of 1992 featured a battle between incumbent President, Republican George H
Truman did not have a vice president in his first term. [100] His running mate, and eventual vice president for the term that began January 20, 1949, was Alben W. Barkley. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U
Second term (1949–1953)
Truman's second term was grueling, in large measure because of foreign policy challenges connected directly or indirectly to his policy of containment. For instance, he quickly had to come to terms with the end of the American nuclear monopoly. With information provided by its espionage networks in the United States, the Soviet Union's atomic bomb project progressed much faster than had been expected and they exploded their first bomb on August 29, 1949. The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On January 7, 1953, Truman announced the detonation of the first U. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. hydrogen bomb. The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the
NATO
Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and many of the democratic European nations that had not fallen under Soviet control following World War II. The North Atlantic Treaty Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The importance of this treaty, which Truman successfully guided through the Senate in 1949, is hard to overstate. It checked Soviet expansion in Europe, and sent a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada were the original treaty signatories; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
People's Republic of China
On December 21, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) and his National Revolutionary Army left mainland China, fleeing to Taiwan in the face of successful attacks by Mao Zedong's communist army during the Chinese Civil War. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led In June 1950, Truman ordered the U. S. Navy's Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent further conflict between the communist government at the China mainland and the Republic of China at Taiwan. The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near South Korea The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180-km-wide (11185-mile-wide Strait between Mainland China and Taiwan. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Truman also called for Taiwan not to make any further attack on the mainland. [101]
Soviet espionage and McCarthyism
Throughout his presidency, Truman had to deal with accusations that the federal government was harboring Soviet spies at the highest level. Testimony in Congress on this issue garnered national attention, and thousands of people were fired as security risks. An optimistic, patriotic man, Truman was dubious about reports of potential Communist or Soviet penetration of the U. S. government, and his oft-quoted response was to dismiss the allegations as a "red herring. "[102]
In August 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at Time magazine, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and presented a list of what he said were members of an underground communist network working within the United States government in the 1930s. Whittaker Chambers ( April 1, 1901 &ndash July 9, 1961) born Jay Vivian Chambers and also known as David Whittaker For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. One was Alger Hiss, a senior State Department official. Alger Hiss (November 11 1904 – November 15 1996 was a US State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. Hiss denied the accusations. [103]
Chambers's revelations led to a crisis in American political culture, as Hiss was convicted of perjury. On February 9, 1950, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy accused the State Department of having communists on the payroll, and specifically claimed that Secretary of State Dean Acheson knew of, and was protecting, 205 communists within the State Department. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14 1908 – May 2 1957 was an American politician who served as a Republican U Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States [104] At issue was whether Truman had discovered all the subversive agents that had entered the government during the Roosevelt years. Many on the right, such as McCarthy and Congressman Richard Nixon, insisted that he had not.
By spotlighting this issue and attacking Truman's administration, McCarthy quickly established himself as a national figure, and his explosive allegations dominated the headlines. His claims were short on confirmable details, but they nevertheless transfixed a nation struggling to come to grips with frightening new realities: the Soviet Union's nuclear explosion, the loss of U. S. atom bomb secrets, the fall of China to communism, and new revelations of Soviet intelligence penetration of other U. S. agencies, including the Treasury Department. The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the Treasury of the United States government. [102] Truman, a pragmatic man who had made allowances for the likes of Tom Pendergast and Stalin, quickly developed an unshakable loathing of Joseph McCarthy. [105] He counterattacked, saying that "Americanism" itself was under attack by elements "who are loudly proclaiming that they are its chief defenders. . . . They are trying to create fear and suspicion among us by the use of slander, unproved accusations and just plain lies. . . . They are trying to get us to believe that our Government is riddled with communism and corruption. . . . These slandermongers are trying to get us so hysterical that no one will stand up to them for fear of being called a communist. Now this is an old communist trick in reverse. . . . That is not fair play. That is not Americanism. "[104] Nevertheless Truman was never able to shake his image among the public of being unable to purge his government of subversive influences. [102]
Pakistan
President Truman recognised the newly created state of Pakistan in 1947 and the United States was one of the first countries in the world to do so. President Truman personally invited Pakistan's first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife Begum Ra'ana to the United States for talks. For other people with the same or similar name see Liaqat Ali (disambiguation Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (accurate transliteration Liāqat Alī Khān Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the invitation and arrived in Washington in May 1950. Liaquat toured the United States and gave various speeches to the US Senate. At the time of the visit Pakistan was non-aligned between the US-led Western Bloc and the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc and it had recognised the Communist-led People's Republic of China, ignoring Washington's opposition to Peking. Despite the success of his US tour, Liaquat Ali's Government did not make any drastic change in its foreign policy of semi-non-alignment in the Cold War rivalry. In the UN Security Council, it did oppose North Korea's aggression against pro-American South Korea but refused to send Pakistani combat troops to join the UN force in the Korean Peninsula. This was mainly because Pakistan was recently recovering from its war with India over the disputed Kashmir in 1948. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir [106][107]
Korean War
- For more details on this topic, see Korean War. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the
On June 25, 1950, the North Korean People's Army under the command of Kim Il-sung invaded South Korea, precipitating the outbreak of the Korean War. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Poorly trained and equipped, without tanks or air support, the South Korean Army was rapidly pushed backwards, quickly losing the capital, Seoul. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. [108]
Stunned, Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, which went into effect; while the U. S. Navy no longer possessed sufficient surface ships with which to enforce such a measure, no ships tried to challenge it. [109] Truman promptly urged the United Nations to intervene; it did, authorizing armed defense for the first time in its history. The Soviet Union, which was boycotting the United Nations at the time, was not present at the vote that approved the measure. However, Truman decided not to consult with Congress, an error that greatly weakened his position later in the conflict. [110]
In the first four weeks of the conflict, the American infantry forces hastily deployed to Korea proved too few and were under-equipped. The Eighth Army in Japan was forced to recondition World War II Sherman tanks from depots and monuments for use in Korea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. World War II foreign variants and use Lend-Lease Sherman tanks. [83][111]
| "I fired him [MacArthur] because he wouldn't respect the authority of the President. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and Political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's . . I didn't fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, although he was, but that's not against the law for generals. Bitch is a term for the female of a canine species in general If it was, half to three-quarters of them would be in jail. " Harry S. Truman, quoted in Time magazine |
Responding to criticism over readiness, Truman fired his Secretary of Defense, Louis A. Johnson, replacing him with retired General George Marshall. Louis Arthur Johnson ( January 10, 1891 - April 24, 1966) was the second United States Secretary of Defense, serving in George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Truman (with UN approval) decided on a roll-back policy—that is, conquest of North Korea. [112] UN forces led by General Douglas MacArthur led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that nearly trapped the invaders. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. The Battle of Incheon (인천 상륙 작전 Incheon Sangryuk Jakjeon; Code name: Operation Chromite) was an amphibious invasion and battle of UN forces then marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea.
China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November. The UN forces were forced back to below the 38th parallel, then recovered; by early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate at about the 38th parallel where it had begun. The 38th parallel north is a Circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. UN and U. S. casualties were heavy. Truman rejected MacArthur's request to attack Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu, but MacArthur nevertheless promoted his plan to Republican House leader Joseph Martin, who leaked it to the press. Joseph William Martin Jr ( November 3, 1884 - March 6, 1968) was a Republican Congressman and Speaker of the House Truman was gravely concerned that further escalation of the war might draw the Soviet Union further into the conflict: it was already supplying weapons and providing warplanes (with Korean markings and Soviet fliers). On April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from all his commands in Korea and Japan. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January
Relieving MacArthur of his command was among the least politically popular decisions in presidential history. Truman's approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his impeachment from, among others, Senator Robert Taft. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican The Chicago Tribune called for immediate impeachment proceedings against Truman:
President Truman must be impeached and convicted. His hasty and vindictive removal of Gen. MacArthur is the culmination of series of acts which have shown that he is unfit, morally and mentally, for his high office. . . . The American nation has never been in greater danger. It is led by a fool who is surrounded by knaves. . . . [113]
Fierce criticism from virtually all quarters accused Truman of refusing to shoulder the blame for a war gone sour and blaming his generals instead. MacArthur returned to the United States to a hero's welcome, and, after an address before Congress, was even rumored as a candidate for the presidency.
The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years, with over 30,000 Americans killed, until a peace agreement restored borders and ended the conflict. [114] In the interim, the difficulties in Korea and the popular outcry against Truman's sacking of MacArthur helped to make the president so unpopular that Democrats started turning to other candidates. In the New Hampshire primary on March 11, 1952, Truman lost to Estes Kefauver, who won the preference poll 19,800 to 15,927 and all eight delegates. The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carey Estes Kefauver ( July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American Politician from Tennessee who Truman was forced to cancel his reelection campaign. [115] In February 1952, Truman's approval mark stood at 22 percent according to Gallup polls, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public Opinion polls in the United States and more than 140 countries around the world [116]
Indochina
- For more details on this topic, see First Indochina War. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War,
United States' involvement in Indochina widened during the Truman administration. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. On V-J Day 1945, Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France, but the U. Victory over Japan Day ( V-J Day, also known as Victory in the Pacific Day, or V-P Day) is a name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name S. announced its support of restoring French power. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit In 1950, Ho again declared Vietnamese independence, which was recognized by Communist China and the Soviet Union. He controlled some remote territory along the Chinese border, while France controlled the remainder. Truman's "containment policy" called for opposition to Communist expansion, and led the U. S. to continue to recognize French rule, support the French client government, and increase aid to Vietnam. However, a basic dispute emerged: the Americans wanted a strong and independent Vietnam, while the French cared little about containing China but instead wanted to suppress local nationalism and integrate Indochina into the French Union. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire [117]
White House renovations
In 1948 Truman ordered a controversial addition to the exterior of the White House: a second-floor balcony in the south portico that came to be known as the "Truman Balcony. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence " The addition was unpopular. [118]
Not long afterwards, engineering experts concluded that the building, much of it over 130 years old, was in a dangerously dilapidated condition. That August, a section of floor collapsed and Truman's own bedroom and bathroom were closed as unsafe. No public announcement about the serious structural problems of the White House was made until after the 1948 election had been won, by which time Truman had been informed that his new balcony was the only part of the building that was sound. The Truman family moved into nearby Blair House; as the newer West Wing, including the Oval Office, remained open, Truman found himself walking to work across the street each morning and afternoon. Blair House is the official state guest house for the President of the United States. The West Wing is the Official offices of the President of the United States | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. In due course the decision was made to demolish and rebuild the whole interior of the main White House, as well as excavating new basement levels and underpinning the foundations. The famous exterior of the structure, however, was buttressed and retained while the renovations proceeded inside. The work lasted from December 1949 until March 1952. [119]
Assassination attempt
- For more details on this topic, see Truman assassination attempt. The assassination attempt on US President Harry S Truman occurred on November 1, 1950.
On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Griselio Torresola ( 1925 - November 1, 1950) born in Jayuya Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Rican Nationalists who attempted Oscar Collazo ( January 20, 1914 &ndash February 21, 1994) was one of two Puerto Ricans who attempted to assassinate U On the street outside the residence, Torresola mortally wounded a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt, who shot Torresola dead before expiring himself. Leslie William Coffelt ( August 15, 1910 &ndash November 1, 1950) was an officer of the White House Police now known as the United States Collazo, as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into a homicide, was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death in 1952. Truman later commuted his sentence to life in prison.
Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rican independence, Truman allowed for a plebiscite in Puerto Rico to determine the status of its relationship to the United States.
The attack, which could easily have taken the president's life, drew new attention to security concerns surrounding his residence at Blair House. He had jumped up from his nap, and was watching the gunfight from his open bedroom window until a passerby shouted at him to take cover. [120]
Steel industry seizure attempt
- For more details on this topic, see 1952 steel strike. 1952 steel strike was a strike by the United Steelworkers of America against U
In response to a labor/management impasse arising from bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, Truman instructed his Secretary of Commerce, Charles W. Sawyer, to take control of a number of the nation's steel mills in April of 1952. The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Charles W Sawyer (February 10 1887 &ndash April 7 1979 was United States Secretary of Commerce from May 6 1948 to January 20 1953 in the administration of Harry Truman cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for munitions to be used in the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found Truman's actions unconstitutional, however, and reversed the order in a major separation-of-powers decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v Sawyer, 343 US 579 ( 1952) (also commonly referred to as The Steel Seizure Case), was a United The 6–3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was not rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a Court composed entirely of Justices appointed by either Truman or Roosevelt. The high court's reversal of Truman's order was one of the notable defeats of his presidency. [121]
Scandals and controversies
In 1950, the Senate, led by Estes Kefauver, investigated numerous charges of corruption among senior Administration officials, some of whom received fur coats and deep freezers for favors. Carey Estes Kefauver ( July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American Politician from Tennessee who Fur clothing is Clothing made entirely of or partially of the Fur of animals A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was involved. The In 1950, 166 IRS employees either resigned or were fired,[122] and many were facing indictments from the Department of Justice on a variety of tax-fixing and bribery charges, including the assistant attorney general in charge of the Tax Division. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department When Attorney General Howard McGrath fired the special prosecutor for being too zealous, Truman fired McGrath. James Howard McGrath ( November 28 1903 – September 2 1966) was an American politician and Attorney from the U [123] Historians agree that Truman himself was innocent and unaware—with one exception. In 1945, Mrs. Truman received a new, expensive, hard-to-get deep freezer. The businessman who provided the gift was the president of a perfume company and, thanks to Truman's aide and confidante General Harry Vaughan, received priority to fly to Europe days after the war ended, where he bought new perfumes. On the way back he "bumped" a wounded veteran from a flight that would have taken him back to the US. Disclosure of the episode in 1949 humiliated Truman. The President responded by vigorously defending Vaughan, an old friend with an office in the White House itself. Vaughan was eventually connected to multiple influence-peddling scandals. [124]
Charges that Soviet agents had infiltrated the government bedeviled the Truman Administration and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower in 1952. [125] In 1947, Truman set up loyalty boards to investigate espionage among federal employees. [126] Between 1947 and 1952, "about 20,000 government employees were investigated, some 2500 resigned 'voluntarily,' and 400 were fired. "[127] He did, however, strongly oppose mandatory loyalty oaths for governmental employees, a stance that led to charges that his Administration was soft on Communism. [128]
In 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy and Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr. claimed that Truman had known Harry Dexter White was a Soviet spy when Truman appointed him to the International Monetary Fund. Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14 1908 – May 2 1957 was an American politician who served as a Republican U Herbert Brownell Jr ( February 20, 1904 — May 1, 1996) was the Attorney General Harry Dexter White ( October 9, 1892 &ndash August 16, 1948) was an American economist and senior U The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic [129] [130]. Truman described the civil rights Selma marches as silly. The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the Political and emotional peak of the American civil rights He stated that the marches would not "accomplish a darned thing". [131]
Administration and Cabinet
All of the cabinet members when Truman became president in 1945 had been previously serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Supreme Court appointments
Truman appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Harold Hitz Burton—1945
- Fred M. Vinson (Chief Justice)—1946
- Tom C. Clark—1949
- Sherman Minton—1949
1952 election
- For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1952. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr ( October 22, 1900 – October 31, 1949) was United States Secretary of State under Presidents James Francis Byrnes ( May 2, 1879 April 9, 1972) was an American statesman from the state of South Carolina. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Henry Morgenthau Jr (ˈmɔrgənθɔː May 11, 1891 &ndash February 6, 1967) was Secretary of the Treasury of the United States Frederick Moore Vinson ( January 22 1890 – September 8 1953) served the United States in all three branches of government John Wesley Snyder ( June 21, 1895 &ndash October 8, 1985) was an American businessman and Cabinet Secretary The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of Robert Porter Patterson (Sr ( February 12, 1891 - January 22, 1952) was the United States Under Secretary of War under President Franklin Roosevelt Kenneth Claiborne Royall ( July 24, 1894 &ndash May 25, 1971) was a United States Army General and the last person to The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United Louis Arthur Johnson ( January 10, 1891 - April 24, 1966) was the second United States Secretary of Defense, serving in George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Robert Abercrombie Lovett ( 14 September 1895 - 7 May 1986) was the fourth United States Secretary of Defense, serving in The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Francis Beverley Biddle ( May 9, 1886 – October 4, 1968) was an American lawyer and Judge who was Attorney General Thomas Campbell Clark ( September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate James Howard McGrath ( November 28 1903 – September 2 1966) was an American politician and Attorney from the U James Patrick McGranery ( July 8, 1895 &ndash December 23, 1962) was an American lawyer and politician The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. Frank Comerford Walker ( May 30, 1886 &ndash September 13, 1959) was a United States Political figure. Robert Emmet Hannegan ( June 30, 1903 &ndash October 6, 1949) was a St Jesse Monroe Donaldson was born on August 17, 1885 near Shelbyville Illinois. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Harold LeClair Ickes ( March 15, 1874 &ndash February 3, 1952) was a United States administrator and Politician Julius Albert Krug ( November 23, 1907 &ndash March 26, 1970) was a U Oscar Littleton Chapman ( October 22, 1896 &ndash February 8, 1978) was the United States Secretary of the Interior during thelast The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. Claude Raymond Wickard ( February 28, 1893 - April 29, 1967) served as Secretary of Agriculture under President Franklin D Clinton Presba Anderson ( October 23, 1895 &ndash November 11, 1975) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as a Charles Franklin Brannan ( August 23, 1903 &ndash July 2, 1992) was the Secretary of Agriculture from 1948 to 1953 The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Charles W Sawyer (February 10 1887 &ndash April 7 1979 was United States Secretary of Commerce from May 6 1948 to January 20 1953 in the administration of Harry "Secretary of Labor" redirects here See also Secretary of Labor (Mexico. Frances Coralie Perkins (born Fanny Coralie Perkins lived April 10 1882 &ndash May 14 1965) was the U Lewis Baxter Schwellenbach ( September 20, 1894 &ndash June 10, 1948) was an American lawyer politician and judge Maurice Joseph Tobin ( May 22 1901 July 19 1953) was a Mayor of Boston Massachusetts, governor of the U The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Harold Hitz Burton ( June 22, 1888 &ndash October 28, 1964) served as the 45th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, a member Frederick Moore Vinson ( January 22 1890 – September 8 1953) served the United States in all three branches of government The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Thomas Campbell Clark ( September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate Sherman Minton, ( October 20 1890 &ndash April 9 1965) was a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense
In 1951, the U. S. ratified the 22nd Amendment, making a president ineligible to be elected for a third time, or to be elected for a second time after having served more than two years of the previous president's term. The Twenty-second Amendment ( Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution sets a Term limit for the President of the United States. The latter clause would have applied to Truman in 1952, except that a grandfather clause in the amendment explicitly excluded the current president from this provision. A grandfather clause is a term used in US English for an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations when a new rule will apply to all future situations
At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, had declined to run; Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson had also turned Truman down; Vice President Barkley was considered too old; and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Estes Kefauver, whom he privately called "Cowfever. Frederick Moore Vinson ( January 22 1890 – September 8 1953) served the United States in all three branches of government This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. Carey Estes Kefauver ( July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American Politician from Tennessee who "[132][133]
Truman's name was on the New Hampshire primary ballot but Kefauver won. On March 29 Truman announced his decision not to run for re-election. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King [134] Stevenson, having reconsidered his presidential ambitions, received Truman's backing and won the Democratic nomination. Dwight D. Eisenhower, now a Republican and the nominee of his party, campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures regarding "Korea, Communism and Corruption" and the "mess in Washington,"[135] and promised to "go to Korea. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general "[136] Eisenhower defeated Stevenson decisively in the general election, ending 20 years of Democratic rule. The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense
Post-presidency
Truman Library, Memoirs, and life as a private citizen
Truman returned to Independence, Missouri to live at the Wallace home he and Bess had shared for years with her mother. His predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own presidential library, but legislation to enable future presidents to do something similar still remained to be enacted. In the United States, the Presidential library system is a nationwide network of libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries which is part of the National Truman worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library, which he then donated to the federal government to maintain and operate—a practice adopted by all of his successors.
Once out of office, Truman quickly decided that he did not wish to be on any corporate payroll, believing that taking advantage of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the nation's highest office. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. Since his earlier business ventures had proved unremunerative, he had no personal savings. As a result, he faced financial challenges. Once Truman left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $112. 56 per month. Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal retirement package; President Truman himself had ensured that former servants of the executive branch of government would receive similar support. In 1953, however, there was no such benefit package for former presidents.
He took out a personal loan from a Missouri bank shortly after leaving office, and then set about establishing another precedent for future former chief executives: a book deal for his memoirs of his time in office. Ulysses S. Grant had overcome similar financial issues with his own memoirs, but the book had been published posthumously, and he had declined to write about life in the White House in any detail. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States For the memoirs Truman received only a flat payment of $670,000, and had to pay two-thirds of that in tax; he calculated he got $37,000 after he paid his assistants. [137]
Truman's memoirs were a commercial and critical success;[138][139] they were published in two volumes in 1955 and 1956 by Doubleday (Garden City, N. Y) and Hodder & Stoughton (London): Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions and Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope.
Truman was quoted in 1957 as saying to then-House Majority Leader John McCormack, "Had it not been for the fact that I was able to sell some property that my brother, sister, and I inherited from our mother, I would practically be on relief, but with the sale of that property I am not financially embarrassed. John William McCormack ( December 21, 1891 – November 22, 1980) was an American Politician from Boston Massachusetts "[140]
In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension to each former president, and it is likely that Truman's financial status played a role in the law's enactment. The one other living former president at the time, Herbert Hoover, also took the pension, even though he did not need the money; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing Truman. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 [141] Hoover may have been remembering an old favor: Shortly after becoming President, Truman had invited Hoover to the White House for an informal chat about conditions in Europe. This was Hoover's first visit to the White House since leaving office, as the Roosevelt administration had shunned Hoover. [142]
Later life and death
In 1956, Truman took a trip to Europe with his wife, and was a sensation. In Britain he received an honorary degree in Civic Law from Oxford University, an event that moved him to tears. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the He met with his friend Winston Churchill for the last time, and on returning to the U. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 S. , he gave his full support to Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House, although he had initially favored Democratic Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York for the nomination. William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman
Upon turning 80, Truman was feted in Washington and asked to address the United States Senate, as part of a new rule that allowed former presidents to be granted "privilege of the floor. " Truman was so emotionally overcome by the honor and by his reception that he was barely able to deliver his speech. [143] He also campaigned for senatorial candidates. A bad fall in the bathroom of his home in late 1964 severely limited his physical capabilities, and he was unable to maintain his daily presence at his presidential library.
In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Truman Library and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess to honor his fight for government health care as president. This article refers to Medicare, a United States health insurance program The Harry S Truman Presidential Museum and Library is a Library and Museum dedicated to preserve the papers books and other historical materials relating to former
On December 5, 1972, he was admitted to Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center with lung congestion from pneumonia. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal He subsequently developed multiple organ failure and died at 7:50 a. m. on December 26. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Bess Truman died nearly ten years later, on October 18, 1982. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) [144] He and Bess are buried at the Truman Library. The Harry S Truman Presidential Museum and Library is a Library and Museum dedicated to preserve the papers books and other historical materials relating to former
Legacy
When he left office in 1953, Truman was one of the most unpopular chief executives in history. His job approval rating of 22 percent in the Gallup Poll as of February 1952 was actually lower than Richard Nixon's was in August 1974 at 24 percent, the month that Nixon resigned. Public feeling toward Truman grew steadily warmer with the passing years, however, and the period shortly after his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation among both historians and members of the general public. Since leaving office, Truman has fared well in polls ranking the presidents. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served He has never been listed lower than ninth, and most recently was seventh in a Wall Street Journal poll in 2005. He has also had his critics. After a review of information available to Truman on the presence of espionage activities in the U. S. government, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" concerning the danger of American communism. For the US Representative from Illinois see P H Moynihan Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan ( March 16, 1927 – March 26, [145]
Truman died during a time when the nation was consumed with crises in Vietnam and Watergate, and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's [146] In the early and mid-1970s, Truman captured the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time emerging as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to exemplify an integrity and accountability many observers felt was lacking in the Nixon White House. Truman has been portrayed onscreen many times, several in performances that have won wide acclaim, and the pop band Chicago recorded a nostalgic song, "Harry Truman" (1975). Chicago is a Rock band formed in 1967 in Chicago Illinois. The band began as a politically charged sometimes experimental rock band and later moved to a predominately " Harry Truman " is a song written by Robert Lamm for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago VIII (1975 with lead vocals
Due to Truman's critical role in the US government's decision to recognize Israel, the Israeli rural town Kfar Truman, founded in 1949, was named after him.
The Truman Scholarship, a federal program that sought to honor U. The Harry S Truman Scholarship is a federal Scholarship granted to U S. college students who exemplified dedication to public service and leadership in public policy, was created in 1975. [147]
The President Harry S. Truman Fellowship in National Security Science and Engineering, a distinguished postdoctoral three-year appointment at Sandia National Laboratories, was created in 2004. Sandia National Laboratories which is managed and operated by the Sandia Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation) is a major United [148]
The USS Harry S. Truman was named on September 7, 1996. Commissioning ceremony The keynote speaker of the commissioning ceremony was President Bill Clinton. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The ship, sometimes known as the 'HST', was authorized as USS United States, but her name was changed before the keel laying.
The official mascot of the University of Missouri's athletic teams, the "Missouri Tigers," is named Truman the Tiger. The University of Missouri (also known as the University of Missouri–Columbia, Mizzou, or MU) is a public land-grant and research The Missouri Tigers athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports teams of the University of Missouri, located in Columbia. Truman the Tiger is the official mascot of the athletic teams of the University of Missouri Tigers. The school of political science at the university is also named the "Truman School of Political Science. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems " To mark its transformation from a regional state teachers' college to a selective liberal arts university and to honor the only Missourian to become president, Northeast Missouri State University became Truman State University on July 1, 1996. Liberal arts colleges are primarily colleges with an emphasis upon Undergraduate study in the Liberal arts. Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences University in Missouri and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) A member institution of the City Colleges of Chicago, Harry S Truman College in Chicago, Illinois is named in honor of the president for his dedication to public colleges and universities. The City Colleges of Chicago is a system of seven Community colleges which provide learning opportunities for Chicago residents at the schools or online and also members Harry S Truman College, popularly called Truman College and formerly called Mayfair College, is a city college of Chicago, Illinois Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The headquarters for the State Department, built in the 1930s but never officially named, was dedicated as the Harry S Truman Building in 2000. The Harry S Truman Building is the Headquarters of the United States Department of State.
Thom Daniel, grandson of the Trumans accepted a star on the Missouri Walk of Fame in 2006 to honor his late grandfather. John Truman, Truman's nephew, would accept a star for Bess Truman in 2007. The Walk of Fame is in Marshfield, Missouri, a city Truman visited in 1948.
Historic sites
- Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes the Wallace House at 219 Delaware in Independence and the family farmhouse at Grandview, Missouri (Truman sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center). The Harry S Truman National Historic Site preserves both the family farm and the longtime home of Harry S Grandview is a city in Jackson County, Missouri, United States.
- Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is the house where Truman was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri. Lamar is a city in Barton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4425 at the 2000 census
- Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum—The Presidential Library in Independence
- Harry S. Truman Little White House—Truman's winter getaway at Key West, Florida
Truman's middle initial
Truman did not have a middle name, only a middle initial. The Harry S Truman Presidential Museum and Library is a Library and Museum dedicated to preserve the papers books and other historical materials relating to former In the United States, the Presidential library system is a nationwide network of libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries which is part of the National The Harry S Truman Little White House in Key West Florida was the winter White House for President Harry S Key West is a city in Monroe County Florida, United States. The city encompasses Key West, the namesake island the part of Stock Island Many people's Names include one or more middle names, placed between the first Given name and the Surname. In his autobiography, Truman stated, "I was named for . . . Harrison Young. I was given the diminutive Harry and, so that I could have two initials in my given name, the letter S was added. My Grandfather Truman's name was Anderson Shippe [sometimes also spelled 'Shipp'][149] Truman and my Grandfather Young's name was Solomon Young, so I received the S for both of them. " He once joked that the S was a name, not an initial, and it should not have a period, but official documents and his presidential library all use a period. [4] Furthermore, the Harry S. Truman Library has numerous examples of the signature written at various times throughout Truman's lifetime where his own use of a period after the S is conspicuous. The Harry S Truman Presidential Museum and Library is a Library and Museum dedicated to preserve the papers books and other historical materials relating to former The Associated Press Stylebook has called for a period after the S since the early 1960s, when Truman indicated he had no preference. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio [150] However, the use of a period after his middle initial is not universal, and the official White House biography does not use it. [151] All official US Navy listings of the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) include the period after the S. Commissioning ceremony The keynote speaker of the commissioning ceremony was President Bill Clinton.
Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and had to take the oath of office. The oath or affirmation of office of the President of the United States was established in the United States Constitution and is mandatory for At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman, . The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 1872 – April 22 1946) was an American Lawyer and jurist. . . " Truman responded: "I, Harry S. Truman, . . . "[152]
Notable screen portrayals
Notable screen portrayals of President Truman have been given by Ed Flanders (several times,[153] receiving an Emmy nomination for one of those portrayals [154]), James Whitmore (in a screen version of the one-man play Give 'em Hell, Harry!, for which Whitmore was Oscar-nominated [155]), and Gary Sinise (in the made-for-television film Truman, for which he received an Emmy nomination and won a CableACE Award). Edward Paul Flanders ( December 29 1934 – February 22 1995) was an American Actor best known for his role as Dr James Allen Whitmore Jr (born October 1, 1921) is an American two-time Academy Award -nominated Emmy - and Golden Globe Give 'em Hell Harry! is a Biographical play and 1975 Film, written by Samuel Gallu. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Gary Alan Sinise (born March 17, 1955) is an American Actor and Film director. [156]
Notes
- ^ McCullough, David (1992). David Gaub McCullough (mə-kŭl'ə (born July 7, 1933 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) Born and raised in Pittsburgh McCullough later attended Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 717. ISBN 0-671-86920-5.
- ^ McCullough, p. 24, 37
- ^ McCullough, p. 37
- ^ a b Use of the Period After the "S" in Harry S. Truman's Name. Harry S. Truman's Library and Museum. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ Birthplace of Harry S. Truman. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ a b c d e f Oshinsky, David M. (2004). "Harry Truman", in Alan Brinkley and Davis Dyer: The American Presidency. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 365–380. ISBN 0-618-38273-9.
- ^ McCullough, p. 38
- ^ Ferrell, Robert Hugh (1996). Robert H Ferrell (born 1921 is an American Historian and author of several books on Harry S Harry S. Truman: A Life. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 87. ISBN 0826210503.
- ^ Drugstore Clerk at 14 His First Job. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ McCullough, p. 105.
- ^ Harry Truman joins Battery B of the Missouri National Guard. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Chronological Record of the 129th Field Artillery 1917-1919 - the Truman Library
- ^ McCullough, p. 105-110.
- ^ Gilwee, William J. Capt. Harry Truman Artilleryman and Future President - at the Doughboy Center
- ^ Oral History Interview with Ted Marks - at the Truman Library
- ^ a b c d Hanlon, Michael E. (2000). Capt. Harry Truman, Artilleryman and Future President. Doughboy Center: The Story of the American Expeditionary Forces. Worldwar1. com Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Ferrell, p. 87
- ^ a b (Truman 1973, p. 429)
- ^ Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995). Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195045467.
- ^ Harry S. Truman 1947 Diary. Truman Library (July 21, 1947). Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Foxman, Abraham H. (July 18, 2003). Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Harry Truman, My Flawed Hero. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Dana, Rebecca; Carlson, Peter. "Harry Truman's Forgotten Diary", The Washington Post, July 11, 2003. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948). Ourdocuments. gov (1948). Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Savage, Sean J. (1991). Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 65. ISBN 0813117550. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ McCullough, p. 232
- ^ McCullough, p. 230
- ^ The Pendergast Machine. Kansas City Police Officers Memorial - History. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Harry S. Truman Papers: Papers as Presiding Judge of the Jackson County (Missouri) Court - Partial Biographical Sketch 1920–1950. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Harry S Truman (1884–1972) Masonic Record. The Masonic Presidents Tour. Masonic Library and Museum. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ McCullough, page 252
- ^ "The Wonderful Wastebasket" (March 24, 1952). Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Time: 3.
- ^ Haydock, Michael D. (2000). American History: Harry Truman and the 1948 U.S. Presidential Election. American History Magazine via Historynet. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ The New York Times June 24, 1941; qtd in "Anniversary Remembrance," Time, July 2, 1951; reproduced as "Anniversary Remembrance," time. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January com.
- ^ McCullough, p. 262
- ^ Donovan, Robert J. (1996). Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry Truman, 1945–1948. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 36. ISBN 0-8262-1066-X. (Publisher's description of the book, retrieved August 2, 2007. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. )
- ^ Fleming, Thomas (2002). The New Dealers' War: F. D. R. And the War within World War II. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465024653.
- ^ a b "Truman on Time Magazine Covers". Time. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ McCullough, page 293.
- ^ McCullough, page 295
- ^ Ferrell, p. 167
- ^ Newman, Mark (June 2004). "Civil Rights and Human Rights". Reviews in American History 32 (2): 247–254. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President (1945). U. S. Senate (January 8, 1973). Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ A Little Touch of Harry. Time (January 8, 1973). Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ Indiana Governor Henry Frederick Schricker (1883–1966). Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ Eleanor and Harry: The Correspondence of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ McCullough, p. 348
- ^ Carter, Kit; Robert Mueller. "The Army Air Forces in World War II". Office of Air Force History, Washington, D. C. 1973: 685.
- ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Atomicarchive. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ "The answer reached the President at five minutes past four that afternoon, Tuesday, August 14. Japan had surrendered. " McCullough, p. 461.
- ^ Atomic Bomb Chronology: 1945–1946. Tokyo Physicians for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. "H. Truman told Y. Stalin about A-bomb experiment. Stalin was already informed by spy of Trinity but never revealed it. "
- ^ Interview Transcripts: The Potsdam Conference. The American Experience. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus "Truman approached Stalin at the Potsdam conference and very carefully said to Stalin that he had this new weapon. "
- ^ Truman, Harry S. (1955). Year of Decisions. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 416. ISBN 156852062X. “Stalin hoped we would make 'good use of it against the Japanese. '”
- ^ McNulty, Bryan. The great atomic bomb debate. Perspectives. Ohio University. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb: Gar Alperovitz and the H-Net Debate". Hiroshima: Was it Necessary?. Doug-long. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ a b c Grubin, David. "The American Experience: Truman", PBS, 1997. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ a b “Word Has Just Been Received”: Truman Speaks on the Railroad Strike: 1948–1952. History Matters. George Mason University. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Holsti, Ole (1996). Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 214. ISBN 978-0-472-06619-3.
- ^ "Taft-Hartley: How It Works and How It Has Worked". Time (October 19, 1959). Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ President Truman Addresses Congress on Proposed Health Program, Washington, D.C., Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
- ^ Binning, William C. ; Larry E. Esterly and Paul A. Sracic (1999). Encyclopedia of American Parties, Campaigns, and Elections. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 417. ISBN 0813117550. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ The Art of the Possible. "Time" (June 6, 1949). Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ George Lenczowski, (1990), '’American Presidents and the Middle East’’, p. George Lenczowski, ( February 2, 1915 - February 19, 2000) was a lawyer diplomat scholar and Professor of Political Science Emeritus at 27
- ^ Harry S Truman, Memoirs 2, p153
- ^ George Lenczowski, p. 27
- ^ The Bombing of the King David Hotel. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ in Lenczowski, p. 28, cite, Harry S Truman, Memoirs 2, p158
- ^ Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, p420.
- ^ Displaced Persons. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2007-10-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
- ^ McCullough, pp. 614–620
- ^ Clifford, Clark; Richard Holbrooke (1991). Counsel to the President. New York: Random House. ISBN 0394569954.
- ^ George Lenczowski, p. 25
- ^ Walter Millis, ed. Forrestal Diaries, p322
- ^ Lenczowski, p. 26
- ^ Truman, Harry (1948-05-14). Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Memo recognizing the state of Israel. Truman Presidential Museum & Library. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ Lenczowski, p27
- ^ Truman, Memoirs 2, p 140
- ^ Thus William E. Eddy, F. D. R Meets Ibn Saud New York: American Friends of the Middle East, 1954),p57; Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p58; Millis, ed. Forestall Diaries, p322; Emmanuel Neumann, “Abba Hillel Silver, History Maker,” American Zionist, February 5, 1953; and John S. Badeau, The Middle East Remembered (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1983), p115
- ^ Eddie, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, p37. The four envoys were William A. Eddy, minister to Saudi Arabia; S. Pinkney Tuck, minister to Egypt; George Wadsworth, minister to Syria and Lebanon; and Lowell C. George Wadsworth II ( April 3 1893 &ndash March 5 1958) was a United States diplomat, specializing in the Middle East. Pinkerton, general counsel in Jerusalem
- ^ Giangreco, D. M. ; Robert E. Griffin (1988). The Airlift Begins: Airbridge to Berlin—The Berlin Crisis of 1948, its Origins and Aftermath. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.
- ^ LaFeber, Walter (1993). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1980, 7th, New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ McCullough, p. 741.
- ^ a b Hess, Jerry N. (November 21, 1972). Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oral History Interviews with Karl R. Bendetsen: General Counsel, Department of the Army, 1949; Assistant Secretary of the Army, 1950–52; Under Secretary of the Army, 1952. Oral Archives. Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ a b c d e f g Blair, Clay (2003). The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591140757.
- ^ a b c d Krulak, Victor H. (Lt. Gen. ) (1999). First to Fight: An Inside View of the U. S. Marine Corps. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557504644.
- ^ Lane, Peter J. , Steel for Bodies: Ammunition Readiness During the Korean War, Master's Thesis: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College (2003)
- ^ "The greatest upset in American political history: Harry Truman and the 1948 election" . White House Studies 2006 (Winter).
- ^ Burnes, Brian (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times. Kansas City, MO: Kansas City Star Books, 137. ISBN 0974000930.
- ^ McCullough, p. 640.
- ^ Truman's Democratic Convention Acceptance Speech. Presidential Links. PBS (1948). Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Chapter 12: The President Intervenes. Center of Military History. US Army. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ Executive Order 9981, Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, Harry S Truman. Federal Register (1948). Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ Desegregation of the Armed Forces. Truman Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ McCullough, p. 654
- ^ McCullough, p. 657
- ^ McCullough, p. 701
- ^ Curran, Jeanne; Takata, Susan R. (2002). Getting a Sample Isn't Always Easy. Dear Habermas. California State University - Dominguez Hills. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. "(E)lection polls have found, that the use of telephone surveys doesn't include lots of people who don't have telephones. That can lead to disastrous results, as it did in the Dewey-Truman election in 1948. "
- ^ Bennett, Stephen Earl. Restoration of Confidence: Polling’s Comeback from 1948. Public Opinion Pros. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. "Roper finished polling in September, Crossley’s last poll was October 18, and Gallup stopped polling after October 28. "
- ^ Strout, Richard L. . Oral History Interview with Richard L. Strout. Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. "Roper quit polling on September the ninth. "
- ^ The Story Behind "Dewey Defeats Truman". Historybuff. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ U.S. Constitution: Twenty-Fifth Amendment. FindLaw. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Until the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a mid-term vacancy in the office of vice president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution partially replaced the ambiguous wording of Article II Section 1 Clause
- ^ Taiwan Status: From Grotius to WTO. Geocities. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ a b c Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195043618. Retrieved on 2007-07-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
- ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (1998). Whittaker Chambers. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0375751459.
- ^ a b "McCarthyism" v. "Trumanism". Time (August 27, 1951). Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ Telegram, Joseph McCarthy to Harry S. Truman, February 11, 1950, with Truman's draft reply; McCarthy, Joseph; General File; PSF; Truman Papers. Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Aziz, Qutubuddin. Quaid-i-Millat's visit to the United States - The foundation of friendship and economic co-operation. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Truman Library Photographs. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Appleman, Roy E. (1992). South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (June–November 1950). Washington, DC: Center of Military History, US Army. ISBN 0-16-035958-9. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ Memorandum of Information for the Secretary - Blockade of Korea. Truman Presidential Library—Archives (July 6, 1950). Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Kepley, David R. (1988). The Collapse of the Middle Way: Senate Republicans and the Bipartisan Foreign Policy, 1948–1952. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313257841.
- ^ Summers, Harry G. (1996). The Korean War: A Fresh Perspective. Rt66. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Matray, James I. (1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-determination and the Thirty-eighth Parallel Decision in Korea". Journal of American History 66 (2): 314–333. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). "Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954". Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2001 (Summer): 41.
- ^ U.S. Military Korean War Statistics. Korean-war. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ David, Paul T. (1954). Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952 Vol. 1. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 33–40.
- ^ Comparing Past Presidential Performance. Public Opinion Archives. Roper Center (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Duiker, William J. (1994). U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Untitled review (PDF) of this book by Christopher Jesperson, Journal of Conflict Studies, Fall 1995. Retrieved August 4, 2007. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. )
- ^ Truman Reconstruction : 1948–1952. White House Museum. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ McCullough, 593, 652, 725, 875ff.
- ^ McCullough
- ^ Higgs, Robert (March 1, 2004). Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Truman's Attempt to Seize the Steel Industry. The Freeman. The Independent Institute. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ Smaltz, Donald C. (July 1998). "Independent Counsel: A View from Inside". The Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 86, No. 6.
- ^ Smaltz, Donald C. (January 29, 1996). Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Speech Delivered by Donald C. Smaltz. University of North Texas Libraries. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ Donovan 1982, pp. 116–117
- ^ The Corruption Issue: A Pandora's Box, referencing 1952 campaign, article 9/24/56. Time (1956). Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Truman Loyalty Oath, 1947. Matrix (1947). Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Boyer, Paul (1994). By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 103. ISBN 9780807844809.
- ^ Newman, Roger K. (1997). Hugo Black: A Biography. New York: Fordham University Press, 382. ISBN 0823217868. “HST's stated desire to "keep something worse from happening" by implementing his loyalty check program”
- ^ "The White Case Record", Time Magazine, November 30, 1953. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Moynihan, et al. , Daniel Patrick (1997). Chairman's Foreword, Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Congress, U. S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ Civil rights movement, Virginia Center for Digital History
- ^ McCullough p. 887
- ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1983). Stephen Edward Ambrose ( January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American Historian and Biographer of U Eisenhower: 1890–1952. New York: Simon & Schuster, 515. ISBN 0671440691. “Journalist Arthur Krock was told by a third party that in 1951 Truman privately offered the top spot on the Democratic ticket to Dwight D. Eisenhower, but Eisenhower, who turned out to be a Republican, supposedly declined. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Truman and Eisenhower both denied the story”
- ^ McCullough, pp. 887–893.
- ^ The Way West, article 9/15/52. Time (1952). Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Hurwood, Burnhardt J. ; Frank Gosfield (1969). Korea: Land of the 38th Parallel. New York: Parents Magazine Press, 123. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Ferrell, p. 387.
- ^ The Man of Spirit. Time (August 13, 1956). Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ McCullough p. 949; quoting Allan Nevins writing for The New York Times Book Review 11/6/55, called Year of Decisions a "volume of distinction"
- ^ McCullough, p. The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed 963
- ^ Martin, Joseph William (1960). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 249.
- ^ McCullough, pp. 389-90
- ^ McCullough, p. 983
- ^ Biographical sketch of Mrs. Harry S. Truman. Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. "Chairman's Foreword". Moynihan Library. Retrieved: 2008-02-08
- ^ Giving Them More Hell. Time (December 3, 1973). Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ Our History: A Living Memorial. Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Employment: Student/Special Programs: Truman Fellowship - Sandia National Labs
- ^ McCullough, p. Sandia National Laboratories which is managed and operated by the Sandia Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation) is a major United 19
- ^ Goldstein, Norm (2003). Associated Press Stylebook 2003. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 256. ISBN 046500489X.
- ^ Biography of Harry S Truman. The White House. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ McCullough, p. 347
- ^ Ed Flanders - Biography - IMDb - Retrieved: 2008-05-29
- ^ Ed Flanders - Awards - IMDb - Retrieved: 2008-05-29
- ^ Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975) - Awards - IMDb - Retrieved: 2008-05-29
- ^ Gary Sinise - Awards - IMDb - Retrieved: 2008-05-29
References
- Bernstein, Barton J. Bibliography of Harry S Truman is a selective list of scholarly works about Harry S (ed. ) (1966). The Truman Administration: A Documentary History, First edition, HarperCollins. ISBN 0-060-90120-9.
- Bernstein, Barton J. (ed. ) (1970). Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration, Second edition, Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-06328-3.
- Ferrell, Robert H. (ed.) (1983). Robert H Ferrell (born 1921 is an American Historian and author of several books on Harry S Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959. Appleton, Crofts Century. ISBN 0-390-18229-X.
- Ferrell, Robert H. (ed. ) (1980). Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-826-21119-4.
- Merrill, Dennis (ed. ) (1969). Documentary History of the Truman Presidency. ISBN 1-556-55580-6. (35 volumes)
- Miller, Merle (1974). Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 0-399-11261-8.
- Neal, Steve; Remini, Robert V. (eds. ) (2003). Miracle of '48: Harry Truman's Major Campaign Speeches & Selected Whistle-Stops.
- Truman, Margaret (1973). Mary Margaret Truman Daniel, widely known throughout her life as Margaret Truman, ( February 17 1924 — January 29 2008) was an Harry S. Truman. William Morrow and Co.
External links
- President Harry S. Truman. American President: An Online Reference Resource. Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- Truman Tapes. Presidential Recording Project. Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- The American Presidency Project at UCSB: The Most Comprehensive Resource on the Web
- 'The American Presidency: Transformation and Change - Harry Truman', lecture by Professor Vernon Bogdanor at Gresham College, 29th January 2008 [available for free audio, video and text download]
- Harry Truman and Independence, Missouri: "This is Where I Belong", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- An analysis of Harry Truman's personality
- Harry Truman's cabinet
- Medical and health history of Harry Truman
- C-SPAN's Presidential Libraries: Harry S. Truman
| United States Senate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Roscoe C. Patterson | Senator from Missouri (Class 1) 1935 – 1945 Served alongside: Bennett Champ Clark, Forrest C. Donnell | Succeeded by Frank P. Briggs |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Henry A. Wallace | Vice President of the United States January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945 | Succeeded by Alben W. Barkley |
| Preceded by Franklin D. Roosevelt | President of the United States April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 | Succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Henry A. Wallace | Democratic Party vice presidential candidate 1944 | Succeeded by Alben W. Barkley |
| Preceded by Franklin D. Roosevelt | Democratic Party presidential candidate 1948 | Succeeded by Adlai Stevenson |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Herbert Hoover | Oldest U.S. President still living October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972 | Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Truman, Harry S. Gresham College is an unusual institution of higher learning off Holborn in central London. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives For the US Senator from New York whom this person was named after see Roscoe Conkling. Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821. Class 1 Joel Bennett Clark ( January 8, 1890 &ndash July 13, 1954) better known as Bennett Champ Clark, was a Democratic Forrest C Donnell ( August 20, 1884 March 3, 1980) was a United States Senator and a Governor of Missouri. Frank Parks Briggs ( February 25, 1894 - September 23, 1992) was a United States Senator from Missouri. Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Henry Agard Wallace (October 7 1888 &ndash November 18 1965 was the thirty-third Vice President of the United States (1941&ndash45 the eleventh Secretary of This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the modern Democratic Party of the United Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the modern Democratic Party of the United This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | thirty-third President of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 8, 1884 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Lamar, Missouri |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 26, 1972 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Kansas City, Missouri |
The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lamar is a city in Barton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4425 at the 2000 census Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages
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